Mandarin fish von Hippel-Lindau protein regulates the NF-κB signaling pathway via interaction with IκB to promote fish ranavirus replication

The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein(VHL),an E3 ubiquitin ligase,functions as a critical regulator of the oxygen-sensing pathway for targeting hypoxia-inducible factors.Recent evidence suggests that mammalian VHL may also be critical to the NF-κB signaling pathway,although the specific molecular mechanisms remain unclear.Herein,the roles of mandarin fish(Siniperca chuatsi)VHL(scVHL)in the NF-κB signaling pathway and mandarin fish ranavirus(MRV)replication were explored.The transcription of scVHL was induced by immune stimulation and MRV infection,indicating a potential role in innate immunity.Dual-luciferase reporter gene assays and reverse transcription quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)results demonstrated that scVHL evoked and positively regulated the NF-κB signaling pathway.Treatment with NF-κB signaling pathway inhibitors indicated that the role of scVHL may be mediated through scIKKα,scIKKβ,scIκBα,or scp65.Co-immunoprecipitation(Co-IP)analysis identified scIκBαas a novel target protein of scVHL.Moreover,scVHL targeted scIκBαto catalyze the formation of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains to activate the NF-κB signaling pathway.Following MRV infection,NF-κB signaling remained activated,which,in turn,promoted MRV replication.These findings suggest that scVHL not only positively regulates NF-κB but also significantly enhances MRV replication.This study reveals a novel function of scVHL in NF-κB signaling and viral infection in fish.

Exploring Phonetic Differences and Cross-Linguistic Influences: A Comparative Study of English and Mandarin Chinese Pronunciation Patterns

Exploring the differences in phonemes and cross-linguistic influences, particularly by comparing the pronunciation patterns of English and Mandarin, is crucial for language learners. Such comparative studies can help learners better understand and overcome the pronunciation difficulties encountered during second language acquisition. English and Mandarin have significant differences in their vowel and consonant systems, tones, intonation, and syllable structures. A deep understanding of these differences allows learners to engage in targeted pronunciation training, reducing accent interference. This research provides guidance for improving language teaching methods, enabling teachers to design more effective pronunciation strategies and exercises based on the students’ native language backgrounds, thus enhancing learning outcomes. Additionally, cross-linguistic studies aid in improving speech recognition and conversion technologies, achieving higher accuracy and naturalness in multilingual speech processing systems. From a cultural exchange perspective, understanding and respecting the phonetic characteristics of different languages help to enhance the effectiveness and mutual understanding in cross-cultural communication. The comparative study of English and Mandarin pronunciation patterns not only provides a theoretical foundation for language education and technological applications but also promotes effective communication in multilingual environments. This thesis uses a comparative research method to elucidate the study of English and Mandarin pronunciation patterns. It begins with an analysis of the characteristics and similarities of the pronunciation patterns in both languages. The thesis then examines the differences between English and Mandarin pronunciation patterns through four aspects: the number and complexity of vowel phonemes, types and distribution of consonant phonemes, tones and stress, and intonation and phonetic phenomena. Finally, based on the comparative analysis of the differences, the thesis offers targeted policy recommendations for learning English and Mandarin.

Changes of Estrogen in Serum and Estrogen Receptor β in the Relevant Brain Regions Following Mating Behavior of the Male Mandarin Vole Microtus mandarinus

In order to investigate the estrogen and estrogen receptor β changes after mating behavior of male mandarin vole （Microtus mandarinus）, the radioimmunoassay （RIA） and immunohistochemistry methods were used to investigate changes of the serum estrogen （E） concentrations, estrogen immunoreactive neurons （E-IRs） and estrogen receptor β immunoreactive neurons （ERβ-IRs） in the relevant brain regions following mating behavior. Fifteen sexually matured male voles were randomly divided into three groups and treated differently： （1） control group： voles were exposed to clean hard-wood shavings （n=5）, （2） exposure group： voles were exposed to the soiled bedding for more than 24h on which estrous females had been placed （n=5）, and （3） mating group： voles were placed with an estrous female for more than 24h （n=5）. The results showed circulating serum E concentrations were significantly higher in the mating group than in the exposure group and the control group, and there were no significant difference between the exposure group and the control group. E-IRs and ERβ-IRs were detected in the following brain regions related to mating behavior： the arcuate nucleus （ARC）, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis （BST）, lateral septal nucleus （LS）, medial amygdaloid nucleus （ME）, medial preoptic area （MPO） and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus （VMH）. The results showed that there were significantly more E-IRs in the six brain regions in the mating group than in the control group and the exposure group, and there were no significant difference between the exposure group and the control group except for LS. There was no significant difference in ERβ-IRs in the six brain regions among the three groups, and there were some lighter -stained ERβ-IRs in these brain regions. The results suggested that estrogen affect mating activity of male mandarin voles, but ERβ might not play an important role in mating behavior of male mandarin voles. Instead, it might be through other receptors.

