Population Construction and Super-high Yield Characteristics of Japonica Super Rice in Cold Regions

[Objective] This study was conducted to construct a super-high yield population of Japnica rice in cold regions of North China and to explore its characteristics. [Method] The super rice variety Longjing 21 was selected as the experimental material. Different row spacing（two levels）, plant spacing（three levels） and seedling number per hill（three levels） were designed in field trials. Then, the growth stages,dry matter accumulation, leaf area, yield and yield components of these different treatments were measured. [Result] Rice yield had significantly negative correlation with plant spacing and row spacing, but no significant correlation with seedling number per hill. Rice yield was mainly affected by plant spacing, and less affected by seedling number per hill. The best recommended specifications for plant spacing of super rice variety Longjing 21 were 24 cm for row spacing, 12 cm for plant spacing and five seedlings per hill, and the expected yield was 10 473.0 kg/hm^2.The increased number of total spikelets（4.5×108hm2or more） in populations was the major reason for high yield. Super-high yield populations had fewer tillers at the early growth stage and achieved the expected number of productive tillers at critical leaf-age（June 25）, and tiller number peaked at jointing stage（July 6） and was about 1.2 times of the expected number. The percentage of productive tillers in total tillers of super-high yield population was more than 85% at heading stage. At middle growth stage（from jointing to heading stage）, the dry matter accumulation, leaf area index（LAI） at heading stage, effective leaf area, spikelet number of population,spikelet number per leaf area unit（cm2）, and culm-sheath weight per stem of super-high yield population were significantly higher than those of other populations.At late growth stage（from heading to maturity stage）, the leaf area decreasing rate of super-high yield population was significantly smaller than that of other populations. At late growth stage（from heading to maturity stage）, the leaf area decreasing rate, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, biomass accumulation, number of filled grains per leaf area unit（cm^2） and grain weight per leaf area unit（cm^2） of high-yield population were significantly higher than those of other populations. Output and translocation of dry matter（weight per stem and sheath and total filling rate at maturity） from heading to milky stage of super-high yield population were significantly higher than those of other populations. [Conclusion] The characteristics of superhigh yield rice in cold region of North China are enriching the amount of actual filling of sink through improving photosynthetic efficiency from heading to maturity stage on the basis of enough panicle numbers.

Combined effect of shading time and nitrogen level on grain filling and grain quality in japonica super rice

There is limited information about the combined effect of shading time and nitrogen （N） on grain filling and quality of rice. Therefore, two japonica super rice cultivars, Nanjing 44 and Ningjing 3, were used to study the effect of shading time and N level on the characteristics of rice panicle and grain filling as well as the corresponding yield and quality. At a low N level （150 kg N ha^-1, 150N）, grain yield decreased （by 21.07-26.07%） under the treatment of 20 days of shading before heading （BH） compared with the no shading （NS） treatment. These decreases occurred because of shortened panicle length, decreased number of primary and secondary branches, as well as the grain number and weight per panicle. At 150N, in the treatment of 20 days of shading after heading （AH）, grain yield also decreased （by 9.46-10.60%） due to the lower grain weight per panicle. The interaction of shading and N level had a significant effect on the number of primary and secondary branches. A high level of N （300 kg N ha^-1, 300N） could offset the negative effect of shading on the number of secondary branches and grain weight per panicle, and consequently increased the grain yield in both shading treatments. In superior grains, compared with 150N NS, the time to reach 99% of the grain weight （T99） was shortened by 1.6 to 1.7 days, and the grain weight was decreased by 4.18-5.91% in 150N BH. In 150N AH, the grain weight was 13.39-13.92% lower than that in 150N NS due to the slow mean and the maximum grain-filling rate （GRmean and GRmax）. In inferior grains, grain weight and GRmean had a tendency of 150N NS〉150N BH〉150N AH. Under shaded conditions, 300N decreased the grain weight due to lower GReen both in superior and inferior grains. Compared with 150N NS, the milling and appearance qualities as well as eating and cooking quality were all decreased in 150N BH and 150N AH. Shading with the high level of 300N improved the milling quality and decreased the number of chalky rice kernels, but the eating and cooking quality was reduced with increased chalky area and overall chalkiness. Therefore, in the case of short term shading, appropriate N fertilizer could be used to improve the yield and milling quality of rice, but limited application of N fertilizer is recommended to achieve good eating and cooking quality of rice.

