Application of tensor CSAMT with high-power orthogonal signal sources in Jiama porphyry copper deposit,South Tibet

The Jiama porphyry copper deposit in Tibet is one of the proven supergiant copper deposits in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at present,with the reserves of geological resources equivalent to nearly 20×10^(6) t.However,it features wavy and steep terrain,leading to extremely difficult field operation and heavy interference.This study attempts to determine the effects of the tensor controlled-source audiomagnetotellurics(CSAMT)with high-power orthogonal signal sources(also referred to as the high-power tensor CSAMT)when it is applied to the deep geophysical exploration in plateaus with complex terrain and mining areas with strong interference.The test results show that the high current provided by the highpower tensor CSAMT not only greatly improved the signal-to-noise ratio but also guaranteed that effective signals were received in the case of a long transmitter-receiver distance.Meanwhile,the tensor data better described the anisotropy of deep geologic bodies.In addition,the tests also show that when the transmitting current reaches 60 A,it is still guaranteed that strong enough signals can be received in the case of the transmitter-receiver distance of about 25 km,sounding curves show no near field effect,and effective exploration depth can reach 3 km.The 2D inversion results are roughly consistent with drilling results,indicating that the high-power tensor CSAMT can be used to achieve nearly actual characteristics of underground electrical structures.Therefore,this method has great potential for application in deep geophysical exploration in plateaus and mining areas with complex terrain and strong interference,respectively.This study not only serves as important guidance on the prospecting in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau but also can be used as positive references for deep mineral exploration in other areas.

Geology, geochronology, and exploration of the Jiama giant porphyry copper deposit (11 Mt), Tibet, China: A review

Jiama,with more than 11 Mt of copper metal,is the largest porphyry-skarn copper system in the Gangdese metallogenic belt,Tibet,China,creating ideal conditions for deciphering the origin of porphyry ores in a collision setting.Despite massive studies of the geology,chronology,petrogenesis,and ore-related fluids and their sources in Jiama,there is a lack of systematic summaries and reviews of this system.In contrast to traditional porphyry copper systems in a subduction setting,recent studies and exploration suggest that the Jiama deposit includes porphyry-type Mo-Cu,skarn-type Cu polymetallic,vein-type Au and manto orebodies.This paper reviews the latest studies on the geology,chronology,petrogenesis,fluid inclusions,and isotopic geochemistry(hydrogen,oxygen,sulfur,and lead)of the Jiama deposit.Accordingly,a multi-center complex mineralization model was constructed,indicating that multi-phase intrusions from the same magma reservoir can form multiple hydrothermal centers.These centers are mutually independent and form various orebodies or are superimposed on each other and form thick,high-grade orebodies.Finally,a new comprehensive exploration model was established for the Jiama porphyry copper system.Both models established in this study help to refine the theories on continental-collision metallogeny and porphyry copper systems.

Fluid Evolution and Ore-forming Processes of the Jiama Cu Deposit, Tibet： Evidence from Fluid Inclusions

The Jiama deposit is a large copper deposit in Tibet. Mineralization occurs in three different host rocks： skarn, hornfels and porphyry. A detailed fluid inclusion study was conducted for veins in the different host rocks to investigate the relationship between fluid evolution and ore-forming processes. Based on examination of cores from 36 drill holes, three types of veins （A, B and D） were identified in the porphyries, four types （I, II, III and IV） in the skarn, and three （a, b and c） in the hornfels. The crosscutting relationships of the veins and that of the host rocks suggest two hydrothermal stages, one early and one late stage. Fluid inclusions indicate that the Jiama hydrothermal fluid system underwent at least two episodes of fluid boiling. The first boiling event occurred during the early hydrothermal stage, as recorded by fluid inclusions hosted in type A veins in the porphyries, type a veins in the hornfels, and wollastonite in the skarns. This fluid boiling event was associated with relatively weak mineralization. The second boiling event occurred in the late hydrothermal stage, as determined from fluid inclusions hosted in type B and D veins in the porphyries, type I to IV veins in the skarns, and type b and c veins in the hornfels. This late boiling event, together with mixing with meteoric water, was responsible for more than 90% of the metal accumulation in the deposit. The first boiling only occurred in the central part of the deposit and the second boiling event took place across an entire interlayered structural zone between hornfels and marble. A spatial zoning of ore-elements is evident, and appears to be related to different migration pathways and precipitation temperatures of Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn, Au and Ag.

