Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) and Corn (Zea mays) Competition

Italian ryegrass is an annual/biennial grass that is typically used as a pasture crop or a cover crop along roadsides, rights-of-way, and industrial areas. Glyphosate-resistant (GR) Italian ryegrass populations have been documented around the world, mostly in orchard and vineyard situations. The first evidence of evolved GR Italian ryegrass in row/agronomic crops was reported from Washington County, Mississippi in 2005. GR Italian ryegrass populations can jeopardize preplant burndown options in reduced-tillage crop production systems, thereby, delaying planting operations. The effects of competition of Italian ryegrass on crop growth and yield are poorly understood. A field study was conducted in the 2012 growing season and repeated in the 2013 growing season. GR and susceptible (GS) Italian ryegrass populations were established in the greenhouse and transplanted in prepared corn row beds in the fall of 2011 and 2012 at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 plants·meter> of crop row. Italian ryegrass plants overwintered and developed over the following spring-summer. Glyphosate was applied at 1.26 kg·ae/ha (1.5× of labeled rate) in the spring to burndown the Italian ryegrass plants and corn was planted into the ryegrass residue 2 - 3 wk later. Current corn production practices were followed. Corn density (early and late season), height (early season), and yield and Italian ryegrass biomass (early-mid season) measurements were recorded during both years. Corn height was greater in 2012 than that in 2013 at comparable stages of the growing season, due to a cooler and wetter early season in 2013 than that in 2012. Averaged across weed densities, corn density (both early and late season) and yield were higher in the GS than those in the GR population, but Italian ryegrass biomass was similar for both populations. Averaged across Italian ryegrass populations, corn density (both early and late season), and yield were inversely proportional to Italian ryegrass density. In summary, Italian ryegrass significantly reduced corn density and yield and reduction was greater with the GR than that with the GS population. Studies are underway to study inter population competition in Italian ryegrass and investigate allelopathic effects of Italian ryegrass on selected crops.

Molecular identification of asymmetric somatic hybrids between wheat and Italian ryegrass

Sexual incompatibility between common wheat and Italian ryegrass was an obstacle for transferring useful traits from italian ryegrass to wheat. In order to use those desirable genetic resources to improve wheat and to create new cytoplasmic germplasm, the protoplasts of wheat and Italian ryegrass were successfully electrofused and the somatic hybrid plants were regenerated. Examination with 6 restriction enzymes, 13 probes including 9 mtDNA probes (H454, Pst24, B30, Pro I, 490, B342, pHJ2-7-l, B376, 7), 3 cpDNA probes (pHvc p1, pHvc p5 and pHvc p8) and onenuclear DNA probe-pTA71 (rDNA) in total 73 enzyme/probe combinations revealed rich polymorphism between the fusion partners. RFLP analysis indicated that approximately 93.4% of the regenerated plants were true somatic hybrids. AFLP analysis implied that the somatic hybrids were highly asymmetric. The RFLP analysis using mt- and cpDNA specific probes also demonstrated the non-coexistence of mitochondria and chloroplasts from the fusion partners in the

江汉平原苏丹草-黑麦草轮作中氮磷钾肥效果及养分利用率

本试验研究了江汉平原苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中氮磷钾肥配合施用效果及养分利用率。结果表明:氮磷钾配施(NPK)的饲草鲜草产量分别比不施氮(PK)、不施磷(NK)和不施钾(NP)增产123.3t/hm2、34.5t/hm2和24.7t/hm2;氮、磷和钾肥显著增加鲜草、干草产量,鲜草增产率分别为313.1%、26.9%和17.9%,干草增产率分别为196.3%、22.2%和9.7%;氮磷钾配施显著促进饲草对氮、磷和钾的吸收,3种养分两季吸收总量分别达到500kgN/hm2、208kgP2O5/hm2和1196kgK2O/hm2;氮磷钾配合施用条件下苏丹草和黑麦草的养分吸收比例(N:P2O5:K2O)分别为1∶0.37∶1.96和1∶0.50∶3.19;轮作体系中,N、P、K肥利用率分别为60.0%、21.7%和61.6%;氮、磷和钾肥对饲草吸收相应养分的贡献率分别为81.0%、32.7%和23.2%。

紫茎泽兰对两种牧草发芽的化感克异作用

研究了紫茎泽兰地上部分、根系及根际土壤不同浓度提取液对白三叶和多花黑麦草发芽的影响。研究结果表明:紫茎泽兰对白三叶和黑麦草种子萌芽存在化感克异现象,并且随浓度的增加,影响越大;相同条件下,对白三叶的影响强于多花黑麦草;低浓度对白三叶败育的影响较大,但对多花黑麦草几乎没有影响;紫茎泽兰根际土壤对两种牧草种子萌芽无明显的化感克异作用。