Research progress on the breeding of japonica super rice varieties in Jiangsu Province,China

In this study we report the results of a decade-long breeding program for japonica super rice made by Nanjing Branch of Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement in Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences. We concluded that selection of parents with good comprehensive traits and complementary advantages and disadvantages of both parents in the hybrid combination, and early selection of high heritability traits in earlier segregating generations could significantly improve the breeding efficiency. The use of closely-linked functional markers in pyramiding of multiple genes could greatly increase breeding efficiency, avoiding time-consuming and laborious steps that were used in traditional breeding program. It is also important to coordinate the yield components with variety characteristics such as yield stability, wide adaptability, lodging resistance, and an attractive grain appearance during late growth stage of rice.

Advances and Prospects in Breeding Japonica Rice for Super High Yield inthe Northern China

In this paper, advances and prospects in breeding japonica rice for super high yield in the northern China were analyzed comprehensively in terms of breeding theories, techniques and practices. The author holds that developing and spreading super rice is an important way to enhance the overall yielding ability of japonica rice and attaining immense expansion of rice production. After theories and technical guidelines for super rice breeding were formulated, which involved the creation of new plant morphology and strong hybrid vigor through crossing indica with japonica subspecies, the optimization of combination of desirable traits via multiple crossing or backcrossing, the assemblage of favorable genes and the integration of ideal plant morphology with the utilization of vigor-major breakthroughs have been made in conventional breeding of japonica super rice. A batch of new super rice varieties marked by superior rice quality and high disease resistance, such as Shennong 265, Shennong 606, and Jijing 88, etc., have been developed and released. In comparison with the advancement in conventional breeding ef super rice, progress in hybrid japonica super rice breeding is slower because of climatic and ecological constraint in northern China. Therefore, solving the contradictions between vigor and growth duration, between yield and rice quality, and boosting vastly seed production are still serious challenges for breeders of hybrid japonica rice. Physiological and genetic problems in japonica super rice breeding are also discussed in this paper.

Effect of Biochar on Relieving Cadmium Stress and Reducing Accumulation in Super japonica Rice

It is of great importance to solve the threats induced by cadmium pollution on crops. This paper examined the effect of biochar on cadmium accumulation in japonica rice and revealed the mechanism underlying the response of protective enzyme system to cadmium stress. Biochar derived from rice straw was applied at two application rates under three cadmium concentrations. Shennong 265, super japonica rice variety, was selected as the test crop. The results indicated that cadmium content in above-ground biomass of rice increased with increasing soil cadmium concentrations, but the biochar application could suppress the accumulation of cadmium to some extent. Under high concentrations of cadmium, content of free proline and MDA （malondialdehyde） were high, so did the SOD （superoxide dismutase）, POD （peroxidase） and CAT （catalase） activity in the flag leaf of rice. However, the protective enzyme activities remained at low level when biochar was added.

Discussion on strategy of grain quality improvement for super high yielding japonica rice in Northeast China