A DISCUSSION ON THE GENESIS OF THE JIAMA COPPER-POLYMETALLIC DEPOSIT, MAIZHOKUNGGER, XIZANG

Geological setting Jiama copper\|polymetallic deposit is located at Maizhokunggar county, more than 20km away from the county town. Tectonically, it lies in the eastern sector of the Gangdise volcanic arc, occurring in the Jiama\|Rutog interarc basin. The interarc basin lies between the Poindo\|Songduo Mesozoic island chain zone in the northern side and the Jurassic\|Cretaceous south Gangdise island arc zone in the southern side. Jurassic marine carbonate and Cretaceous paralic clastic rock are exposed in the basin. Late Yanshan\|Himalaya tectonic deformation and magmatic veins are well developed. These provide good conditions for forming the copper\|polymetallic ore deposit. Jiama copper\|polymetallic deposit is the only large one explored in the Gangdise volcannic arc.

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿电气石矿物学特征及其对热液流体演化的指示

【研究目的】角岩作为甲玛超大型斑岩铜多金属成矿系统的重要组成部分,既是成矿热液的岩性圈闭,也是重要的赋矿围岩,但角岩中的电气石成因不明,对于进一步理解成矿过程有一定制约。【研究方法】本文通过详细的钻孔编录、镜下鉴定和电子探针分析,研究电气石的成因,并探讨其对岩浆热液流体演化过程的启示。【研究结果】电气石在甲玛角岩中较为发育,依据其产状可分为4类:Tur-I,热液角砾岩胶结物中的电气石;Tur-Ⅱ,石英+电气石±黄铁矿脉;Tur-Ⅲ,电气石±黄铁矿±黄铜矿脉;Tur-Ⅳ,团斑状电气石±黄铁矿;其中前3类电气石较发育环带结构。不同产状电气石均具有较为宽泛的Al_(2)O_(3)、Fe/(Fe+Mg)和Na/(Na+Ca)比值,属于碱基亚类镁电气石和黑电气石,替代机制为^(X)□Al(NaMg)_(-1)、Fe^(2+)Mg_(-1)和Fe^(3+)Al_(-1)。【结论】不同产状电气石发育复杂的环带结构,且成分变化极大,表明其是岩浆热液流体和地层流体不同程度混合造成的,且岩浆热液流体与还原性的角岩地层发生的水岩反应可能在甲玛成矿过程中起了重要作用。甲玛不同产状电气石的结构和成分信息记录了岩浆热液演化过程的细节信息,为完善成矿过程提供了重要证据。

Geological Characteristics and Ore-controlling Factors of the Beiya Gold–Polymetallic Ore Deposit, Northwestern Yunnan Province

Based on comprehensive petrological, geochronological, and geochemical studies, this study analyzed the relationships between the Beiya gold-polymetallic skarn deposit and quartz syenite porphyries, and discussed the source（s） and evolution of magmas. Our results suggest that syenite porphyries（i.e. the Wandongshan, the Dashadi, and the Hongnitang porphyries）, which formed between the Eocene and the early Oligocene epochs, are the sources for the gold-polymetallic ores at the Beiya deposit. Carbonate rocks（T2 b） of the Triassic Beiya Formation in the ore district provide favorable host space for deposit formation. Fold and fault structures collectively play an important role in ore formation. The contact zone between the porphyries and carbonates, the structurally fractured zone of carbonate and clastic rocks, and the zone with well-developed fractures are the ideal locations for ore bodies. Four types of mineralization have been recognized： 1） porphyry-style stockwork gold–iron（copper） ore, 2） skarn-style gold-iron（copper and lead） ore in the near contact zone, 3） strata-bound, lense-type lead–silver–gold ore in the outer contact zone, and 4） distal vein-type gold–lead–silver ore. Supergene processes led to the formation of oxide ore, such as the weathered and accumulated gold–iron ore, the strata-bound fracture oxide ore, and the structure-controlled vein-type ore. Most of these ore deposits are distributed along the axis of the depressed basin, with the hypogene ore controlling the shape and characteristics of the oxide ore. This study provides critical geology understanding for mineral prospecting scenarios.

