The Image of Jews Reconstructed in A Chinese Translation of Oliver Twist from the Perspective of Imagology

The image of Jews,as the“other”,constructed in Oliver Twist by Dickens and reconstructed in its Chinese translation by Wen’an He(1977/1997)1 is studied at the level of lexical items from the perspective of imagology in this paper.Lexical items involving the image of Fagin,the representative of Jews,are negative in the source work.In translating the lexical items to reconstruct Fagin’s image,the translator retains the features of irony and vulgarity carried with them.So,the image of Fagin is generally transported into the target culture basically unchanged.However,due to the translator’s individual reason or the social background of China at that time,those lexical items with religious connotation in the source text are translated without explanation,and as a result,the image of Jews constructed by this kind of lexical items fails to be conveyed to the target readers.

Understanding the Image of Jews in a Chinese Translation of The Merchant of Venice Accompanied with A Paratext

William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice(1600)is controversial as a result of its negative depiction of the Jewish figure Shylock.In translating this literary work into Chinese,the translator is quite possibly involved in reconstructing the image of Jews,as Shylock being the representative in The Merchant of Venice,consciously,or unconsciously.In this paper,the translation of The Merchant of Venice by Shiqiu Liang(2001)is selected to find out how the image of Jews is conveyed to the Chinese readers.Due to the translator’s translation principle of being loyal to the original text,the content in the original text is transferred to the target readers without manipulation.However,the translation work was conducted with a particular social background which is believed to have influenced the translator’s interpretation of the original text.Accompanied the selected translation is a paratext,in which the translator expresses his own opinion on both the playwright and the Jewish and non-Jewish figures in the play;with this paratext,the target readers understand the figures in the play in a different way.Therefore,a different image of Jews is reconstructed in the translation,which is mainly analyzed at the level of larger textual units reflecting hierarchical relations from the perspective of imagology.

Secrets of Survival and Revival of Jews

History shows that once a nation declines, chances of revival are slim, especially for very small nations. They are either assimilated by other strong nations or shut up deep in the mountains, living a slash and burn way of living. Even if there are some ancient nations that have survived and made some progress, they did so with great difficulty. Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, Greece and Persia all are proud of their glorious past and are ambitious for national revival. But the path is not smooth. The Jewish nation, however, is an exception. What is the secret of its survival and seemingly sudden revival？

A Fresh Look at Mark Twain and the Jews

Mark Twain’s distaste for anti-Semitism was well-known.He had published a searing exposéof anti-Semitism in the Austro-Hungarian empire.He had minced no words denouncing pogroms in Russia and had been a featured speaker at a benefit for Russian Jews.He had condemned French anti-Semitism in the Dreyfus Affair on numerous occasions.In a widelyread essay called“Concerning the Jews”he had provided his own analysis of the roots of antiSemitism.And when his daughter decided to marry a Russian Jewish pianist and conductor,Twain warmly welcomed the son-in-law into the family.So how can it be that some of Twain’s comments from“Concerning the Jews”regularly get quoted with approval today on white supremacist,neoNazi,and other anti-Semitic websites and blogs?This essay draws on Mark Twain’s writings and biography;on nineteenth-and early twentieth-century social,cultural,and political history;and on scholarship on the history of anti-Semitism and racism to explore some answers to this question.It endeavors to complicate our understanding of Mark Twain’s attitudes—his astute insights and his embarrassing blind spots,his lucidity on the one hand,and his myopia on the other.

Political antisemitism:Qatar’s attitude towards Jews and Israel

There were many examples of Antisemitism in Qatar in the last decade and this trend was reflected especially in the Qatari media.The leadership of Al Thani was aware of the situation,but sometimes the royal house itself should be attributed to the Antisemitic approach.This attitude was against the background of the hosting of the World Cup in 2022 and internatiomal change in the area,mainly the Abraham Accords of 2020.Qatari objection to Israel appeared from the founding of the Jewish state.The Antisemitic views are reflected in demonstrations of the emirate’s population from an early stage.One notable action is the Qatari boycott against Israel.This policy has continued through the years until today.This attitude relied upon the population support in objection to the Jewish state.The Antisemitic feelings did not stop even when the leadership chose to improve the relations with Israel.the rapprochement between Qatar and Israel was only improvement of communication at the level of the authorities.Throughout the period in question,the Qatari people showed hostility towards the Jews in general,and the Israelis in particular.Qatari agenda towards the Jews and Israel has a direct connection to the US administration.The Arab world also had a major effect on the Qatari agenda.

提上睑肌缩短术治疗重度先天性上睑下垂

目的:探讨采用提上睑肌缩短术治疗重度先天性上睑下垂的效果及可行性。方法:对30例(34眼)患重度先天性上睑下垂患者,分别在局麻下行经皮肤面的提上睑肌缩短术,术前均进行详细的检查以除外垂直肌麻痹,jew-wink现象,重症肌无力等,bell(+)现象,上睑下垂程度用berke法:均>4mm以上,提上睑肌功能均<4mm以下,缩短量为18～24mm。结果:30例(34眼)重度先天性上睑下垂患者经用提上睑肌缩短术治疗均获满意效果,上睑缘位于角膜缘下1～3mm,双侧睑裂大小,重睑高度基本一致,睑缘弧度自然流畅,睑闭合无角膜暴露,皱额耸眉姿态消失,随诊0.5～3a,效果满意。结论:经皮肤面的提上睑肌缩短术术野暴露好,可最大限度的充分游离提上睑肌,且年龄小,肌肉弹性好,矫正度数大,可以矫正重度先天性上睑下垂,且效果确实,可行。

