Population structure determines individuals’interactions and trade-offs with evolutionary consequences.Male-biased populations increase intrasexual competition and intersexual harassment,reducing female resource acqu...Population structure determines individuals’interactions and trade-offs with evolutionary consequences.Male-biased populations increase intrasexual competition and intersexual harassment,reducing female resource acquisition,and thus,resources availability for the following generation.We analyzed direct and cross-generational effects of male harassment in two generations of damselflies(Odonata).We exposed adult females to treatments with different sex-ratio and density(balanced and male-biased)to modify the male harassment level.We analyzed female fecundity,fertility,and number of faecal deposits as an indirect measure of resources acquisition.We studied female flight performance after repeated exposures to males.We analyzed survivorship,development,exploration,thigmotaxis,and feeding latency of larvae produced by the experimental females.In both generations,we analyzed four metrics of behavior:mean value,interindividual differences in plasticity,intra-individual unpredictability,and repeatability.Mating duration increased in male-biased treatment,whereas female resources acquisition and fertility decreased.Females that mated longer showed higher fecundity when they were exposed to balanced treatment,but not if they were exposed to male-biased treatment.Females from the male-biased treatment showed interindividual differences in plasticity and no repeatability in flight performance.Offspring showed balanced sex-ratio and similar survivorship,development,and feeding latency independently of the parental treatment;however,females exposed to male-biased treatment produced offspring with higher differences in exploration plasticity and daughters less explorative and with higher unpredictable thigmotaxis.We propose prolonged copulation as courtship at balanced sex-ratio but a cost to females under male-biased sex-ratio.Cross-generational effects in behavioral variability may be a mechanism to cope with predicted future environments.展开更多
基金I.S.V.was funded by a postdoctoral fellowship of the Galician government(Xunta de GaliciaAxudas de apoio a etapa posdoutoral 2017+4 种基金ref:ED481B-2017/034)X.Y.was funded by the State Scholarship Fund(file No.201908500062)of China Scholarship CouncilA.C.R.was funded by grant PGC2018-096656-B-100 from MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033(Agencia Estatal de InvestigacionMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovacion)from"ERDF A way of making Europe,"by the"European Union."。
文摘Population structure determines individuals’interactions and trade-offs with evolutionary consequences.Male-biased populations increase intrasexual competition and intersexual harassment,reducing female resource acquisition,and thus,resources availability for the following generation.We analyzed direct and cross-generational effects of male harassment in two generations of damselflies(Odonata).We exposed adult females to treatments with different sex-ratio and density(balanced and male-biased)to modify the male harassment level.We analyzed female fecundity,fertility,and number of faecal deposits as an indirect measure of resources acquisition.We studied female flight performance after repeated exposures to males.We analyzed survivorship,development,exploration,thigmotaxis,and feeding latency of larvae produced by the experimental females.In both generations,we analyzed four metrics of behavior:mean value,interindividual differences in plasticity,intra-individual unpredictability,and repeatability.Mating duration increased in male-biased treatment,whereas female resources acquisition and fertility decreased.Females that mated longer showed higher fecundity when they were exposed to balanced treatment,but not if they were exposed to male-biased treatment.Females from the male-biased treatment showed interindividual differences in plasticity and no repeatability in flight performance.Offspring showed balanced sex-ratio and similar survivorship,development,and feeding latency independently of the parental treatment;however,females exposed to male-biased treatment produced offspring with higher differences in exploration plasticity and daughters less explorative and with higher unpredictable thigmotaxis.We propose prolonged copulation as courtship at balanced sex-ratio but a cost to females under male-biased sex-ratio.Cross-generational effects in behavioral variability may be a mechanism to cope with predicted future environments.
