Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activities of Momordica charantia and Vernonia amygdalina extracts on some selected enteric isolates

Background:This research focuses on herbal medicine,an ancient healthcare practice,exploring the antibacterial attributes of fresh and dried leaf extracts from Momordica charantia(commonly known as Bitter melon)and Vernonia amygdalina(Bitter leaf).The study specifically investigates their effects on different bacterial strains associated with gastroenteritis.Methods:Four enteric bacterial isolates-Klebsiella pneumoniae,Salmonella typhi,Escherichia coli,and Proteus mirabilis-were obtained from the Medical Laboratory Unit at Babcock University Teaching Hospital in Ilishan-Remo,Ogun State.Phytochemical screening and antibacterial testing were conducted using standard biochemical techniques and the Punch-hole agar diffusion method,respectively.Results:Qualitative phytochemical screening of the plant extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids,glycosides,and saponin in both plants,excluding terpenoids.Alkaloids were identified only in Vernonia amygdalina.Despite these phytochemicals,neither plant displayed inhibitory effects on the tested bacterial isolates(Escherichia coli,Proteus mirabilis,Klebsiella pneumoniae,and Salmonella typhi)when tested individually or in combination.Intriguingly,combining the fresh and dried leaf extracts of Momordica charantia and Vernonia amygdalina with a standard drug resulted in smaller mean zone diameters of inhibition(Escherichia coli range:14 mm–16 mm,Proteus mirabilis range:31 mm–35 mm,Klebsiella pneumoniae range:13 mm–22 mm,and Salmonella typhi range:35 mm–38 mm)compared to the drug tested alone(16 mm–45 mm).Conclusion:Despite previous indications of antibacterial properties in various extracts of V.amygdalina and M.charantia leaves,our study presents contradictory results,prompting the need for further investigation despite the presence of significant phytochemicals.

Trends in Bacterial Blood Culture Isolates and Resistance in Children in Two Microbiologic Eras from a Tertiary Health Facility in North East Nigeria

Introduction: Antimicrobial Resistance surveillance is predicated on blood culture as a priority clinical specimen in especially resource limited settings. Establishing trends in blood stream infections and resistance patterns can inform institutional and national policy on antimicrobial stewardship, surveillance, infection prevention and control. Methodology: Blood Culture isolates in children (0 - 18 years) by conventional method from 2008-2012 and Bactec Automated culture system from 2015-2020 were retrieved. Information analyzed included age, sex, month, and year and culture growth/identity of microorganisms and their sensitivity/resistance patterns. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline for antibiotic susceptibility testing was used. Results: 20,540 children were admitted: 8964 (44.6%) and 11,630 (55.4%) in the Manual and Bactec blood culture era respectively. Blood cultures were done in 5271 in the manual culture era and 1077 in the Bactec culture era;of these cultures, 514 (9.7%) and 461 (42.8%) were positive for isolates in the respective era (p = 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in trend between positive and negative blood cultures in males and females. Newborns, followed by children 1 - 5 years had more blood culture performed on them than other age categories. In general, there is no significant relationship in blood culture outcomes between the age categories and sex of the patients. The isolation of Staph aureus, Citrobacter and Alkaligenes increased two-fold with Bactec automated system. Resistance to the quinolones and the penicillin was high. Resistance trend to Genticin, an aminoglycoside was less than 40%. Resistance to Ceftazidime was high. Conclusion: Antimicrobial resistance surveillance is critical to reduce AMR related morbidity and mortality.

Impact of Three Isolates of Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. Et M.A Curt.), a Pathogen of Late Leaf Spot, on Defoliation and Yield in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under Controlled Conditions