japonica rice is mainly distributed in Northeast China and accounts for 44.6% of the total cultivated area of japonica rice in China. The comprehensive using of inter-subspecies heterosis is the main breeding mode of super japonica rice varieties in this region. Improving rice quality at relative high yielding level is the current research focus. Performing crosses between indica and japonica lines allows for the recombination of regulatory genes and genetic backgrounds, leading to complicated genetic rice quality characteristics, which can be used to explore patterns of quality improvement. In the present study, we utilize recombinant inbred lines （RILs） derived from indica-japonica hybridization to analyze the effect factors of rice quality derived from genetic factors, which contain both regulatory genes concerning rice quality and genetic backgrounds＇ random introduction frequency coming from indica （Di value）, and the improvement strategy was further discussed. The regulatory genes involved in amylase content （Wx） and nitrogen utilization efficiency （NRT1.1B） were the major factors affecting the amylose content （AC） and protein content （PC） in RILs, respectively. Both the Di value and the major grain width gene （GS5） had regulatory effects on milled rice width （MRW） in RILs, and their interaction explained the major variance of MRW in the RILs. With the mediation of MRW and chalkiness degree （C）, Di value had a further impact on head rice rate （HR）, which was relatively poor when the Di value was over 40%. In Northeast China, the Di value should be lowered by backcrossing or multiple crosses during the breeding of indica-japonica hybridization to maintain the whole better HR and further to emphasize the use of favorable genes in individual selection.

Expression Characteristics and Borer Resistance of Bt Gene of Transgenic cry1C~* Super Japonica Rice

[Objective] The paper was to study the expression characteristics and borer resistance of Bt gene of Songjing 9 （1C^＊）. [Method] With super japonica rice Songjing 9 as the receptor, transgenic crylC^＊ super japonica rice Songjing 9 （1C^＊） regulated by ubi promoter was created by agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation method. Ten strains of transgenic super japonica rice formed from different transformation events were planted in the field; the Tt-mRNA of leaf, stem-sheath and young spikelet at booting stage were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR; the Bt protein content of leaf, stem-sheath and young spikelet and harvested brown rice were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）; the white head rate damaged by Chilo suppressalis was manually investigated. [Result] The Bt-mRNA and Bt protein content of various organs and Bt protein content of mature brown rice at booting stage of Songjing 9 （1C^＊） significantly differed among strains; there was no correlation relationship in Bt-mRNA and Bt protein content between leaf and stem-sheath, between leaf and young spikelet, and between stem-sheath and young spikelet; there was no relation between Bt-mRNA or Bt protein content of leaf, stem-sheath and young spikelet and Bt protein content of brown rice; there was positive correlation between Bt-mRNA and Bt protein content in the same organ such as leaf, stem-sheath and young spikelet at booting stage; such strains as Songjing 9 （1C^＊）, whether the Bt gene expression was high or low, showed good resistance against C.suppressalis. This indicated that there were differences in Bt gene expression in different strains of transgenic cry1C^＊ super japonica rice or different organs of the same strain; there was no relation in Bt gene expression among different organs; the Bt-mRNA and protein content of the same organ usually had consistent expression; the Bt gene expression of various organs had nothing to do with the Bt protein content of brown rice. [Conclusion] The Bt gene and its expression cassette can meet the requirement of cultivating japonica rice varieties against stem borers.

Density Restriction Effects of Reproductive Rate of Rice Brown Planthopper Population in Super Rice Yongyou 6

[ Objective ] The paper was to study the density restriction effects of reproductive rate of rice brown planthopper （BPH） population in super indiea and japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 6. [Method] Different amounts of rice brown planthoppor were released to super indiea and japonica hybrid flee Yongyou 6 during fillering, booting and gain filling stage, respectively. The reproductive rate and variation dynamics of rice brown planthoppor in super rice was also investigated and analyzed. [Result] Tillering stage： the population quantity of rice brown planthoppor during booting and gain filling stage gradually increased with the increasing basal amount of its population during tillering stage; when the population density of rice brown planthopper during grain filling stage reached a certain limit （ 〉 250 head/cluster）, the population density during milking stage showed decrease trend with the increasing of such density; the development of rice brown planthoppor population in super rice Yongyou 6 showed the characteristics of fast in middle and slow in two ends. Booting stage： the development of rice brown planthopper pop- ulation from booting to gain filling stage increased with the increasing basal amount of density, and their correlation during milking stage was not significant; flee brown planthopper population still had high reproduction capacity in the middle and late stage of super rice, which had latent risk on rice yield. Gain filling stage ： when population density of rice brown planthopper 〈 70 head/cluster, the development of it population increased with the increase of basal amount of density, which had great threat to yield. [ Conclusion] The result provided theoretical basis for establishment and improvement of monitoring early warning system, cost-ef- fective control of occurrence and damage of rice brown planthopper, and improvement of the sustained control ability against rice brown planthopper.