Unprotected condition of a new breeding Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata) population in Pingshan, Hebei Province, China

A new breeding population of Mandarin Duck （Aix gaIericulata, Linnaeus） was first recorded in 2003 in Jiao- tanzhuang-Hehekou region of Pingshan county, Hebei Province, China. Recently, the gradually increasing population indicates that there are suitable breeding habitats （such as foraging habitats and nesting sites） for Mandarin Duck. However, these habitats are always close to human disturbances, which are the potential risk for their population. Therefore, it is urgent to put forward an applicable protection strategy, in order to strengthen the public awareness for this unprotected population.

鳜鱼生殖生长调控与良种培育技术研究进展

鳜鱼分布在东亚国家,是我国主要养殖淡水鱼类,具有重要的经济价值。近年来,随着全基因组测序的完成,鳜鱼生殖生长遗传基础被逐步揭示。研究人员在鳜鱼中开发了性别染色体分子标记,实现了性别控制育种;开展了细胞工程育种,获得多倍体鱼;进行生长选育和饲料驯化,培育出了多个鳜鱼优良新品种。本文结合自己研究团队的工作,对鳜鱼生殖生长调控机制和良种培育技术进行了总结整理,并讨论了遗传育种方法的应用现状,以期为鳜鱼乃至经济鱼类产业的发展提供方向和目标性思考。

Reflection on Dialect Interference on Mandarin and the Second Language Acquisition of English Learners of Huangshi Dialect

Many findings have shown that positive and negative transfer from the first language influences the second language acquisition.Some observations illustrate that dialect incurs negative transfer on Mandarin learning.Twenty-nine English learners of Huangshi dialect are surveyed about their living and education environment,their second language acquisition and Mandarin learning in an attempt to prove the existence of dialect interference on Mandarin and the second language acquisition and explain the reasons of the difference among dialect,Mandarin and the second language acquisition,based on sound analysis.

满语研究二题:mandarin与cihakū

英语mandarin一词原意不是"清代北京官话",不能把它音译为"满大人"。该词来自葡萄牙语,最初是葡萄牙人对中国官员的称谓,其意为"指挥、命令",后来引申为"官话"。满语cihakū不是名词,依据其用法特点应视为无变化动词。

Discriminative tone model training and optimal integration for Mandarin speech recognition

Two discriminative methods for solving tone problems in Mandarin speech recognition are presented. First, discriminative training on the HMM （hidden Markov model） based tone models is proposed. Then an integration technique of tone models into a large vocabulary continuous speech recognition system is presented. Discriminative model weight training based on minimum phone error criteria is adopted aiming at optimal integration of the tone models. The extended Baum Welch algorithm is applied to find the model-dependent weights to scale the acoustic scores and tone scores. Experimental results show that tone recognition rates and continuous speech recognition accuracy can be improved by the discriminatively trained tone model. Performance of a large vocabulary continuous Mandarin speech recognition system can be further enhanced by the discriminatively trained weight combinations due to a better interpolation of the given models.

Comparing Xi'an and Baoji Dialects in Guanzhong—How Mandarin Influences Two Dialects

As the main components of Northwestern mandarin,Xi'an dialect and Baoji dialect share similarities and disparities in many aspects.By making comparisons between Xi'an and Baoji dialects in terms of lexicon and syntax,this paper observes how mandarin has exerted impact on the two dialects above and finds out that Xi'an dialect is influenced more deeply by mandarin than Baoji dialect.

Mandarin Teaching without Using Media Language

Many people believe that during Mandarin teaching activities, teachers should understand the students' mother tongue, or at least be able to carry out the conversation with students via a kind of media language understood by students. In my opinion, however, this is not a requirement for the classroom teaching of mandarin as a second language. Without using the media language but only using Mandarin as the LOGO, one can also gain good teaching results.

Study on Aroma Components in Fruit From Three Different Satsuma Mandarin Varieties

Fruit aroma of Guoqing 1, Miyagawa Wase, and Owari from three different Satsuma mandarin varieties were investigated by headspace solid phase microextraction （HS-SPME） combined with GC-MS. The results showed that there were 73, 71, and 66 aroma components in the three varieties, and the total contents were 584.67,505.29, and 494.63 μg g^-1, respectively. Total 29 constituents were common in the three varieties. It was also found that Guoqing 1, Miyagawa Wase, and Owari had 12, 5, and 2 unique components, respectively. The key aroma components were limonene, linalool, γ-terpinene, β- myrcene, α-pinene, and octanal in the three fruits. Guoqing 1 contained more key aroma compounds than Miyagawa Wase and Owari.