Late leaf spot caused by Cercosporidium personatum is one of the most widespread groundnut leaf diseases. Along with early leaf spot and rust, it is one of the main fungal diseases hampering groundnut production worldwide. Late leaf spot accounts for significant yield losses throughout the world where groundnuts are grown. This reduction in yield caused by the disease could result in yield losses of between 50% and 70%. In Burkina Faso, the disease is present throughout the country, with incidence varying according to region and season. Could the variability in the incidence of the disease be linked to the nature of the isolates or to the conditions from each agro-ecological zone? In this study, the aim was to assess the capacity of three isolates from three agroclimatic zones of the country to defoliate and reduce groundnut yield. To this end, three isolates of Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. Et M.A Curt.) were collected in these zones and evaluated on three contrasting groundnut varieties. A split-splot design was used for the experiment. Isolates were prepared from samples collected in farmers’ fields. After incubation in the laboratory, leaf spots showing good sporulation were scraped off with a scalpel after immersing the leaves in distilled water. Inoculations were carried out under controlled environment. After inoculation with the isolate, the percentage of defoliation and the reduction in yield of these varieties were then evaluated. Inoculation was carried out from the 30th day after sowing with Cercosporidium personatum spore suspensions at 105 spores/ml. The study showed that the percentage of defoliation (P = 0.0001) and the reduction in yield (P = 0.0001) were significant. The study revealed that, whatever the variety, isolate I3TF from the Upper Basins region in the South Sudanese zone caused the greatest defoliation and the greatest reduction in yield. The variety TS32-1, regardless of the isolate used for the treatment, recorded the best yield. The variety PC79-79, regardless of the isolate used for the treatment, recorded the lowest percentage of defoliation. The highest defoliation recorded under the effect of the isolates was of the order of 72.20%;the highest yield reduction was of the order of 87.20% compared with the water control.

Phenotypic and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Studies of Proteus mirabilis Isolates from Fresh Water Fishes in FCT, Abuja-Nigeria

Our study was carried out to determine the phenotypic characterization antimicrobial susceptibility of Proteus mirabilis from fish in FCT, Abuja using isolation, selective plating, preliminary observation, complete biochemical method and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The biochemical tests conducted includes include Citrate Utilization test, Triple Sugar Iron test, Urea test, Methyl Red test, Indole test, and Voges Proskauer test. The isolates were confirmed by MicrobactTMGNB24E identification kit (Oxiod, UK). A total of 400 fish samples were bought in the market from three area council of the FCT. The result of the study showed overall prevalence rate of (13) 3.25% of Proteus mirabilis isolates. Distribution based on Area councils showed that AMAC had higher prevalence rate of 4.81%, while Bwari had 2.99% and Gwagwalada with 2.57% prevalence. All isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the modified single disc diffusion method. From the antimicrobial susceptibility testing done it was discovered that Proteus mirabilis are resistant to Amoxyclav (100%), Erythromycin (92.3%), Tetracycline (92.3%) and Ceftriaxone (23.1%). However, the isolates were susceptible to Ofloxacin (100%), Netillin (92.3%), Levofloxacin (92.3%), Ceftazidime (76.9%), Co-trimoxazole (69.2%) and Gentamicin (61.5%). Since Proteus mirabilis sources of zoonotic diseases and can potentially be dangerous to humans and other animals, our research was able to isolate it from fresh water fish sold in the Federal Capital Territory. This makes public health awareness of the risks associated with Proteus mirabilis in Nigeria necessary.

Evaluation under Semi-Controlled Conditions of the Pathogenicity of Three Isolates of Phaeoisariopsis personata (Berk. & M.A Curt.)

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) late leaf spot is an important disease caused by Phaeoisariopsis personata (Berk. Et M. A Curt.). This fungus is responsible for the most damaging leaf spots in peanut production. The present experiment was undertaken to evaluate the pathogenic variability of Phaeoisariopsis personata in Burkina Faso. To this end, detached leaves and healthy plants of three peanut varieties were inoculated. Isolates I3TF, I2TG and I1TK of the pathogen (105 conidia/ml), collected respectively in the western, central and eastern agroecological zones of country, were used. The inoculated leaves were kept in Petri dishes on moist blotting paper and stored in the laboratory during the experimental period. The inoculated plants were grown under glass in pots containing a mixture of sterilized sand and clay. The development of disease was monitored and severity was scored every 15 days using rating scale. The results obtained in the laboratory and in the greenhouse revealed that there is pathogenic variability in the isolates tested. Indeed, for each variety, the highest severity score was recorded in plants inoculated with isolate I3TF and the lowest severity score with isolate I1TG. In the laboratory the severity scores ranged from 6.76 to 8.80 in TS32-1, 6.18 to 8.29 in SH70P and 5.98 to 7.92 in PC79-79. In the greenhouse, the average severity scores ranged from 5.61 to 8.33 in TS32-1, from 5.19 to 8.00 in SH70P, from 4.90 to 7.50 in PC79-79. Thus, the variety TS32-1 was the most susceptible to all three isolates of the pathogen.