Breeding of New Japonica-indica Hybrid Rice Combination Chunyou 284

Chunyou 284 is a medium- japonica hybrid combination,as well as an indica-japonica subspecific hyrbid with super-high yield,which was developed from Chunjiang 23A,a thermo-sensitive CMS line with very early anthesis time,and C84,an indica-japonica intermediate type restorer line with wide compatibility.This combination has the advantages of high yield potential,early maturity,excellent comprehensive agronomic traits and wide adaptability.It was approved by Jiangsu Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee in June,2018.The breeding process,main characteristics,cultivation techniques and seed production points of the combination were introduced.

超高产常规粳稻宁粳1号和宁粳3号群体特征及对氮的响应

2007—2008年对宁粳1号和宁粳3号的丰产示范方进行调查,2008年以宁粳3号为材料进行氮肥用量和前后比例试验,研究常规粳型超级稻超高产群体特征及对氮的响应。结果表明,常规粳型超级稻宁粳1号和宁粳3号抽穗后干物质积累占籽粒产量的70%～80%,茎叶等营养器官的表观转运率少,易高产稳产。足够的颖花量是高产稳产的保证,要达到11.0thm?2以上的产量,颖花数要≥42000m?2;要达到11.7thm-2以上的产量,颖花数要≥45000m-2,同时结实率≥90%,粒重≥26mg。超高产群体抽穗期适宜叶面积指数(LAI)为7.0～7.5,叶色呈"黑黄"节奏变化,后期生长速率(CGR)高,收获指数(HI)≥0.5。氮肥的适量施用和适当后移,不仅可以保证宁粳1号和宁粳3号生育期"黑黄"节奏变化,建立抽穗期适宜LAI的群体,还可以保持超高产株型特征,提高抽穗后LAI、叶面积维持期、CGR和HI,最终实现超高产量。

北方粳型稻超高产育种理论与实践

从育种理论、育种技术及育种实践等方面,综合评述了中国北方粳型稻超高产育种研究进展与前景,认为培育和推广超级稻是继株型育种和杂交稻之后,提高北方粳稻综合生产能力,实现北方水稻生产跨越式发展的重要途径。在“利用籼粳稻杂交创造新株型和强优势,通过复交优化性状组配,聚合有利基因,选育理想株型与优势利用相结合的超级稻”育种理论与技术路线确立之后,北方粳型超级粳稻在常规育种方面已取得重大突破,成功地培育出一批优质抗病的超级稻新品种并已广泛应用于生产,如沈农265、沈农606、吉粳88等。与常规超级稻育种相比,超级杂交粳稻育种研究进展则相对较缓慢。这一方面是由于北方气候与生态条件的限制,另一方面是育种技术相对落后。解决优势与生育期的矛盾、产量与品质的矛盾以及提高制种产量等问题,仍然是北方超级杂交粳稻育种所面临的严峻挑战。本文还讨论了与粳型超级稻育种有关的生理和遗传问题。

