Long-term follow-up of intravesical abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport®) injections in women with idiopathic detrusor overactivity

Objective:Only a few numbers of studies have been published on the use of abobotulinumtoxinA(Dysport®)in idiopathic detrusor overactivity(IDO).This study reported the long-term follow-up of women with IDO who were treated with intravesical Dysport®injections.Methods:Two hundred and thirty-six patients with IDO who had failed first-line conservative and antimuscarinic therapy received 500-900 units of Dysport®between April 2014 and July 2015.All patients were followed up for 5 years after their initial injection and interviewed on the phone.Results:A total of 236 women with IDO aged from 18 years to 84 years(mean±standard deviation:49.6±15.9 years)were included in our study.The median follow-up time for patients was 36.5(range:10-70)months,and the median recovery time after injection was 18.5(range:0-70)months.A total of 83(35.2%)patients stated that they had subjective improvement of their symptoms whereas 84(35.6%)patients did not report any improvement in symptoms.The initial International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Overactive Bladder mean score was 6.9(standard deviation 3.4).There was a positive association between the median recovery time and the components of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Overactive Bladder questionnaire.Conclusion:In a sub-population of overactive bladder patients with IDO who have failed first-line therapy,a single intravesical Dysport®injection can resolve patient symptoms completely or reduce the symptoms to an acceptable level that can be controlled with antimuscarinics or re-injection on demands.

A multi-institutional retrospective study of hyperthermic plus intravesical chemotherapy versus intravesical chemotherapy treatment alone in intermediate and high risk nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer

Objective:To compare the efficacy and safety of hyperthermic intravesical chemotherapy(HIVEC)and intravesical chemotherapy(IVEC)in patients with intermediate and high risk nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC)after transurethral resection.Methods:We included 560 patients diagnosed with primary or recurrent NMIBC between April 2009 and December 2015 at 1 of 6 tertiary centers.We matched 364 intermediate or high risk cases and divided them into 2 groups:the HIVEC+IVEC group[chemohyperthermia(CHT)composed of 3 consecutive sessions followed by intravesical instillation without hyperthermia]and the IVEC group(intravesical instillation without hyperthermia).The data were recorded in the database.The primary endpoint was 2-year recurrence-free survival(RFS)in all NMIBC patients(n=364),whereas the secondary endpoints were the assessment of radical cystectomy(RC)and 5-year overall survival(OS).Results:There was a significant difference in the 2-year RFS between the two groups in all patients(n=364;HIVEC+IVEC:82.42%vs.IVEC:74.18%,P=0.038).Compared with the IVEC group,the HIVEC+IVEC group had a lower incidence of RC(P=0.0274).However,the 5-year OS was the same between the 2 groups(P=0.1434).Adverse events(AEs)occurred in 32.7%of all patients,but none of the events was serious(grades 3–4).No difference in the incidence or severity of AEs between each treatment modality was observed.Conclusions:This retrospective study showed that HIVEC+IVEC had a higher 2-year RFS and a lower incidence of RC than IVEC therapy in intermediate and high risk NMIBC patients.Both treatments were well-tolerated in a similar manner.

Clinical value of intravesical prostatic protrusion in the evaluation and management of prostatic and other lower urinary tract diseases

Intravesical prostatic protrusion(IPP)has emerged as a new prostatic morphometric parameter of significance to aid the clinicians in various aspects of managing the patients with some diseases of the lower urinary tract and the prostate.These include but may not be limited to its role in such conditions as:bladder outlet obstruction,trial without catheter,medical treatment effect,progression of lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic hypertrophy(LUTS/BPH),risk factor for bladder stone in BPH,overactive bladder,prostate carcinoma,and early urinary continence recovery after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.In this review,I will try to summarize the different researchers’efforts on the potential practical application of this clinical tool.Technology is ever evolving to help us in the diagnosis and management of our patients.However,we as clinicians should contemplate their cost and possible suffering for the patient by wise and judicious utilization based on our clinical experience and tools.IPP seems to be one such promising clinical tool.

