意识是物质的反映吗?

有一种理论,叫做反映论。其观点有：＂意识是客观物质世界的反映＂;＂没有被反映着,就不可能有反映。＂＂没有客观存在的事物,就不能有客观事物的映象。＂在这里,铿锵作响的字眼是：＂客观事物＂、＂客观存在＂、＂客观物质世界＂。这种哲学是对得起＂客观＂,却太轻看主观了,可是,此哲学之言者就是主观地说着。殊不知,过分地强调客观之时,就表现了一种强烈的主观,两者相伴而行,想把主观甩开都做不到;正如强烈的主观表现,也演绎了一种客观现象。我们来分析一下,这种反映论,大约也是对这种＂反映论＂的一种反映吧。

试论邓小平新时期教育思想的突出贡献

十一届三中全会以后，邓小平同志准确把握时代脉搏，拨乱反正，抓住教育的根本问题，逐步形成和确立了我国新时期的教育思想。在邓小平教育思想的指引下，我国的教育取得了显著成绩，并正以前所未有的“改革与发展”的步伐迈向新世纪。本文试就邓小平新时期教育思想的突出...

Clinical decision making on the use of physical restraint in intensive care units

Physical restraint is a common nursing intervention in intensive care units and nurses often use it to ensure patients'safety and to prevent unexpected accidents.However,existing literature indicated that the use of physical restraint is a complex one because of inadequate rationales,the negative physical and emotional effects on patients,but the lack of perceived alternatives.This paper is aimed to interpret the clinical decision-making theories related to the use of physical restraint in intensive care units in order to facilitate our understanding on the use of physical restraint and to evaluate the quality of decisions made by nurses.By reviewing the literature,intuition and heuristics are the main decision-making strategies related to the use of physical restraint in intensive care units because the rapid and reflexive nature of intuition and heuristics allow nurses to have a rapid response to urgent and emergent cases.However,it is problematic if nurses simply count their decision-making on experience rather than incorporate research evidence into clinical practice because of inadequate evidence to support the use of physical restraint.Besides that,such a rapid response may lead nurses to make decisions without adequate assessment and thinking and therefore biases and errors may be generated.Therefore,despite the importance of intuition and heuristics in decision-making in acute settings on the use of physical restraint,it is recommended that nurses should incorporate research evidence with their experience to make decisions and adequate assessment before implementing physical restraint is also necessary.

浅谈英语学习中语感的培养

本文通过对语感本质和特征的分析,探讨了英语学习者如何在学习中培养语感的方法。

面向21世纪 构建具有中国特色社会主义的高校师德规范

构建面向２１世纪具有中国特色社会主义高等学校的师德规范，既是全面贯彻落实党的十四届六中全会关于“当前要以加强职业道德建设，纠正行业不正之风为重点”的精神的具体行动，也是我国社会转型期，社会由“失序”、道德由“失范”向新的有序、有范过度的必然要求。本文...

从东西方传统思维方式探讨中医药理论的特色及其前景(续)

七、中医药理论中的个案性原则与现代科学的统计学原理 《内经》一再强调临床诊断治疗必须因时制宜、因地制宜和因人制宜。历代医家也颇多发挥,如“运气不齐,古今异规”,“古方不能治今病”、“师其法而不拘其方”、“板方不能治活病”,等等,这些论述都是强调特殊性和个体性原则的。事实上,世界上没有两个人是完全一样的,因此更没有两个病是完全一样的,即使是同一个人,前后二次患同样的病,二次病情也不会完全一样。因为人本身在变,病因在变,其病变必然随之亦要变。

Learning,Mutation and the Economics of Convention:A Selected Review of Evolutionary Game Theory

Before the present of basic model,one example is given in section 2 to illustrate the economic intuition behind the SSE. The general model,including the three hypotheses,adaptive play setting and basic results is laid out in section 3. Sections 4 study the asymptotic behavior of this model. This review concludes with a comment.