不同氮肥施用模式下北方粳型超级稻物质生产特性分析

以北方粳型超级稻品种沈农265为试材,分析了4种不同施氮模式的群体叶蘖建成动态、物质生产特性及产量构成特点,探讨了不同施氮模式下物质生产特性对产量形成的影响。结果表明,各施氮模式均表现14.5kg667m-2施氮水平产量显著高于12.5kg667m-2施氮水平的产量,且14.5kg667m-2施氮水平各施氮模式增产都是因为增加了穗外因素(穗数、单位面积颖花数和单位面积实粒数),降低了穗内因素(穗重、千粒重、结实率、每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数)。在相同施氮总量下,"三段五次"和"稳前、攻中、优后"施氮模式产量显著高于"一头轰"和"长效一次性"施氮模式,但"三段五次"模式以提高单位面积穗数、单位面积实粒数等穗外因素来增产,而"稳前、攻中、优后"模式以增加穗重、千粒重等穗内因素来获得高产,前两者产量都显著高于后两者,主要是因为前两者抽穗后新增同化产物(同化物直接供应量)和抽穗前营养器官储存物质的二次利用量(同化物间接供应量)均高,营养器官的物质输出率和对产量的贡献率均高。此外,在2种施氮水平下,前两者的氮肥农学利用率、氮肥表观利用率和单位土地面积上的总吸氮量均显著高于其他施氮模式。在14.5kg667m-2施氮水平下,前两施氮模式都获得了超高产量(>11thm-2)。

粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同规律及超高产特征的研究

【目的】水稻是中国重要的粮食作物,实现水稻的超高产生产对保证中国粮食安全有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同演进规律及超高产特征。【方法】以具有代表性的4个超级粳稻品种(武粳15、淮稻9号、徐稻3号和常优1号)为材料,对高产(8250—9750kg.hm-2)、更高产(9750—11250kg.hm-2)和超高产(>11250kg.hm-2)3个产量等级群体的产量及其结构、群体库容量和群体库容的充实进行了系统的比较研究。【结果】由高产到更高产再到超高产,4个超级稻品种的群体颖花量不断提高(差异显著),而结实率、千粒重在3个产量等级间略有增减(差异不显著)。在安全成熟的情况下,群体颖花量与产量呈极显著正相关;群体颖花量的提高在由高产提高到更高产的水平上,主要依靠单位面积穗数的增加,而由更高产提高到超高产水平,则主要依靠足穗基础上增加每穗粒数。在安全成熟条件下,群体库容充实度在3个产量等级间因种略有增减,差异不显著,而群体库容实际充实量则随产量的增加而增加。【结论】以足量大穗构成群体安全大库容(安全成熟的群体高颖花量),通过保持正常的充实度(即保证常年的结实率与千粒重),从而提高群体库容总充实量,是粳型超级稻的超高产特征。

光、氮及其互作对超级粳稻产量和物质生产特征的影响

大田条件下以超级粳稻南粳44和宁粳3号为材料,设置2种氮肥水平（N10：150 kg hm–2,N20：300 kg hm–2）和3种遮光处理（L1：不遮光,L2：抽穗前遮光20 d,L3：抽穗后遮光20 d）,研究光、氮及其互作对超级粳稻产量和物质生产特征的影响。结果表明,较之L1,L2不仅减少了有效穗数和每穗粒数,导致总颖花量下降,降幅达24.81%-35.63%,而且还显著降低了抽穗期茎蘖数和叶面积指数,降幅达2.90%-6.44%和19.02%-27.17%,导致抽穗至成熟阶段的光合势、干物质积累量显著下降,最终产量显著下降,降幅达27.23%-35.26%。较之L1,L3主要影响了抽穗至成熟阶段的光合物质积累,导致结实率和千粒重显著下降,降幅达1.49%-4.48%和5.54%-9.17%,最终产量显著下降,降幅达10.91%-18.47%。L2条件下,随着氮肥水平增加,抽穗期茎蘖数与叶面积指数均显著增加,导致抽穗至成熟阶段光合势、干物质积累显著增加,最终有效穗数、每穗粒数、总颖花量以及产量显著提高。L3条件下,随着氮肥水平增加,抽穗至成熟阶段的光合物质积累显著提高,其中茎叶干物质向穗部转运量显著增加,转运率和贡献率也进一步提高,最终产量显著提高。由此可见氮肥施用能部分弥补因弱光逆境对超级粳稻物质生产及其产量的影响。