Patients with small prostates and low-grade intravesical prostatic protrusion e A urodynamic evaluation

Abstract Objective:Despite high-grade intravesical prostatic protrusion(IPP)being closely related to bladder outlet obstruction(BOO),up to 21%of patients with low IPP remain obstructed.This study evaluates the characteristics and urodynamic findings of men with small prostates and low IPP.Methods:One hundred and fourteen men aged>50 years old with lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS)were assessed with symptoms,uroflowmetry,serum prostate-specific antigen(PSA),transabdominal ultrasound measurement of prostate volume(PV),IPP and post-void residual urine(PVRU).All patients underwent pressure flow studies.Patients with PV<30 mL and IPP
10 mm were examined for parameters correlating with BOO or impaired detrusor contractility.Results:Thirty-six patients had PV<30 mL and IPP<10 mm.Nine patients(25.0%)had urodynamic BOO,all with normal bladder contractility.Fourteen patients(38.9%)had poor detrusor contractility and all had no BOO.PV,PVRU and IPP were significantly associated with BOO,with IPP showing greatest positive correlation.Both Qmax and IPP were significantly associated with detrusor contractility.At 5-year follow-up,most patients responded to medical therapy.Only three out of nine patients(33.3%)with BOO eventually underwent surgery,and all had a high bladder neck seen on the resectoscope.Only one patient(7.1%)with poor detrusor contractility eventually required surgery after repeat pressure flow study revealed BOO.Conclusion:In men with small prostates and low IPP,the presence of BOO is associated with higher PV,PVRU and IPP,and most respond well to medical management.BOO can possibly be explained by elevation of the bladder neck by a small subcervical adenoma.

Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG)in treating non-muscle invasive bladder cancer—analysis of adverse effects and effectiveness of two strains of BCG(Danish 1331 and Moscow-I)

Objective:To compare the differences in adverse effects and efficacy profile between bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG)Danish 1331 and BCG Moscow-I strain in management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.Methods:Clinical data of 188 cases of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer treated with BCG between January 2008 and December 2018 in our institute were collected prospectively and analysed retrospectively,and 114 patients who completed a minimum of 12 months of follow-up were analysed.Patient and tumor characteristics,strain of BCG,adverse effects,and tumor progression were included for analysis.Intravesical BCG was instilled in intermediate-and high-risk patients.Six weeks of induction BCG,followed by three weekly maintenance BCG at 3,6,12,18,and 24 months was advised in high-risk patients.Results:Overall 68 patients received BCG Danish 1331 strain and 46 patients received Moscow-I strain.Patient and tumor characteristics were well balanced between the two groups.The median follow-up period was 42.5 months and 34.5 months in Danish 1331 and Moscow-I groups,respectively.Adverse events like dropout rate,antitubercular treatment requirement,and need of cystectomy were higher in Moscow-I group(n=31,67.4%)when compared to Danish 1331 strain(n=33,48.5%)(p=0.046).On direct comparison between Danish 1331 and Moscow-I strain,there was similar 3-year recurrence-free survival(80.0%vs.72.9%)and 3-year progression-free survival(96.5%vs.97.8%).Conclusion:Study results suggest no significant differences between Danish 1331 and Moscow-I strain in recurrence-free survival and progression-free survival,but a significantly higher incidence of moderate to severe adverse events in BCG Moscow-I strain.

Intravesical Prostate Protrusion (IPP) versus Middle Lobe Volume on Ultrasonography in Assessing the Impact of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Background: Ultrasound is the main method of exploring the prostate. In benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), it provides important morphological information and assesses its impact, helping to guide the treatment. Objective: To compare intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP) and middle lobe volume by ultrasound in BPH. Method: This was a single center prospective, descriptive and analytical study, over a period of 6 months, including 95 patients, undergoing prostatic trans-abdominal ultrasound. Patients were selected by a single urologist for clinical suspicion of benign prostatic hypertrophy. The ultrasound examination was done by a single senior radiologist. Results: The mean age of the patients was 66.63 ± 11.55 years with ranges from 38 to 98 years. The prevalence of BPH was 76.84%. The rate of patient with middle lobe protrusion was 48.42%. The mean middle lobe volume was 11.29 ± 12.90 ml. More than half of the patients (50.91%) had an IPP stage 3 of. The mean bladder wall thickness was 6.08 ± 2.58 mm, with 50.53% being pathological. The post-voiding residue (PVR) was significant in 38.75% of patients. Renal repercussions were present in 17.89%. The correlation analysis did not note a statistical link between prostate volume and quality of life score (p > 0.05). There was a statistically significant correlation between IPP values and quality of life score (p = 00461), IPSS score (p = 0.0424) and PVR (p = 0.0395). For middle lobe volume, there was a correlation with PVR (p = 0.0018). There was no correlation with clinical impact (quality of life score and IPSS score). Conclusion: The IPP appears to be an easy element to measure and better than the volume of the prostate and the middle lobe in assessing the impact of BPH.