Isolates identification and characteristics of microorganisms in biotrickling filter and biofilter system treating H_2S and NH_3

A combination system of biotrickling filter （BTF） and biofilter （BF）, adopting surfactant-modified clinoptilolite and surfactant- modified wood chip as the media respectively, was applied to treat H2S and NH3 simultaneously. The identification and sole carbon sources utilization patterns of isolates in the combination system were studied by Biolog system. The isolates were identified as Bacillus sphaericus, Geobacillus themoglucosidasius （55℃） and Micrococcus luteus （ATCC 9341） in BTF, and Aspergillus sydowii （Bainier ＆ Sartory） Thom＆ Church in BE Among 95 substrate classes supplied by Biolog system, the carboxylic acids and methyl esters had the highest utilization extent for the four species, followed by the amino acids and peptides. The descending sequence of carbon sources utilization capability of isolates was A. sydowii （52.6%）, M. luteus （39.5%）, B. sphaericus （21.6%）, and G. thermoglucosidasius （17.7%）.

Molecular basis for identification of species/isolates of gastrointestinal nematode parasites

Gastrointestinal（GI） parasitism is the most serious constraint throughout the world in small ruminants which causes significant production loss in animals.GI parasites are major contributor to reduce productivity in terms of meat,milk and wool in animals.Control of GI parasite is done primarily by anthelmintic treatment where choice and schedule of treatment is done after identification and quantitation of individual parasite.Identification of GI parasites is done through microscopic method by identifying specific morphological characteristics of egg and larva（L3）.Since most of parasite eggs are having similar morphological characteristics, identification up to species level through microscopy is not possible in most of cases.To address this issue,molecular techniques are the viable alternative for identification of species as well as molecular level differences within a species（isolates） of parasites.Different DNA based molecular techniques viz.PCR,AFLP,RAPD,RFLP,PCR-SSCP,real time PCR,DNA microarray etc.have been used for identification and to assess the genetic diversity among parasite population.For identification of species,the characteristic sequence of genomic DNA of different species should differ to allow the delineation of species,but at the same time,no/minor variation within the species should exist.In contrast,for purpose of identifying population variants（strains/isolates）, a considerable degree of variation in the sequence should exist within a species.Various target regions,including nuclear ribosomal DNA（rDNA）,mitochondrial DNA（mtDNA） or repetitive DNA elements（microsatellite loci）,which show considerable variation in the number of repeats within individuals have been employed to achieve the identification of parasites species or strain.

Geographic Distribution of Mating Types in Magnaporthe grisea and the Relationship Between Fertile Isolates in China

377 isolates of Magnaporthe grisea were collected from 17 provinces in China and their geographic distribution of mating types and their fertility was tested with four standard isolates, KA3 and TH12 (Mat1.1) and Guy11 and TH16 (Mat1.2) provided by CIRAD. 73 fertile isolates were tested with SCAR markers of 13 pairs of primers. Preliminary results showed that the geographic distribution of M.grisea existed among isolates collected from the same location as well as different locations and the genetic relationship between fertile isolates of the fungus in China. The existence of sexual reproduction of M .grisea was explored in the field as well.

Molecular Characterization and Correlation with β-lactam Resistance of Streptococcus pneumonia Isolates in Hangzhou,China

Penicillin-binding proteins（PBPs） are the target of β-lactam antibiotics（the major treatment for Streptococcus pneumoniae infections）,and mutations in PBPs are considered as a primary mechanism for the development of β-lactam resistance in S.pneumoniae.This study was conducted to investigate the mutations in the PBPs of clinical S.pneumoniae isolates in Hangzhou,China,in correlation with β-lactam resistance.Results showed that 19 F was the predominant serotype（7/27） and 14 of the S.pneumoniae isolates were resistant to both penicillin G and cephalosporin.Genotyping results suggested that β-lactam-resistant isolates primarily exhibited single-site mutations in both the STMK and SRNVP motifs of pbp1 a in combination with double-site mutations in the STMK motif of pbp2 x,which might be the primary mechanisms underlying the β-lactam resistance of the isolates in this study.