南方粳型超级稻物质生产积累及超高产特征的研究

以超级粳稻品种武粳15、淮稻9号、徐稻3号和常优1号为材料,对高产（8.25~9.75thm？2）、更高产（9.75~11.25thm？2）和超高产（〉11.25thm？2）3个产量等级群体的物质生产与产量的关系、干物质积累、输出与转运等方面进行了系统的比较研究。结果表明,4个超级稻品种成熟期、抽穗至成熟期的干物质重与产量呈极显著正相关,抽穗期干物质重均与产量呈抛物线关系,拔节至抽穗期的干物质重与产量呈极显著正相关（高产—更高产、更高产—超高产以及将3个产量等级综合起来）;从高产到更高产再到超高产,4个超级稻品种的生物学产量不断提高（差异显著）,而超高产群体的经济系数则与更高产水平相当（0.5000以上）,显著高于高产水平;较之更高产、高产群体,超高产群体在生育中期（拔节至抽穗期）干物质积累量大,抽穗期叶面积指数高、株型挺拔、群体质量优[有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率、总颖花量与颖花/叶（cm2）、基部节间粗、单茎茎鞘重均高],在生育后期（抽穗至成熟期）,光合能力强（叶面积衰减率小,光合势、群体生长率、净同化率均高）、干物质积累量高（占生物学产量的40.0%以上）、茎鞘物质的输出与转运协调[实粒/叶（cm2）、粒重（mg）/叶（cm2）均高]。

北方超级粳稻根系生理、叶片光合性能特点及其相互关系

以北方粳型超级稻代表品种沈农265和沈农606为试材,秋光和辽粳294为对照,采用盆栽试验,在不同生育时期测定根系伤流速度、根系吸收面积、单株根系氧化力和叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度。结果表明,沈农265和沈农606在整个生育期内根系吸收面积、单株根系氧化力和伤流速度都显著地高于对照品种,特别是在生育后期,根系衰老缓慢,生理活性强。在灌浆结实期,两个品种的叶绿素含量和光合速率与对照品种差异显著,光合特性下降速度明显慢于对照品种。说明超级粳稻沈农265和沈农606具有明显的根系生理优势和叶片光合优势,灌浆结实期根系生理活性与叶片叶绿素含量呈显著正相关。

南方粳型超级稻氮肥群体最高生产力及其形成特征的研究

在大田机插条件下,以南方稻区5个粳型超级稻(南粳44、宁粳1号、宁粳3号、扬粳4038、武粳15)为材料,同生育期常规粳稻武运粳7号为对照,在其他栽培措施统一在最佳技术指标前提下,设置7个氮肥水平(0、150.0、187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0和337.5kg.hm-2),从中得出各品种在这7个氮肥水平下出现的最高生产力,并将其定义为氮肥群体最高生产力。对5个超级稻氮肥群体最高生产力及其构成、群体生长发育动态、株型以及倒伏性状等方面进行系统的比较研究。结果表明,超级稻氮肥群体最高生产力为10.51(10.30～10.68)t.hm-2,极显著高于对照(9.77～9.82t.hm-2),增产幅度达5.2%～8.7%。与对照相比,超级稻氮肥群体最高生产力群体穗数多,穗型大,群体颖花量高(42442.11～44873.23×104.hm-2),结实率和千粒重与之相当;群体茎蘖机插后早发快长,有效分蘖临界叶龄期苗数略高于预期穗数,有效分蘖临界叶龄到拔节期茎蘖增长平缓,高峰苗出现在拔节期,数量适中,为预期穗数的1.4～1.5倍,此后群体平缓下降,至抽穗期基本稳定,最终成穗率高(66.9%～70.4%);其群体叶面积动态与茎蘖动态基本一致,最大叶面积指数出现在孕穗期,为7.72～7.97,此后平缓下降,成熟期保持在较高的水平上(3.30～3.74);干物重积累方面,移栽到有效分蘖临界叶龄期较对照高,有效分蘖临界叶龄到拔节期较对照低,拔节后积累速度较快,至抽穗期为10.80～11.08t.hm-2,抽穗到成熟期干物质积累量6.78～7.22t.hm-2,成熟期总干物重17.58～18.29t.hm-2,显著或极显著高于对照;根冠比和根系干重均高于对照,随着生育期的推移,超级稻优势更为明显,生育后期根系活力强(抽穗到蜡熟期平均伤流量3.53～3.74g.m-2.h-1)。超级稻群体形成特征:高秧苗素质促进低位分蘖发生,精确群体起点稳定提高穗数;生育中期干物质积累高,叶面积大,株型直挺,有效叶面积率和高效叶面积率高,源库流畅;生育后期茎鞘输出大,2次增重高,根群强健,支撑着高光效灌浆结实层的安全充实。氮肥群体最高生产力水平下,超级稻穗多粒大,群体颖花量大,需氮量大,产量潜力高;生育中后期光合生产能力强,充实量大;群体株型改善,抗倒支撑强,适宜用作机插。