Geology and mineralization of the supergiant Shimensi granitic-type W-Cu-Mo deposit(1.168 Mt)in northern Jiangxi,South China:A Review

The Shimensi deposit is a recently discovered W-Cu-Mo polymetallic deposit located in the Jiangnan porphyry-skarn W belt in South China.The deposit has a resource of 0.74×10^(6)t of WO_(3)accompanied by 0.4×10^(6)t Cu and 28000 t Mo and other useful components like Ga,making it one of the largest W deposits in the world.This paper is aimed to reveal the ore-controlling mechanisms of the Shimensi deposit,involving the role of the ore-related granites,the tectonic background for its formation,and the metallogenesis model.The systematic geological survey suggests multi-types of alteration are developed in the deposit,mainly including greisenization,potassic-alteration,sericitization,chloritization,and silicification.Drilling engineering data and mining works indicate that the Shimensi deposit consists of two main orebodies of I and II.Therein,the W resource has reached a supergiant scale,and the accompanied Cu,Mo,Au,Bi,Ga,and some other useful components are also of economic significance.The main ore-minerals consist of scheelite,wolframite and chalcopyrite.Disseminated mineralization is the dominant type of the W-Cu-Mo polymetallic orebodies,and mainly distributes in the inner and external contact zone that between the Neoproterozoic biotite granodiorite and the Yanshanian granites.The main orebody occurs at the external contact zone,and the pegmatoid crust near the inner contact zone is an important prospecting marker of the W mineralization.Of them,the disseminated W ores within the wall rock of the Neoproterozoic biotite granodiorite is a new mineralization type identified in this paper.Combining previous geochronological and isotopic data,we propose that the mineralization of the Shimensi deposit is closely related to the intruding of the Yanshanian porphyritic biotite granite and granite porphyry.Geochemical data suggest that the biotite granodiorite is rich in Ca and had provided a large amount of Ca for the precipitation of scheelite in this area.Thus,it is a favorable wall rock type for W mineralization.The Shimensi deposit belongs to granitic-type W polymetallic deposit related to post-magmatic hydrothermal,and the ore-forming fluid was initially derived from the Yanshanian magmas.

Hydrothermal evolution and source of metallogenic materials of Beiya Au polymetallic deposit,western Yunnan,China

The Beiya porphyry-skarn gold-polymetallic deposit is one of the largest gold deposits in China and it also contains significant amounts of silver and base metals.The ore-bearing monzonitic granite porphyry occurs as a stock,of which the skarn type gold-copper-iron ore bodies are controlled by the contact zone between alkali-rich monzonitic granite porphyry and the limestone,and the gold-silver polymetallic mineralization is controlled by interlayer structure.Alteration and mineralization occur around the intrusion and exterior of monzonitic granite porphyry.Ore mineral formation sequence is as follows:skarn minerals→magnetite→pyrite→chalcopyrite/bornite+pyrite+gold→pyrite+galena+gold(silver).Petrographic studies of fluid inclusions indicate that the following types of inclusions exist in the pre-mineralization quartz-pyrite stage:gas-liquid two-phase inclusions(L-type),three-phase inclusions with daughter minerals(D-type)and gas-rich inclusions(V-type).The colorless transparent quartz in the main gold-chalcopyrite-pyrite stage mainly consists of L-type and V-type inclusions,whereas the inclusions in the late gold-silver-galena stage are mainly L-type.The evolution of ore-forming fluids shows a trend from high temperature,high salinity to medium-low temperature and low salinity.Medium-low density fluids play a dominant role in mineral component migration and transportation.Fluid cooling and boiling are the main mechanisms of gold-copper precipitation,while the involvement of atmospheric water and pH reduction are the main mechanisms of gold-silver polymetallic precipitation.The fluids in the quartz-pyrite stage before mineralization and the main gold-chalcopyrite-pyrite stage are dominated by magmatic water,while in the gold-silver-galena stage the fluids are dominated by atmospheric water.Isotope tracers show that S and Pb are mainly derived from monzonitic granite porphyry,not from limestone of the Beiya Formation.