Intravesical Instillation in Pure Line LEW Rats and Nude Mice

In order to study bladder intravesical instillation methods in pure line LEW rats and nude mice, female LEW rats and nude mice aged 2 to 4 weeks were sacrificed. Their urethra and bladder were observed under anatomical microscopy. A trochar was prepared according to the outline and an- gle of the urethra. Ink was poured into female rats and nude mice bladder though urethra. Filling and staining of bladder were observed and evaluated under anatomical microscopy. Status and urethral injury of rats and mice were observed. The results showed that urethra anatomic structure of rats and nude mice was different from that of human urethra. When bladder was filled with ink and became blue, liquid was not seen to leak out. The success rate of intubation was high (100%). Living activi- ties of animals weren’t influenced by intravesical instillation. It was concluded that bladder irrigation might be a kind of valid and utilizable method in pure line rat and nude mouse empirical study. The model may be a more effective tool for study of bladder tumor.

Intravesical explosion during transurethral resection of bladder tumor:A case report

BACKGROUND Intravesical explosion during transurethral resection of bladder tumor(TUR-BT)is a very rare complication,and it may result in rupture of the bladder,which usually requires surgical correction and causes a potential threat to the patient’s life.CASE SUMMARY This paper reports a case of intravesical explosion during TUR-BT.Combined with the literature review,the risk factors are analyzed and measures of prevention and treatment are discussed.CONCLUSION Although rare,intravesical explosions can cause serious consequences,and the loud explosion can also lead to a profound psychological shadow on the patient.Urologists must be aware of this potential complication.Careful operative techniques and special precautions can reduce the risk of this complication.

An Unusual Intravesical Foreign Body for Abortion Attempt. About a Case Report at Bobo Dioulasso University Teaching Hospital (Burkina Faso) and Literature Review

We reported a case of an intravesical foreign body in a 16 years old teenager for abortion attempt. During laparotomy for suspected pelvic appendicitis, we incidentally discovered an intravesical foreign body. From this first observation in our urology division, we reviewed the literature on the nature and circumstance of self introduction in bladder of foreign body and their surgical ablation. We emphasized the importance of endoscopy as a support of diagnosis and therapeutic of intravesical foreign body. This observation also highlighted the lack of information in our teenagers about reproductive and sexual health.

Intravesical Migration of Intrauterine Device and Calculi Formation 12 Years Post Missing: A Case Report

Intraunterine device (IUD) is a safe, effective and feasible method used for reversible contraception worldwide. Transvesical migration of an Intrauterine device (IUD) is a rare complication. We describe a case in whom initially a plain abdominopelvic radiography demonstrated calcified string of an IUD in a 42-year-old woman with recurrent lower urinary symptoms (LUTS) and urinary tract infection since 2 years earlier. The IUD had been inserted 12 years earlier and 3 years after placement of the IUD, the patient experienced an uneventful pregnancy and a successful delivery. Sonographic images and later on the cystoscopic procedure confirmed the diagnosis of transvesical migration of the IUD. The IUD was removed using cystoscopic procedure, leaving no complication.

Low Releasing Mitomycin C Molecule Encapsulated with Chitosan Nanoparticles for Intravesical Installation

The aim of this investigation is preparation of Mitomycin-C encapsulated with chitosan nanoparticles synthesis using ionic gelation technique for intravesical controlled drug delivery systems. This study was conducted in vitro. Cumulative amount of drug released from the nanoparticles was calculated. Mitomycin-C release studies were examined for different pH values. During the drug loading and release studies, initial amount of drug was changed (i.e., 0.5, 1.25 and 2.5 mg) to get different release profiles and the release studies were repeated (n = 6). The loading efficiencies of Mitomycin-C with three different initial concentrations 0.5mg/ml, 1.25 mg/ml and 2.5 mg/ml into chitosan nanoparticles were 54.5%, 47.1% and 36.4%, respectively. For different pH values, the cumulative releases of Mitomycin-C from chitosan nanoparticles were 47% and 53% for pH 6.0 and 7.4, respectively (p < 0.01). For different drug doses, the cumulative releases of Mitomycin-C (MMC) from Chitosan nanoparticles were 44%, 53% and 65% for 0.5 mg/mL, 1.25 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL respectively (p < 0.01). The anticancer activity of Mitomycin-C loaded chitosan nanoparticles was measured in T24 bladder cancer cell line in vitro, and the results revealed that the 2.5 MMC coated Chitosan nanoparticles had better tumor cells decline activity. From this investigation, we conclude that the drug encapsulated synthesized chitosan nanoparticles possess a high ability to be used as pH and dose responsive drug delivery system. This systematic investigation demonstrates a promising future for the intravesical installation in treatment of the superficial bladder cancer.