北方粳型超级稻沈农265根系特征的初步研究

以粳型超级稻沈农265为试材,秋光为对照,采用盆栽方法,在不同生育时期对二者根系形态和生理特征进行比较。结果表明,沈农265在根数、总根长、根体积、根重、单株根系氧化力、伤流速度、总吸收面积、活性吸收面积等方面都表现出明显的优势。从根系的生长动态看,两品种差异主要表现在生育中后期,沈农265的根系较秋光更庞大,代谢活性更强。

氮肥运筹对超级杂交粳稻产量、品质及氮素利用率的影响

在高产施氮量条件下(225 kg hm-2),按基蘖肥、穗肥不同施氮比例且穗肥依不同叶龄期追氮共设计了20种施氮模式,研究了其对超级杂交粳稻常优1号产量、氮素利用率及主要米质性状的影响。结果表明:氮肥运筹对常优1号产量影响极大,基蘖肥与穗肥施氮比例为58.34∶41.66,穗肥以叶龄余数4、2叶等量施氮时,产量最高;产量与总吸氮量、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥表观利用率、生理利用率呈极显著正相关关系,氮收获指数和百千克籽粒需氮量与产量呈二次曲线关系;随着穗肥施氮比例的下降,稻米整精米率、蛋白质含量、垩白率、垩白度逐渐下降;胶稠度、直链淀粉含量呈直线上升趋势;穗肥随追肥叶龄期推迟,整精米率、蛋白质含量提高,而直链淀粉含量下降。胶稠度、外观品质因基蘖肥施氮比例的不同而异。综合来看,基蘖肥、穗肥施氮比例为6∶4,穗肥以倒4、2叶期追肥可使该品种超高产、优质、高效得到较好的协调统一。

超高产粳型水稻生长发育特性的研究

【目的】水稻是中国最重要的粮食作物,实现水稻超高产对保证国家粮食安全有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨超高产水稻(产量>11t·ha-1)的生长发育特性。【方法】4个中熟粳稻品种(含品系)连嘉粳2号、华粳5号、0026和9823种植于大田,对其物质生产和产量形成进行了观察分析。【结果】与高产水稻(CK,产量为8.98～9.16t·ha-1)相比,超高产水稻每穗颖花数多,结实率高,千粒重与CK无显著差异;超高产水稻移栽至拔节期的茎蘖数较CK少,但分蘖成穗率较高;超高产水稻的叶面积指数、光合势和干物质积累,生育前期较CK低,抽穗期与CK无显著差异,抽穗后则显著高于CK。超高产水稻各生育时期的根冠比、抽穗至成熟的根系伤流量以及粒叶比、茎鞘物质运转率和收获指数均显著高于CK。【结论】提出了中熟粳稻超高产群体的生育诊断指标:总颖花量>4.5万/m2,结实率>90%,千粒重>26g;茎蘖成穗率>80%,抽穗期叶面积指数7.5～8.0,全生育期光合势>5×106m2·d·ha-1,成熟期总干重>22t·ha-1,收获指数>0.51;抽穗期粒叶比[颖花/叶(cm2)]>0.58,根冠比>0.25,根系伤流量>5g·m-2·h-1。对培育超高产水稻群体的调控途径与关键栽培技术进行了讨论。