A Logical Approach to Emulation of Higher Mental Processes

In the discipline of artificial intelligence,the problem of emulating higher mental processes such as the cognitive learning still remains open.Here a logical approach to higher mental processes, including insight learning and intuition acquisition,is presented.This approach is based on the conventional logic,including deduction, induction,and abduction.The combined deductive reasoning and abductive reasoning or alternatively predicate completion are used for insight learning,and an integrated inductive learning is used to acquire the intuition of the rule-based expert systems.The application of the approach to real-world problems is also described in detail.

Research on the Evolution of Thinking Dynamics Attractor

In this paper we introduce the evolution law of thinking-neural network attractor in the field of thinking dynamics,a new idea about the attractor evolution using evolutional mapping transformation is given on the bases of generalized isologous concept. The idea is connected with the intuitive thinking.This paper lays a foundation for the further studying of the brain thinking process.

Financial Decision-Making： The Roles of Intuition, Heuristics, and Impulses

This paper will add to an evolving new paradigm for financial decision-making by exploring the important roles that intuition, heuristics, and impulses play as a bridge between how the conscious and unconscious can work together more effectively in making better decisions. Historically, the roles of financial/accounting theory and cognitive psychology have been extensively studied and documented in attempting to explain individual financial decision-making. More recently, neuroscience has made substantial contributions to learning how prospective financial decisions and outcomes affect brain activity and observed decision-making behavior. The evidence from neuroscience indicates that up to 90% of our decisions are initiated at the unconscious level, which is only beginning to be investigated in a systematic manner. Integrating these findings from multiple disciplines, including recent contributions from neuroscience, has many implications, not only with respect to personal and corporate financial decisions and how markets work, but also as an essential component in the tool box of the general decision maker.

On the Three Realms of the Effects of Philosophy on Islamic Mysticism

Although there are differences between philosophers and mystics in principles and methods, Islamic philosophers and their reading of the philosophy of the ancient Greece have been very influential on Islamic mysticism. This influence is in three realms of ontology--man＇s relation with God and the way of proving and conveying mystical findings. In ontological realm, the main aim of the Islamic mysticism is recognition of God＇s essence in respect to His names and attributes in order to reach Him. Although they believe in unity of being and regard the created world as God＇s manifestation and do not consider independent existence for it, mystics have not neglected ontology They deal with issues such as gradation and hierarchy of being, the world of intellects, the world of ideas, and separation of essence from existence because of the influence of philosophy. In the realm of man＇s relation with God, there is a love relationship between the Creator and the creature resulting in a fascination based movement due to being attracted to the beauty of Absolute perfection-God-in lower states. Theoretical elucidation of this perfectionist movement and its phases has been under the influence of philosophical opinions suggested by Aristotle, Plotinus, and Sohrevardi. For proving and conveying mystical findings, mystics were usually condemned since their perception was intuitive, personal, and nontransferable. However, Ibn Arabi＇s endeavor in using logical reasoning helped Islamic mysticism to release its spiritual findings from being confined to a personal account and conveying them to others through an assured way; consequently, mysticism introduced itself as a system and a science.

How Hermann Weyl Could Deal with Paul Benacerraf＇s （1973） Challenge to Realism？

Christopoulou Demetra（In his work, Hermann Weyl （1926） addresses the issue of abstraction principles, an issue that has been broadly discussed during the last decades with regard to the Neo-Fregean program. This paper aims to show off the way Weyl＇s account of abstraction could offer a reply to Benacerraf＇s （1973） challenge to realism. Benacerraf argued that mathematical realism is not associated with a plausible epistemology about human access to abstract objects. Weyl deals with the method of abstraction by investigating certain cases of Fregean abstraction principles. He thinks that we can introduce shapes of geometrical images, integers mod m, circles, directions of lines etc. by means of certain creative acts of consciousness, especially intentionality towards proper relations between the elements of an initial domain. Weyl puts emphasis on intentions towards certain invariant characteristics of items that are involved in equivalence relations. Further, he claims that those invariants are transformed into ideal objects through a finite process that is involved in intuition. This paper, in the first place, attempts to make explicit Weyl＇s phenomenological leanings. Secondly, it argues that Weyl＇s explanation of how ideal mathematical objects become present to mind can address the epistemic issue concerning mathematical knowledge and can also be associated with a particular view which is implicit in his philosophy and retains realistic elements. Hence, it can address Benacerraf＇s problem.