排土场土石混合体分形特征与抗剪强度特性研究

露天矿山剥离堆积的土石混合体颗粒尺度不一,且力学性质异常复杂。以西藏甲玛铜矿南坑排土场为研究对象,采用现场勘测的方法测定堆积体的粒度组成及其分布特征,开展室内重塑土样的固结排水三轴压缩试验,以分析土体屈服强度特性与剪胀性,以及抗剪强度参数的取值。研究结果表明,自排土台阶坡顶至坡底,土石混合体的土粒减少且块石增多,颗粒的平均粒径呈指数关系增大;土体的粒度分布具有显著的分形结构特征,随块石含量的增大,其粒度分形维数减小。块石含量不同的土样在偏差应力作用下均表征出压密、屈服、塑性流动破坏的剪切特性,且围压条件与块石含量是影响土体剪切变形的两个关键因素,低围压时增加块石含量,土体更易产生剪胀。摩尔库伦强度准则能客观反映土体屈服的现象及过程,随块石含量的增加,土体的黏聚力呈线性减小且内摩擦角呈指数增大。

西藏甲玛3000m科学深钻矽卡岩矿物分带及地质意义

甲玛铜多金属矿床是冈底斯成矿带东段具有重大经济价值及科学研究意义的超大型斑岩-矽卡岩矿床,完整地保存了矽卡岩矿床形成和演化的重要信息。前人研究多集中于矽卡岩的水平分带,而对于矽卡岩矿物垂直分带以及其与金属矿化的耦合关系等方面研究薄弱。本文重点对甲玛3000 m科学深钻中矽卡岩矿体进行了精细的矿物学研究,系统揭示了矽卡岩矿体的矿物学空间分带特征以及与金属矿化的耦合关系。结果表明,矽卡岩从浅部至深部具有清晰的分带现象,即矽卡岩化角岩→透辉石石榴子石矽卡岩→硅灰石石榴子石矽卡岩→石榴子石硅灰石矽卡岩→透辉石石榴子石矽卡岩→石榴子石硅灰石矽卡岩→矽卡岩化大理岩→硅灰石石榴子石矽卡岩→透辉石石榴子石矽卡岩→硅灰石石榴子石矽卡岩→矽卡岩化大理岩→硅灰石石榴子石矽卡岩→透辉石石榴子石矽卡岩→内矽卡岩(含石榴子石花岗闪长斑岩)。金属矿物组合从浅部向深部,变化为辉钼矿±黄铜矿→斑铜矿+黄铜矿±辉铜矿±硫铋铜矿±辉钼矿→辉钼矿±黄铜矿,对应成矿元素变化为Mo±Cu±Au±Ag→Cu(Mo)±Au±Ag→Mo±Cu±Au±Ag。研究表明,侵入岩及围岩的空间位置、构造环境、多期次热液流体叠加是控制矽卡岩矿物分带的重要因素。同时,矿物学特征表明,矽卡岩中高品位金的富集与斑铜矿等铜硫化物密切相关,也可能与多期次流体叠加和富金岩浆源区有关。