The clinical use of interventional chemotherapy and intravesical instillation for preventing recurrence of superficial bladder cancer

Objective To study the therapeutic efficacy of combined interventional chemotherapy and intravesical instillation of mitomycin on preventing bladder cancers from recurring after local ablation. Methods 28 patients with superficial bladder cancers were randomized into combined interventional chemotherapy and intravesical instillation of mitomycin or intravesical instillation of mitomycin alone for preventing recurrence after local ablation. The result was assessed by x2 test. Results The patients have been followed up for 12-26 months (mean 21 months). 1 case has had tumor recurrence in the combined modality therapy group and 4 in the intravesical instillation alone group, the tumor recurrence rate being 7% (1/14) and 29% (4/14) respectively (P【0.05). Conclusion Combined use of interventional chemotherapy and intravesical instillation of mitomycin is effective in preventing superficial bladder cancer from recurring after local ablation with fewer adverse effects. The ragimen is not only reliable but

The effects of intravesical therapy with elemene in preventing postoperative recurrence of bladder cancer

To investigate the effects of intravesical therapy with elemene in preventing postoperative recurrence of superficial bladder cancer and its toxic and side effects.Methods This series included 123 patients with superficial bladder cancer (T1),consisting of transitional cell carcinoma GⅠ in 37 cases,GⅡ in 73 and GⅢ in 13.They all underwent surgical treatment.Postoperatively,they were randomly assigned to 2 groups;63 patients in elemene group received instillation of elemene (400 mg,once a week) 2 weeks after operation and 60 patients in mitomycin C (MMC) group received instillation of MMC (40 mg,once a week) 2 weeks after operation.The instillations were repeated for 6 weeks and thereafter monthly for 1 year.The recurrence rates,side effects,and NK cell activity before and after treatment were evaluated.Results The recurrence rate of elemene group (mean follow-up of 19.7 months) was 7.9% (5 cases),which was significantly lower than that (25.0%,15 cases) of MMC group (mean follow-up of 19.4 months;P<0.05).The side effect in elemene group (3.2%,2 cases) was significantly milder than that in MMC group (25.0%,15 cases)(P<0.05).In elemene group,the NK cell activity after treatment (28±2)% was significantly higher than that before treatment(20±2)%(P<0.05).Conclusion Instillation of elemene after operation is effective and safe in preventing postoperative recurrence of bladder cancer.8 refs.

Long-term follow-up of Ta transitional cell carcinoma of bladder after treatment of TURBt plus intravesical therapy

To stduy the association between the prognosis of Ta transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder and risk-related factors.Methods A total of 88 cases (62 males and 26 females;mean age,61 years;age range,41-81 years) of initial T.TCC of the bladder treated with transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBt) plus intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy were enrolled.Among them,there were 26 cases of G1,61 cases of G2 and 1 case of G3.For tumor site,62 cases (16 cases of G1,45 of G2,1 of G3) had single tumor and 26 cases (10 cases of G1,16 of G2) had multi-site tumors.The mean follow-up was 113 months (range,56-168 months).The tumor grade,original tumor number and their association with the recurrence and progression of this type of TCC were retrospectively analyzed.Results The overall recurrence rate (RR) was 60% (53/88).In single tumor group,RR of G1 cases was 25% (4/16);RR of G2 cases was 62% (28/45) and the total RR was 52% (32/62).In multi-site tumor group,RR of G1 cases was 80% (8/10),RR of G2 cases was 75% (12/16) and the total RR was 77% (20/26).The RR of multi-site tumor group was significantly higher than that of single tumor group (P<0.01).In single tumor group,RR of G2 cases was significantly higher than that of G1 cases (P<0.001).In multi-site tumor group,there was no association of RR with tumor grade.There was no progression in G1 tumor cases.The progression rate was 42.5% (17/40) in G2 tumor cases;among them,30% (12/40) progressed to T1G2 tumors and 12.5% (5/40) progressed to T2G2 tumors.The RR of cases who received thiotepa,mitomycin and BCG were 75% (12/16),68% (30/44) and 40% (11/27),respectively.Tumor specific mortality was 1.14% (1/88,a T2G3 case).Conclusion The multi-site Ta TCC of the bladder has relatively higher RR and greater chance of progression after the treatment of TURBt plus intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy,especially in the poor differentiated tumors,thus active treatment and close follow-up are essential in clinical practice.9 refs.