Shylock's Tragedy in The Merchant of Venice

The Merchant of Venice is one of the most contradictory plays of William Shakespeare.Through presenting and studying the tragedy nature of Shylock,this thesis attempts to illustrate the tragic nature of Merchant of Venice.In this paper the author tries to reveal the significance of its tragic nature through thorough analyzing.Shylock's tragedy is the tragedy of individual struggling,which shows in the aspects of family,money and religion.The profound reason for Shylock's tragedy is his Jewish identity.Therefore,the author of this paper is enlightened hereby,turning to a lot of books and data,and then analyzes the origins of Jewish prejudice from two aspects,society and history.Christianity has dominated the west,with its doctrine mainly derived from the New Testament.Meanwhile,Judaism derives its doctrine from the Old Testament.Therefore,the pious Christians will be misled by the contents of libeling Jews and the murdering of Jesus Christ in the New Testament.So a kind of instinctive hatred toward Jews is generated.This kind of tendency is rather clear in the play The Merchant of Venice.In this play,Shylock mentions several times that Antonio has insulted him physically and mentally in the Rialto.Almost all the characters in the play humiliate Shylock.But,he just endures all these insults quietly,and then looks for the chance to revenge.In the end,under the delicate trap set by the authority,Shylock loses again.He loses everything he could lose,both materially and mentally.Nothing is more frustrating than that.However,the author of this paper believes that it is worth paying attention to in the present day.In this paper,the author chooses this topic,presents and analyzes the tragedy of Shylock,and reveals the positive significance of the tragic nature of the play for our time.

Interpreting Shylock in The Merchant of Venice

Shylock is one of the most controversial figures created by William Shakespeare in The Merchant of Venice. Whether he is a comic villain or a tragic hero kindles heated discussion among Shakespearean critics. In my article, I do not simply classify him as comic or tragic figure. I interpret Shylock from three perspectives and then draw a conclusion--Shylock is a multi-dimensional character and Shakespeare reveals to us how the social factors and Shylock’s personality result in his tragic life.

A Stylistic Appreciation of Song for the Wandering Jew

As an important romantic poet,William Wordsworth produced large numbers of poems known for refined rhymes,images and thoughts,which are exemplified by Song for the Wandering Jew.This paper analyzes this poem by a stylistic approach which shows how sounds,images and syntax artistically made contribution to the poetic quality.

Corpus-based Analysis on Anti-Semitism in Shakespeare's Works

Thousands of years ago,the Jews were forced to leave their homeland and began to live an exiled life and gradually melted into other neighboring peoples.However,they were not welcomed by others.For thousands of years,Jews' "Bible" has become a source of literary and artistic creation,but the image of Jews were excluded from the literary and artistic creation,even if there were some occasions,they were but described as autistic Misers or loan shark.Shakespeare is one of the most outstanding writers;he described many people from all walks of life in his works,the Jews,also included.Based on the corpus of Shakespeare's works,we can see that most adjectives used by Shakespeare to modify the word "Jew"are derogative words.Therefore,we can prove that anti-Semitism does exist in Shakespeare's works.

Shakespeare and Shylock: Behind the Contradictory Construction of the Jew

The character of Shylock in the Merchant of Venice is both intriguing and compelling. Hateful and greedy as he is on the onehand, yet suffered and pathetic on the other. Shakespeare is quite considerate in creating the character. This paper explores the possibili-ties behind Shakespeare, contradictory construction of Shylock.

On the Otherness of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice

Compared with the other characters in The Merchant of Venice,Shylock seems to be totally an outsider and alien of Venice which is because he is considered to be the“Other”in the eyes of the other Venetians as a result of his identity a Jew as well as his occupation as a usurer,both of which are despised and degraded at the Elizabethan times.

Beyond the Clash of Civilizations:A Hypothetical Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict based on the“Five Relationships Culture”Theory

The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict,also be called Arab-Israeli conflict,is a touchstone for the twentieth and twenty-fifirst centuries.The“Five Relationships Culture”is a theory developed by the Chinese people from their own origin and roots,from experience awareness,through conceptual reflection,and then theory construction.The perspective of cultural reconciliation of Palestinian-Israeli conflict provided by the“Five Relationships Culture”Theory may be a relatively unique explanation.

Mathematical modeling of drying characteristics of Jew’s mallow(Corchorus olitorius)leaves

Drying behaviour of Jew’s mallow leaves using an oven dryer was studied.The influence of drying temperatures(50,60 and 70
C)on moisture content of the leaves at stable air velocity was considered.Five drying models,including,simple exponential,Page,Two-term exponential,Logarithmic,and Wang and Singh were fitted to drying data.Two-term exponential model adequately express the drying behaviour of Jew’s mallow leaves.Effective moisture diffusivity of Jew’s mallow leaves ranged from 8.18×10^-8 to 1.13×10^-7m^2/s.Dependence of the computed effective diffusivity on oven temperature was obvious.The energy required for oven drying of Jew’s mallow leaves was found to be 14.84 kJ/mol.The L^*,a^*,b^*,DE,a^*/b^*colour characteristics of the dried leaves range from 31.8 to 32.87,-3.73 to-4.37,13.6 to 16.47,69.00 to 69.73,and-0.26 to-0.34 respectively.Oven drying conditions of 50℃150 min and 70℃90min resulted to dried leaves with desirable colour characteristics.