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿矿床地质特征及其矿床模型

甲玛铜多金属矿是西藏冈底斯中段东部取得找矿突破的超大型矿床, 探明夕卡岩型矿体铜钼铅锌金银均达大型以上规模, 初步探明角岩型矿体铜钼金属资源量也达大型以上规模。通过详细的矿体地质特征、岩浆岩岩石地球化学特征、成岩成矿年代学等方面的研究, 认为矿床类型属于典型的与斑岩有关的夕卡岩型-角岩型铜多金属矿。夕卡岩型矿体分布于晚侏罗世多底沟组与早白垩世林布宗组的层间扩容空间中, 角岩型矿体赋存在角岩中。矿床规模宏大, 具斑岩成矿系统的围岩蚀变和矿石特征, 识别出6种矿石类型、29种金属矿物和四期围岩蚀变。成矿元素的平面分带由浅部向深部由Pb＋Zn（Au＋Ag）→Pb＋Zn（Cu＋Au＋Ag）向Cu（Mo＋Au＋Ag）→Cu＋Mo（＋Au＋Ag）→Mo演化, 构成了一个完整的与岩浆作用有关的成矿元素分带、矿石矿物分带。含矿岩浆岩SiO2变化于59.58%~73.16%, 表现为富K2O, 过铝质, 低Mg, 并富F（平均0.08%）、Cl（平均0.02%）的特点, 为过铝质高钾钙碱性和钙碱性岩, 稀土元素总量变化在70.35×10-6~175.01×10-6之间, 平均为116.47×10-6, 高Sr、低Y和Yb, 具明显的正Sr异常和明显的Nb、Ta、Ti负异常, 大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Sr富集, 在Y-Sr/Y图解中投点于冈底斯含矿斑岩区, 具有高钾似埃达克质岩特点, 具C型埃达克岩特征。在岩浆演化过程中显示钙碱性岩系-高钾钙碱性岩系的演化趋势, 表现为闪长玢岩-花岗斑岩的岩石系列, 并显示一定的岩浆混合特征, 基性岩浆的混合有利于铜多金属矿成矿, 特别是伴生金、银的高含量与此有关。无矿斑岩脉或外围岩体的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄在16.27±0.31 Ma（MSWD=1.9）-15.99±0.34 Ma（MSWD=2.5）, 具有成矿前侵位的特征; 含矿斑岩脉的锆石SHRIMP年龄在14.2±0.2 Ma和14.1±0.3 Ma之间, 稍晚于主成矿期; 斑岩型矿石中的辉钼矿Re-Os同位素等时线年龄为14.78±0.33 Ma, 角岩型矿石中辉钼矿Re-Os同位素等时线年龄为14.67±0.19 Ma, 夕卡岩型矿石成矿时代也在15 Ma左右（14.5-15 Ma）, 主成矿期在中新世Langhian期。与辉钼矿的成矿年龄相比, 花岗斑岩的侵位年龄稍早, 而闪长玢岩相对较晚。由此, 建立了基于推覆滑覆构造控制矿体分布, 岩浆侵位后提供物质来源的矿床模型, 为区域找矿指明了方向。

西藏冈底斯岛弧带甲马铜多金属矿床成矿物质来源及成因研究

甲马铜多金属矿床位于冈底斯岛弧构造带甲马弧内沉积盆地内。它呈层状、似层状展布于该盆地中的多底沟组礁灰岩(J_3d)与林布宗组砂板岩(K_1l)之间的过渡带内,并严格受地层层位的控制。其含矿岩石为热水交代夕卡岩和与矿床有密切成因关系的热水沉积岩(透辉石-斜长石岩)。通过容矿岩石和矿床的同位素、稀土元素、矿物包裹体成分等示踪研究,认为矿床的成矿金属物质来自盆地基底——弧火山岩;成矿流体来自古海底热水循环系统;硫来自地层中的生物硫;水—岩反应(交代)是成矿重要机制。故该矿床系古海底热水交代成因,属与古海底热水循环系统有关的一种独特的热水交代型夕卡岩矿床。

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床深部斑岩矿体找矿突破及其意义

甲玛铜多金属矿是西藏冈底斯成矿带中东段勘查程度最高、成矿元素与矿体类型复杂的超大型斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床。通过4年多、近350个钻孔的验证,不仅实现了矽卡岩矿体的找矿突破,同时在0—40线深部发现了产于二长花岗斑岩与石英闪长玢岩中的斑岩钼(铜)矿体,建立了"四位一体"的找矿勘查模式。斑岩矿体赋存标高一般处于4 600m以下,矿体走向NW—SE,倾向NE,近直立,矿体垂向延伸大于350m;斑岩矿石以发育细脉-浸染状、网脉状构造为特征;矿石中的矿石矿物主要为黄铜矿与辉钼矿,少见斑铜矿;脉石矿物主要为石英。初步查明:与铜矿化有关的含矿岩体主要为偏中性的石英闪长玢岩,蚀变以典型的细粒热液黑云母交代角闪石斑晶和基质而成的黑云母化蚀变为主;与钼矿化有关的含矿岩体主要为二长花岗斑岩,蚀变以硅化为主,次为绿帘石化、泥化和钾化。斑岩体与碳酸盐岩接触带常产出厚度超过200m的巨厚矽卡岩矿体,且在岩体一侧有内矽卡岩产出。甲玛深部斑岩矿体的发现不仅证实了"斑岩-矽卡岩型"的矿床成因观点,而且完善了甲玛矿床成矿模式与勘查模型。