Intravesical chemotherapy synergize with an immune adjuvant by a thermo-sensitive hydrogel system for bladder cancer

Surgical resection remains the prefer option for bladder cancer treatment.However,the effectiveness of surgery is usually limited for the high recurrence rate and poor prognosis.Consequently,intravesical chemotherapy synergize with immunotherapy in situ is an attractive way to improve therapeutic effect.Herein,a combined strategy based on thermo-sensitive PLEL hydrogel drug delivery system was developed.GEM loaded PLEL hydrogel was intravesical instilled to kill tumor cells directly,then PLEL hydrogel incorporated with CpG was injected into both groins subcutaneously to promote immune responses synergize with GEM.The results demonstrated that drug loaded PLEL hydrogel had a sol-gel phase transition behavior in response to physiological temperature and presented sustained drug release,and the PLEL-assisted combination therapy could have better tumor suppression effect and stronger immunostimulating effect in vivo.Hence,this combined treatment with PLEL hydrogel system has great potential and suggests a clinically-relevant and valuable option for bladder cancer.

Swallowing Difficulties,Oral Symptoms,and Nutrition in Long-Term Care Elderly Residents-A Secondary Publication

Oral health is often impaired in people living in residential care.In older people,poor oral health is associated with functional deficits,multiple sclerosis,and memory disorders.Keeping one’s teeth healthy throughout life would promote both oral health and general health.Biting and swallowing problems in older people are also linked to oral health,limiting eating activities and requiring diet changes to softer foods that are easy to chew and swallow.This may limit dietary diversity and adequate nutrient intake.Although eating-related chewing and swallowing problems are common in institutionalized residents,they are often addressed too late,when the resident is already malnourished.Nutrition in nursing and retirement homes has been the subject of various studies since the 2000s.However,studies on swallowing and chewing difficulties are scarce and their link to adequate nutrient intake has received lesser attention[6,7].

Pilot study of intravesical instillation of two new generation anthracycline antibiotics in prevention of superficial bladder cancer recurrence

Background Superficial bladder cancer accounts for 60%-70% of all bladder cancer cases in China, when treatment consists of only transurethral resection of the bladder tumor （TUR-BT）, recurrence and progresses in the bladder are observed in some patients. There are numerous reports of trials of intravesical instillation of anticancer agents with the objective of lowering this recurrence rate. The aim of this study was to compare the prophylactic efficacy and safety of epirubicin （EPI）, pirarubicin （THP） and hydroxycamptothecin （HCPT） in superficial bladder cancer.Methods This study enrolled a total of 189 patients who had been diagnosed with superficial bladder cancer during the period from 2004 through 2007 at Beijing Friendship Hospital. All patients were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups. Patients in group A received 29 doses of EPI 30 mg/30 ml, patients in group B received 29 doses of THP 30 mg/30 ml, and patients in group C received 29 doses of HCPT 30 mg/30 ml, over a period of 24 months.Results The recurrence-free rate in the 2 anthracycline treatment groups （A and B） were significantly better than that of the HCPT treatment group. In the safety evaluation, the incidences of pollakiuria, pain on urination, dysuria, hematuria,and contracted bladder were not significantly different between groups A and B, but some were significantly higher in groups A and B than that in group C.Conclusion The efficacy of EPI and THP was significantly better than HCPT in the prevention of bladder cancer recurrence.