Hydrophilic/hydrophobic characters of antimicrobial peptides derived from animals and their effects on multidrug resistant clinical isolates

Multidrug resistant（MDR） pathogen infections are serious threats to hospitalized patients because of the limited therapeutic options. A novel group of antibiotic candidates, antimicrobial peptides（AMPs）, have recently shown powerful activities against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Unfortunately, the viability of using these AMPs in clinical settings remains to be seen, since most still need to be evaluated prior to clinical trials and not all of AMPs are potent against MDR clinical isolates. To find a connection between the characteristics of several of these AMPs and their effects against MDR pathogens, we selected 14 AMPs of animal origin with typical structures and evaluated their in vitro activities against clinical strains of extensive drugresistant Acinetobacter baumannii, methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus, extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Our results showed that these peptides＇ hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics, rather than their secondary structures, may explain their antibacterial effects on these clinical isolates. Peptides that are amphipathic along the longitudinal direction seemed to be effective against Gramnegative pathogens, while peptides with hydrophilic terminals separated by a hydrophobic intermediate section appeared to be effective against both Gramnegative and Gram-positive pathogens. Among these, cathelicidin-BF was found to inhibit all of the Gram-negative pathogens tested at dosages of no more than 16 mg/L, killing a pandrug-resistant A. baumannii strain within 2 h at 4×MICs and 4 h at 2×MICs. Tachyplesin III was also found capable of inhibiting all Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens tested at no more than 16 mg/L, and similarly killed the same A. baumannii strain within 4 h at 4×MICs and 2×MICs. These results suggest that both cathelicidin-BF and tachyplesin III are likely viable targets for the development of AMPs for clinical uses.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of the Bacterial Isolates in Post-Operative Wound Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal

Unrestrained anti-microbial resistance (AMR) among bacterial pathogens has made the management and treatment of post-operative wound infections difficult. This study assessed the current AMR patterns of bacterial isolates in post-operative wound infections in a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu,Nepal. Pus swabs collected from post-operative wound infections and submitted for culture and sensitivity were included in this study. Isolation and identification of the organism was done by standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and result was interpreted as per National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guide lines. Of the 120 pus swabs processed for culture, 96 showed bacterial growth. Staphylococcus aureus 36 (37.5%) was the predominant gram positive isolate and Escherichia coli 24 (25%) was the major gram negative isolate .The infection was most prevalent in the age group 20-40 years. All S. aureus isolates were sensitive to aminoglycosides and vancomycin. Out of 36 S. aureus, 15 (41.66%) isolates were methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Staphylococcus epidermidis showed high resistance (50%-100%) to all antibiotics but were sensitive to vancomycin. All gram negative isolates showed high resistance against cephalexin (75%-100%) and ceftriaxone (25%-100%). Overall multi-drug resistant isolates were 66.7%. A high level of AMR was observed in gram negative bacterial isolates. Rational use of antibiotics and a regular monitoring of AMR patterns in post-operative wound infections are essential and mandatory to avert further emergence and spread of anti-microbial resistance among bacterial pathogens.

Kinetics of Serum and Local Leukotriene B₄Response in Experimental Intravaginal Trichomoniasis by <i>T. vaginalis</i>Isolates from Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Women

Trichomoniasis is most common sexually transmitted disease caused by T. vaginalis. The clinical manifestation varies from severe manifestation to asymptomatic condition. However, the exact virulence markers led to varied symptomatology was not well clarified. The role of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in the pathogenesis of many parasitic diseases has been reported. The present study reports the leukotriene B4 levels on different days post infection (3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th d.p.i.) in serum and vaginal washes (VWs) and vaginal tissues of mice infected intravaginally with T. vaginalis isolates from 10 symptomatic and 10 asymptomatic women. A significant increase in LTB4 was observed on the 3rd to 28th d.p.i. in serum and VWs of mice infected with T. vaginalis isolates from asymptomatic as compared to symptomatic women. The present study also reports the histopathological changes of the posterior vaginal fornix’s and upper portion of the vagina of mice infected intravaginally with T. vaginalis isolates from 10 symptomatic and 10 asymptomatic women. The results show that there are no significant differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic isolates regarding histopathological changes.