The Impact of Personality Traits and Problem Structures on Management Decision-Making Outcomes

Since decision-making behavior has been in the focus both from a scientific and a professional position, there seems to be a dispute whether rational or intuitive decision making leads to better outcomes. By now, scholars have agreed that effective organizations do not have the luxury to choose between the ＂applications＂ of intuitive or rational decision making. Instead, they try to understand how different factors like personality traits and problem characteristics influence the decision-making process. Reviewing the literature reveals that personality pre-determination and the structure of problems （e.g., well-structured problems （WSPs） versus ill-structured problems （ISPs）） seem to have a significant impact on the decision-making efficiency. Further, the review also shows that there is a lack of application-oriented empirical studies in this area of research. Therefore, the aim of this research paper is to propose a framework for an empirical study on how personality traits and problem structure influence the decision-making process. First, hypotheses are derived from the literature on how personality pre-determination and behavioral patterns in the decision-making process lead to higher socioeconomic efficiency within certain problem categories. Second, a causal model and a setup for a laboratory experiment are proposed to allow testing the hypotheses. Finally, the conclusions provide an outlook on how this research could support organizations in their decision-making processes.

The Significance of Horizon in Scientific Cognitive Activities

The hermeneutic concept of horizon contributes to the philosophical understanding of scientific cognition. In the context of scientific cognitive practices, the concept of horizon provides a way of understanding the distinctive characteristics of scientific observation and knowing. Horizon is a key factor that facilitates the cognitive subject to select objects and their backgrounds. In order to make new accomplishment in scientific discoveries, it is essential to broaden the horizon and intzoduce new cognitive instrumentalities and methods. This requires people to be adept at finding out the limitations of their thinking and overcome them consciously. Conscious horizon expansion is essential to the integration of intuition and logical thinking process in scientific cognitive activities, as well as to the establishment of the essential connection/relation between different disciplines and research fields, prompting inter-disciplinary communication and producing methods of thinking. This article is an attempt to explore the significance of horizon for scientific cognition. As we will show, by integrating intuitive thinking and logical thinking through the expansion of horizon, a new cognitive model will be provided.

Nature of Gravitation.The Structural Intuition of Gravitation in the Framework of Early Modern Mechanical Philosophy

As is generally known, Newton＇s notion of universal gravitation surpassed various theories of particular gravities in the early modem age, as represented mainly by Kepler and Hooke. In his seminal work Hooke and the Law of Universal Gravitation： A Reappraisal of a Reappraisal Richard S. Westfall argues that Hooke could not reach beyond the concept of spatially bounded particular gravities, as he deployed the method of analogy between the material principle of congruity and incongruity and the extension of gravitational spheres and their action at a distance. However, the doctrine of universal gravitation does not exclude the nature of particular gravities; it is predicated on the notion of an infinite expansion of individual-gravitational spheres and their uniform nature, namely the mutual and centripetal attraction. In my treatise 1 attempt to reinvestigate the nature and structure of gravitation, as established historically in the framework of Newtonian Classical Mechanics, by a method of structural intuition. It examines how the structural intuition, as represented in the celestial-mechanical intuitions of Hooke and Kepler, could unfold into an innovative process within the context of early modem mechanical philosophy, attaining thus a historical siglaificance and legitimacy as against the prevailing Newtonian method of geometric-mathematical axiomatization of mechanical principles. It also explores the actual demonstrative features of the tidal phenomenon with regard to its lunar- and solar-gravitational causation, which has been considered to date to be an important piece of empirical evidence for the theory of universal gravitation.