“五层楼+地下室”找矿模型的适用性及其对深部找矿的意义

在我国地质工作者通过长期实践总结出来的"五层楼"找矿模式的基础上,根据近年来深部找矿的新进展,重点探讨了"五层楼+地下室"找矿模型的适用性。"五层楼+地下室"作为找矿模型不但适合于赣南—粤北地区,也适用于赣中的徐山矿区,在南岭外围的其他矿区如广西的大明山地区和云南的老君山地区也有适用性;除了石英脉型钨矿之外,"五层楼+地下室"模型也适用于钨矿之外的其他矿种,如广西大厂的锡多金属矿区;对于其他类型的矿种和矿床类型,如火山岩型块状硫化物矿床,在某种程度上也不妨理解为倒转的"五层楼+地下室"。当然,"五层楼+地下室"找矿模型的运用也是有条件的,需要结合具体矿区的具体成矿地质条件来综合把握,灵活运用。

西藏冈底斯甲马和南木矿床流体包裹体SR-XRF研究

对西藏冈底斯铜多金属成矿带中甲马和南木矿床的流体包裹体开展了系统的同步辐射X射线荧光(SR-XRF)微束原位无损分析,结果显示:甲马矿床流体包裹体中高Cr、Pb,低Ni、Fe,且存在高于地壳丰度的Pt、Ir含量异常;南木矿床流体包裹体中高Cr、Cu、Pb,低Ni、Fe、Zn,晚期有Au富集,Cu倾向于在高盐度流体中富集。甲马和南木两矿床成矿流体中元素的原始地幔标准化模式与两矿区的成矿斑岩大体类似,显示出两矿床与区内斑岩在物质来源上具有亲缘性,幔源和壳源物质共同参与了成矿。但Cr含量的差异也显示出,尽管成矿流体与斑岩岩浆可能都起源于深部,但二者在演化上是平行的。对于甲马矿床的成因,流体包裹体SR-XRF原位组成分析以及显微测温结果不支持喷流沉积成因观点。

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿元素分布规律及地质意义

甲玛铜多金属矿床已经成为冈底斯成矿带内为数不多的铜品位高、规模大、矿体连续性好的超大型斑岩-矽卡岩-角岩型铜多金属矿床。文章根据167个钻孔的成矿元素化学分析结果,对各元素平面分带、(Pb+Zn)/Cu、Au/Cu、Mo/Cu、Pb/Ag、Zn/Pb、Zn/Cu比值分带以及剖面上元素的分带等进行了系统分析,认为甲玛铜多金属矿具有典型的与岩浆成矿作用有关的元素分带特征,矿体由深部向浅部具有Mo→Mo(Cu)→Cu+Mo→Cu(Pb+Zn+Mo)→Cu(Pb+Zn)→Pb+Zn的成矿元素分带现象,具有高温→中低温成矿演化的特点。研究提出,成矿流体的运移方向是由北东至南西,流体源位于矿区北东部的则古朗地区。这种典型的热液分带特征同海底喷流沉积矿床近管道相Pb/Ag比值高、远离喷口Zn/Pb、Zn/Cu比值高的元素分带特征有着本质的区别。矿区北部则古朗地区高Mo/Cu比值以及钼元素矿化强度随标高降低愈强的分布特点,均预示了该地区是深部隐伏含矿斑岩体之所在。