Impact of surgery and epirubicin intravesical chemotherapy on peripheral blood dendritic cell subsets in patients with superficial urothelial carcinoma of the bladder

Background Superficial urothelial carcinoma （SUC） of the bladder is a common urinary tract tumor in China. There is a high recurrence rate of this tumor even after surgery and intravesical instillation. Previous reports have described a suppression of the immune system in cancer patients. Dendritic cells （DCs） play a pivotal role in the induction of an effective antitumor immune response. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of surgery and epirubicin intravesical chemotherapy （IC） on peripheral blood DCs in subsets of patients with bladder SUC. Methods A total of 66 SUC patients and 38 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. All the patients had undergone transurethral resection （TUR） of their cancer and adjunctive IC after tumor removal. The patients were divided into a non-recurrence group （n=40） and a recurrence group （n=26） based on the presence or absence of tumor recurrence. Blood samples were taken preoperatively （PreOP）, on postoperative days （POD） 1 and 7, and at postoperative month （POM） 3. Flow cytometric analysis was used for the determination and quantitation of the surface markers CD80 and CD86 in circulating DC subsets. Results The preoperative percentages of myeloid dendritic cells （mDCs） and expression of CD80 and CD86 were impaired in SUC patients compared to healthy controls （P 〈0.05）. The percentages of mDCs and these surface markers decreased significantly on POD 1 and increased on POD 7, remaining higher than the preoperative values in POM 3 （P 〈0.05）. The percentages of mDCs, and CD80 and CD86 in the non-recurrence group on PreOP, POD 7, and POM 3 were higher than those in recurrence group. Conclusions Surgical removal of SUC and adjunctive IC were associated with improved circulating mDC counts and function. Persistent depression of mDC counts and function after treatment in recurrence patients indicated lower antitumor immunity that may lead to tumor recurrence.

Folic Acid Modified Polymeric Micelles for Intravesical Instilled Chemotherapy

In this study, a targeting micellar drug delivery system was developed for intravesical instilled chemotherapy of bladder cancer. The amphiphilic diblock copolymer poly（？-caprolactone）-block-poly（ethylene glycol）（PCL-b-PEO） with functional amino group（NH2） at the end of PEO block was synthesized. Then the copolymer was conjugated with folic acid（FA） and fluorescein isothiocyannate（FITC） via the PEO-NH2 terminus, and then assembled into micelles with the target moiety and fluorescence labeling. In addition, drug loaded micelles were also fabricated with anticancer drug doxorubicin（DOX） encapsulated in the hydrophobic core. The micelles were characterized in terms of size, drug loaded efficiency and critical micellization concentration（CMC） by means of DLS, UV and fluorescence spectra. In vitro cellular uptake and cytotoxicity studies showed that FA modified PCL-b-PEO-FA micelles have a greater targeting efficiency to human bladder cancer cell（T-24 cell） compared to PCL-b-PEO-NH2 micelles due to the conjugation of FA on the surface, while no targeting effect to normal tissue originated human embryonic kidney 293（HEK-293） cells was observed, enabling the micelles a promising drug carrier for intravesical instilled chemotherapy of bladder cancer.

Intravesical immunotoxin as adjuvant therapy to prevent the recurrence of bladder cancer

To assess the intravesical application of immunotoxin as adjuvant therapy to prevent recurrence after tumor resection in bladder cancer patients Methods An anti human immunotoxin against bladder carcinoma, BDI 1 RT, was prepared and its in vitro targeting cytotoxicity estimated The immunoreactivity of BDI 1 RT with human bladder cancer tissue of different grades and stages was detected by immunohistochemical analysis After safety test, intravesical administration of BDI 1 RT was performed in 31 patients while mitomycin C (MMC) was used in 36 patients serving as a control group The recurrence rates and side effects in both groups were recorded In addition, the development of human anti mouse antibodies (HAMA) was determined by ELISA, to assess the potential safety of this immuotoxin Results In our study, BDI 1 RT had immunoreactivity with 81 6% of bladder transitional cell carcinomas The immunoreactivity of BDI 1 RT correlated with tumor grade High grade carcinoma had stronger staining than low grade ( P <0 05) There was no significant difference between the BDI 1 RT group (10%) and MMC group (19 3%) in recurrence rate ( P >0 05) Side effects, including systemic and local, were more frequent in the MMC group (11 of 36 patients versus 2 of 31, P <0 05) HAMA was not detected in any of 7 patients Conclusion Immunotoxin may have considerable potential in the prophylaxis of bladder transition cell carcinoma