Conceptions of Intuition in Poincar6＇s Philosophy of Mathematics

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the identification and characterization of the various types of intuition put forward by Poincar6, taking his texts as a laboratory for looking for what intuition might be. I will stress that these diverse conceptions are mainly formulated in the context of Poincar6＇s controversies in opposition to logicism, to formalism, and in the context of Poincar6＇s very peculiar conventionalism. I will try to demonstrate that, in each case, Poincar~ comes close to a specific tradition （Kant, of course, but also Leibniz and Peirce）.

Research on the Principle of Optimizing Teaching with Digital Animation in Experimental Teaching

With the rapid development of computing technology,experimental teaching explores new teaching methods using virtual laboratory and digital laboratory.Based on the characteristics of visualization,continuity and simulation,digital animation technology has become an important form of application in experimental teaching reform.This paper analyzes the artistic characteristics of digital animation,and summarizes that digital animation can display the experimental information intuitively,enable students to quickly obtain the cognition of the experimental content,and obtain psychological pleasure through digital animation in experimental learning,thus improving the teaching effect of experimental teaching.

霍尼韦尔面向全球流程行业发布企业级软件工具

霍尼韦尔近日宣布在全球范围内发布Intuition软件系列组合的旗舰产品Intuition Executive,为流程行业用户带来企业级信息管理、决策支持以及协同工作工具。

What is Mind,What is Consciousness,and Where This Resides

The main purpose of this paper is to respond to the questions what is mind and consciousness and where this resides.The answers are based on the frontline Informational Model of Human Body and Living Structures(IMHBLS),which shows that mind and consciousness can be described by the activity of the Informational System of the Human Body and Living Structures(ISHBLS),consisting of seven informational components,each of them with specific activity and functions,inter-correlated to support the immaterial/informational manifestation of the body expressed by mind and consciousness.The basic concept of matter-related and virtual information results as a consequence of the operability of the physics,chemistry,biologic,or mathematics laws,which actually act as informational operators,such processes are informationally driven and manifested finally as a“media-like functions”of mind and consciousness,on the“screen/display”of prefrontal cortex.The mind is therefore described as the capacity of every individual to access the data field of own life experience,where the thought acts as an informational operator,which can activate the required information from internal/external reality.Consciousness is the result of the info-representation of the explored reality,accumulated by the momentary connection,and compared/combined with the life experience,serving as judgment reference/criteria.The question is discussed in relation with the localization of consciousness,showing that this resides in the brain,as a result of the activity of ISHBLS.The discussion on the experimental evidences concerning the minimal basic components necessary and sufficient to sustain consciousness,compared with the results of the informational model,indicates the cortico-thalamus axis,in a full agreement each other.One of the basic findings is that the activation of consciousness is operated in two steps,one consisting in a feed-forward reception and another in feedback perception for recognition of the info-significance,which is fully supported by the recently reported experimental results.The phenomena of intuition,inspiration,premonition,“deja vue”,retrocausality,and intentionality are discussed.This model unifies the eastern and western concepts/models on consciousness and mind,explaining the energetic Yung/Yin Chinese model by YES/NO-informational Bit-type behavior,the Plato’s ideas/forms by“information”concept as a participating component of reality,Aristotle’s materialist view with matter structuration(assisted by information),and archaic model of the seven“chakras”at human,as vital informational centers connected with the body.

Deepening the Understanding of Mathematics with Geometric Intuition

Geometric intuition is one of the core concepts introduced by the new mathematical cxirriculum standards.It aims to use intuition and intuitive materials to deepen the understanding of mathematics in mathematical cognition activities.It does not only play a role in the learning of"graphics and geometry/but its'irreplaceable role also involves the whole process of mathematics education.Therefore,if teachers can skillfully use geometric intuition in the teaching process,classroom efficiency will be greatly improved.