西藏甲玛斑岩矿床裂隙系统的初步研究及意义

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床是近年来在冈底斯成矿带内中东段找到的超大型斑岩矿床之一。根据甲玛矿区165个钻孔角岩中裂隙的统计结果,从平面上和垂向上研究甲玛斑岩矿床裂隙的分布特征及其与上覆围岩金属矿化强度之间的关系,认为整个矿区破裂裂隙疏密分布趋势明显,裂隙高密度区位于ZK1616—ZK3216一带,平均裂隙率达40条/m以上,最高可达82条/m;并以此为中心向四周发散,裂隙率逐渐降低。而上覆围岩（角岩）中的铜钼矿化强度同裂隙发育程度呈正相关,平面上裂隙高密度区对应的Cu品位值为0.2%~0.47%,对应的Mo品位值为0.03%~0.10%;垂向上裂隙发育程度与铜钼矿化同样具有很好的对应关系,即裂隙越发育,对应的金属矿化越好,且在角岩中具＂上铜下钼＂的矿化分带现象。此外,根据对矿区裂隙成因的初步讨论,提出了甲玛斑岩矿床裂隙系统的演化模式,并结合16号勘探线上裂隙产状变化的研究成果,进一步确定了甲玛深部隐伏斑岩体的位置。

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床矽卡岩中辉钼矿铼-锇同位素定年及其成矿意义

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床中辉钼矿是主要的矿石矿物,普遍发育,产出于不同的矿石类型(角岩型、矽卡岩型、斑岩型)矿石中。辉钼矿大多分布于裂隙、节理面上和石英脉或不同岩性岩石中。矽卡岩型矿石中辉钼矿呈微细粒浸染状、团斑状、脉状等,直接分布于矽卡岩中或矽卡岩中后期的石英脉中。采集西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床矽卡岩型矿石中不同产状的辉钼矿,进行铼-锇同位素测年,得到等时线年龄为(15.34±0.10)Ma,模式年龄变化于(15.21±0.22)Ma～(15.50±0.22)Ma,说明甲玛的辉钼矿成矿年龄集中在15Ma左右。结合前人的年代学研究成果,认为甲玛铜多金属矿成矿时代与冈底斯斑岩铜矿带斑岩铜矿的成矿年龄相近,可以否定甲玛铜多金属矿海底喷流沉积成矿成因的观点,为甲玛铜多金属矿的成矿成因和斑岩-矽卡岩型矿体的深部找矿提供了理论依据。

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床中铋矿物及其与铜矿化关系

西藏墨竹工卡县甲玛铜多金属矿床中,矽卡岩型铜矿石的铋质量分数最高可达0.23%,且分布较广泛,可作为伴生有用组分综合回收利用。根据化学分析,铋含量的高低与矿石类型有关。铋与矽卡岩型铜矿石的关系最为密切,铜矿化越强,铋含量越高。在垂向上,中浅部矽卡岩型矿体中的铋含量高于深部的矽卡岩,与矿化分带中的Cu元素矿化带较一致。通过电子探针分析,甲玛矿床中含铋矿物主要有硫铋铜矿、辉碲铋矿、针硫铋铅矿、针辉铋铜矿、辉铋锑矿及含铋黝铜矿和斑铜矿等。硫铋铜矿是甲玛矿床中分布最广、最主要的铋矿物,其主要呈它形粒状、叶片状或乳滴状分布于斑铜矿、辉铜矿、黝铜矿等硫化物中。根据矿物的产出形态及电子探针分析,甲玛矿床中存在不同成矿世代的硫铋铜矿:分布于斑铜矿中呈它形粒状、叶片状的硫铋铜矿和在斑铜矿中呈乳滴状的硫铋铜矿。前者是硫铋铜矿的主要产出形态,其成分接近硫铋铜矿的理论值;但后者往往成分发生变化,Bi偏低,Cu、S偏高。甲玛矿石中铋不仅应该被综合利用,且是铜矿化的重要找矿标志。

西藏墨竹工卡地区甲玛铜多金属矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及其地质意义

为研究西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床中矽卡岩的矿物学特征,进一步确定矿床成因类型,利用电子探针测试和镜下鉴定手段对矽卡岩矿物中的石榴子石、辉石、硅灰石等矿物成分进行了分析。测试结果表明,矽卡岩中石榴子石以钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石为主,辉石以透辉石为主,甲玛矿床矽卡岩属于交代矽卡岩中典型的钙矽卡岩。结合前人对矿区矽卡岩、围岩和花岗岩类的岩石地球化学、矿床成矿年代学等的研究,进一步证实甲玛铜多金属矿床系矿区花岗岩类岩浆交代大理岩形成的典型矽卡岩型矿床。