Bacterial Blood Isolates in Children: Conventional vs. Bactec Automated Blood Culture System in a Tertiary Health Centre in Gombe, North East Nigeria

Background/Aim: Blood culture is critical in the diagnosis and treatment of blood stream infections (BSIs) especially in children. BSIs are among the most common cause of morbidity/mortality and blood culture has remained the gold standard for diagnosis. We sought to compare Blood Culture Isolates (BCI) from conventional and Bactec automated blood culture system (ABCS) among paediatric patients at the Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe (FTHG) Nigeria. Methods: BCI in children (0 - 18 years) by conventional method from 2008-2012 and Bactec Automated culture system from 2015-2020 were retrieved from the clinical microbiology laboratory register. Information analyzed included, age, sex, month, and year and blood culture isolates. Results: There were 5276 (56.9% males, 43.1% females) and 1169 (54% males, 46% females) Blood Culture Isolates by CM and ABCS respectively. Overall positive culture isolates were 9.7% (515/5276) in CM and 45.9% (536/1169) in ABCS (p = 0.01). Positivity rate in newborn was 13.3% (282/2114) by CM and 40.9% (219/263) by ABCS p = 0.01;under-5 was 10.5% (448/4253) vs. 37% (359/873) (p = 0.01);Gram positive 32.6% (172) vs. 65% (759) (p = 0.01;Gram negative 55% (2910) vs. 34% (397) (p = 0.01). Staph aureus 22% (114/515) by CM vs. 61.9% (332/536)) by ABCS (p = 0.01);Klebsiella 24.9% (128/515) by CM vs. 7.5% (40/536) p = 0.01) in ABCS, E. coli 8.9% (46/515) vs. 2.1% (11/536) p = 0.01;Proteus vs. 1.1% (6/515) by ABCS, Pseudomonas 3.3% (17/515) vs. 5.6% (30/536) p = 0.05, Alkaligenes 1% (5/515) vs. 8.2% (44/536) p = 0.01 and Citrobacter 1% (5/515) vs. 8.4% (45/536) p = 0.01. Conclusion: Blood culture yield was five times higher with Bactec compared with Conventional method.

Molecular Characteristics and Drug Susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from Patients Co-infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Beijing,China

70 clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from AIDS patients in two HIV/AIDS referral hospitals in Beijing were used in this study.M.tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis mycobacterium（NTM）were identified by using multi-locus PCR.M.tuberculosis was genotyped by using 15-locus MIRU-VNTR technique and spoligotyping afterwards.Meanwhile,the drug susceptibilities of the strains to the four first-line anti TB drugs（rifampin,isoniazid,streptomycin, and ethambutol） and the four second-line anti-TB drugs （capreomycin, kanamycin, ofloxacin, and ethionanide） were tested with proportional method. In this study, M. tuberculosis and NTM strains isolated from AIDS patients with TB-like symptoms were identified and genotyping analysis indicated that Beijing genotype was the predominant genotype. In addition, the prevalence of drug-resistant TB, especially the prevalence of XDR-TB, was higher than that in TB patients without HIV infection.

Genetic diversity of atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus isolates from peanut kernels in China

Aflatoxin contamination in peanuts is a major threat to public health, especially in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Recently, the use of atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains as biological control agents prove to be effective in reducing aflatoxin contamination in crops. A total of 208 atoxigenic A. flavus isolates, collected from peanut kernels, were grouped into 7 deletion patterns by quadruplex PCR products of nor-1, ver-1, aflR and omtA genes. 49 SNPs, found in 1254 bp fragment of omtA gene, showed genetic variation of omtA among different A. flavus isolates. These isolates were assigned to either MAT1-1 type or MAT1-2 type with primers for each MAT locus. Thus, rich genetic diversity was found in the atoxigenic A. flavus isolates of peanut in China. The results indicated that quadruplex PCR would be an effective method for rapid screening of atoxigenic isolates with gene deletion in aflatoxin biosynthetic cluster.