基于EPIC模型的四川丘陵区黑麦草生长过程及其土壤水分动态变化模拟

明确黑麦草田土壤水分变化规律,对提高四川丘陵区人工草地管理水平具有重要的现实意义;校验EPIC模型,有利于改进并提高模型对黑麦草的模拟精度,对推进作物生产系统模拟与决策技术在草粮轮作系统的应用具有重要的实践意义。本研究通过田间试验与计算机模型相结合的方法,研究了四川丘陵区黑麦草生长过程及其土壤水分动态变化规律,明确了EPIC模型对黑麦草生长过程及土壤水分变化规律的模拟精度。结果表明,1)四川丘陵区黑麦草田土壤有效含水量在3-5月较低,深层(0.4~0.6m)土壤水分在5-10月间可以得到较好恢复,适当增加氮肥投入,可以显著提高黑麦草最大叶面积系数和饲草产量,在刈割4茬的条件下,氮肥施入量不宜低于75kg/hm2,且不高于225kg/hm2;2)黑麦草田0~1m土层土壤有效含水量模拟值和观测值间的r值为0.86~0.95,RRMSE值为6.0%~17.2%,土壤水分剖面分布动态变化的模拟值和观测值间的r值介于0.57与0.92之间,且大部分大于0.85;3)EPIC模型模拟的黑麦草叶面积系数和株高与观测值间的r值均大于0.90,在统计范围内模拟值和观测值间差异不显著;黑麦草产量模拟值和观测值间的r值大于0.90,ME值和R2间差异小于0.02。总体而言,EPIC模型能够较好地模拟黑麦草生长过程,对黑麦草田土壤水分动态变化规律模拟较为准确,可以用来评价四川丘陵区以黑麦草为主的草粮轮作系统对当地气候条件的适应性。

高温高湿条件下意大利黑麦草青贮技术研究

研究以水田冬闲期栽培的意大利黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)为材料,结合常规的青贮方法进行了小规模控制实验,试验设计了隔水(将青贮过程中产生的渗出液排出)和不隔水,以及不同添加物的青贮处理。青贮结束后,对青贮黑麦草的品质和营养价值进行评定,探讨不同处理对黑麦草青贮的作用效果,以及南方高温高湿条件下青贮黑麦草的合理方法和最佳条件。结果发现,对黑麦草进行隔水添加乳酸的青贮处理从感观评定、pH值和营养成分的分析结果来看,都在一定程度上优于其他处理,由此可以认为隔水添加乳酸的处理相对实现了较稳定和较优质的青贮。

冬闲期种植多花黑麦草对稻田土壤性状的影响

"多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum L.; Italian Ryegrass)—水稻(Oryza sativa L.; Rice)"草田轮作(IRR)系统是我国南方农区新型的轮作模式之一。利用冬闲田种植多花黑麦草不仅能够生产大量的优质青饲料,缓解冬季畜禽饲草紧缺的问题,而且可以改善土壤物理和化学性质,提高养分循环效率,并对土壤微生物群落产生积极影响。通过讨论种植多花黑麦草对土壤团聚体结构、容重、pH、腐殖酸、有机质、碳氮比、土壤氮、磷、钾含量和土壤微生物群落等的影响,系统总结了黑麦草在土壤培肥方面的作用效应,并进一步探讨了南方农区利用IRR系统发展"草牧业"的困难与挑战,旨在为IRR系统的进一步推广提供更为全面深入的理论指导。

广东地区冬种多花黑麦草的生产特性

对在广东地区引种的国外20个优良多花黑麦草（Lolium multiflorum L．）品种的产量和品质等进行了分析．结果表明，刈割3茬的鲜草中，第2茬的产量最高，与总产量存在极显著正相关（P〈0．01）．各品种间前3茬鲜草产量、绝对干物质产量存在显著差异；所有品种绝对干物质率为8．4％-12．7％，其中各品种间前3茬刈割的干物质率存在极显著差异（P〈0．01）．品种01-Lm-1、LMT 1107、Common 1、Archie和LWD 8181—2的鲜草产量较高，达10．17kg／m^2以上，品种01-h-1、LWD 8181—2、BAR 9TAM、Barprisma和LMT 9034的绝对干物质产量较高，达1．01kg／m^2以上．平均粗蛋白含量在16．05％～24．56％之间，品种间有极显著差异（P〈0．01），其中品种Conamon 1、LWD 8115、LWT 8140的粗蛋白含量达23．52％以上．

冬种意大利黑麦草对蔬菜地土壤理化性质的影响

连作障碍是蔬菜生产可持续发展的瓶颈问题。本研究尝试在蔬菜种植冬季导入一季意大利黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum L.),通过"黑麦草-蔬菜"轮作,探讨冬种黑麦草对蔬菜地土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,冬种黑麦草能够提高土壤含水量(P<0. 05)、土壤速效磷(P<0. 05)、土壤有机质含量,降低土壤电导率(P<0. 05)、土壤速效钾含量(P<0. 05);并缓解土壤速效氮的流失。试验结束时,种草(冬种意大利黑麦草)区、菜心(菜心连作)区和对照(冬闲)区土壤含水量分别较本底值升高231. 62%、67. 78%和140. 80%;土壤电导率则分别下降86. 36%、66. 67%和71. 43%,种草区和菜心区土壤速效磷含量分别升高11. 28%和3. 88%,而对照区降低1. 22%;土壤有效氮含量分别下降19. 43%、21. 26%和44. 01%;土壤速效钾分别降低71. 5%、2. 73%和48. 37%;种草区和对照区土壤有机质含量升高8. 63%和11. 28%,而菜心区则降低4. 6%。构建"黑麦草-蔬菜"轮作系统是可行的。