A comparative study of bacterial isolates from the urine samples of AIDS and non-AIDS patients in Benue,Nigeria

Objective:To determine the common bacterial causes of urinary tract infection and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in AIDS patients versus non-AIDS patients.Methods:One thousand consecutive AIDS patients with signs and symptoms of AIDS and non-AIDS patients (served as control) each on admission were recruited into the study between January 2005 to January 2008,in Federal Medical Center,Makurdi.Urine samples were collected with sterile universal bottles and analysed with appropriate laboratory methods and antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out by disk diffusion technique in accordance with National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards(NCCLS,now CLSI) criteria.The results were analysed using SPSS 11.0 statistical software.Results:Urine samples of AIDS patients with urinary infection had a more spectrum of micro-organisms including Candida organisms,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.Ceftriaxone,Ceftazidime or Ciprofloxacin had a remarkably high anti-bacterial activity across the two study groups.A general resistance was recorded in ampicillin.tetracycline and co-trimoxazole.There was no significant difference in antibiotic susceptibility patterns between AIDS and non- AIDS patients(P】0.05).Conclusions:A reduction in unnecessary use of antibiotics as well as infection control should be encouraged in our health facilities.

Quick screening and easy detection method of NDM-gene in clinical isolates:A need of the time

The emerging trend of multidrug resistance is becoming a major threat to community acquired and nosocomial infections,worldwide[1].The carbapenems are used as last-source drugs because of increasing resistance against beta-lactam groups of antibiotics due to its excessive use to treat wide range of infections[2].The

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Middle East 2009 H1N1 pdm isolates

Objective:To study hemagglutinin genetic evolution of some Middle East(ME) 2009 H1N1 pdm isolates and compared them with prototype vaccine strain[A/California/07/2009(H1N1)],which is used as a vaccine strain in the Northern Hemisphere 2010-2011.Methods:Nucleotide and/ or amino acid sequences of HA gene of fifty-four ME 2009 H1N1 pdm isolates were retrieved from GenBank Database by using Basic BLAST engine.Phylogenetic trees were established for both nucleotide and amino acid sequences using the muscle algorithm of the computer program CLC free workbench 5.6.1 JRE software.Amino acids alignment was also done to compare sequences HA1 domains of HA genes of ME 2009 H1N1 pdm isolates(n=39) with amino acid sequence of prototype vaccine strain A/California/07/2009(H1N1).Results:Phylogenetic analysis of amino acids and nucleotides of the HA gene of the ME 2009 H1N1 pdm isolates confirmed their evolutionary position in cluster with prototype vaccine strain(A/California/07/2009(H1N1)) which is used as vaccine strain in the Northern Hemisphere 2010-2011.Antigenically,the ME 2009 H1N1 pdm isolates were homogeneous and closely related to prototype vaccine.Only a few amino acid substitutions in the HA among the ME 2009 H1N1 pdm isolates were analyzed.Conclusions: The current influenza vaccine is expected to provide a good protection against ME 2009 H1N1 pdm because it contains strains with H1HA[A/California/07/2009(H1N1)]-like strain.

Amino Acid Composition of Cowpea (<i>Vigna ungiculata</i>L. Walp) Flour and Its Protein Isolates

The study of the nutritive value of Cowpea (Vigna ungiculata L.) legume seed is needed, as this legume is a food source in many developing countries. Whole Cowpea Flour (WCF), Dehulled Defatted Cowpea Flour (DDCF), and Cowpea Protein Isolates (CPI) prepared using Isoelectric method (CPII) and using Micellization method (CPIM) are studied. In proximate analysis, the protein content of WCF, DDCF, CPIA and CPIB was found to be 22.3, 26.7, 750 and 76.0 g/100 g, respectively. Net protein value (NPV) was 17.62 for DDCF. Chemical score was 0.66% for DDCF and 112%, 104% for CPII and CPIM, respectively. The first limiting amino acid was cystine for DDCF and threonine for CPII and CPIM. Methionine was found to be the most concentrated essential amino acid in both CPII and CPIM;values were 27.22 and 30.60 g/16 g N, respectively, while lysine was the most abundant essential amino acid in DDCF (4.28 g/16 g N). Essential amino acids of CPIi and CPIM were 22.99 and 15.78 g/16 g N respectively, higher than FAO/WHO reference.