Development of a script of phonemically balanced monosyllable lists of Mandarin-Chinese

Objectives To develop a set of monosyllable audiometry test material that can be used in speech recognition testing in Mandarin Chinese. Materials and Methods In an effort to improve reliability and efficiency in clinical practice, a set of 30 test lists of 25 monosyllable test items each was designed with consideration of the following: length of the list, phonemical balance (PB), word utility frequency, coverage of common words, and equivalency among lists. The 30 lists contained 750 monosyllabic words and were constructed on the basis of Chinese phoneme distribution probability summarized in the Manual of Acoustic. The occurrence incidence of the 22 consonants, 36 vowels, and 4 tones of the Chinese Mandarin characters in the 30 test lists were calculated. To achieve PB, 489 monosyllables were selected from the 2500 most commonly used Chinese characters and the 4000 most commonly used Chinese phrases to compile the 30 monosyllable test lists using a computer algorithm with manual adjustment. Results Thirty phonemical balanced word lists of common Mandarin Chinese monosyllabic words were compiled. Each list consisted of 25 monosyllables. A total of 489 phonemes (consonants, vowels and tones) were included in the set. Conclusions This set of lists can potentially be used as the basic lists for future development of Mandarin PB monosyllable speech test materials.

New language outcome measures for Mandarin speaking children with hearing loss

Objective:The paper discusses recent evidence on the assessment of language outcomes in children with hearing loss acquiring oral language. Methods: Research emphasizes that language tests must be specific enough to capture subtle deficits in vocabulary and grammar learning at different developmental ages. The Diagnostic Receptive and Expressive Assessment of Mandarin (DREAM) was carefully designed to be a comprehensive standardized Mandarin assessment normed in China's Mainland. Results:This paper summarizes the evidence-based item design process and validity and reliability results of DREAM. A pilot study reported here shows that DREAM provided detailed information about hearing impaired children's language abilities and can be used to aid intervention planning to maximize progress. Conclusion: DREAM represents an example of translational science, transferring methods from empirical studies of language acquisition in research environments into applied domains such as assessment and intervention. Research on outcomes in China will advance significantly with the availability of evidence-based comprehensive language tests that measure a sufficient age range of skills, are normed on Mandarin speaking children in China's Mainland, and are designed to capture features central to Mandarin language acquisition.

Effects of Gamma-Irradiation Mutagenesis for Induction of Seedlessness, on the Quality of Mandarin Fruit

Gamma irradiation mutagenesis is a technique commonly used to induce seedlessness in citrus fruits. We compared fruit quality traits of eight different seeded mandarin varieties within the Israeli citrus breeding collection with those of their corresponding gamma-irradiated low-seeded mutants. The mandarin varieties compared were: “Rishon” with “Kedem”;“Michal” with irradiated “Michal”;“Merav” with “Meravit”;“Vered” with “Vardit”;“Ora” with “Or”;“Murcott” with “Mor”;“Shani” with irradiated “Shani”;“King” with irradiated “King”. Mutational breeding by gamma irradiation reduced average fruit seed number by 70% - 92%. Furthermore, mutational breeding by gamma irradiation delayed ripening of the early-season mandarin varieties “Rishon” and “Michal” by 8 - 13 days, but did not delay ripening of most mid- and late-season varieties. Gamma-irradia- tion mutagenesis also reduced fruit weight of seven of the eight tested low-seeded varieties by 6 - 41 g per fruit. Gamma-irradiation mutagenesis had variable effects on biochemical composition and nutritional quality, in that some irradiated clones presented no changes whereas other had either higher or lower levels of juice total soluble solids, acidity, vitamin C and total antioxidant activity. Finally, sensory evaluations by a trained panel revealed that the flavor of most of the low-seeded, gamma-irradiated varieties was slightly or significantly preferable to that of unirradiated varieties.

SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULIN OF THE MANDARIN FISH,SINIPERCA CHUATSI WITH DEVELOPMENT OF POLYCLONAL ANTIBODY

Serum immunoglobulin from the mandarin fish, or the so called Chinese perch, Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewsky), was successfully purified using affinity chromatography. Heavy and light chains were detected on electrophoresis gel, with molecular weights being estimated at 72 and 29 kDa, respectively. The tetrameric IgM of S. chuatsi was calculated to be 808 kDa. The rabbit polyclonal antisera against the purifed immunoglobulin were developed and tested by Western blot analysis. The antisera reacted strongly with the heavy chains of S. chuatsi immunoglobulin. Humoral immune responses of the mandarin fish can then be examined using the developed polyclonal antibody.

Effects of Plastic Film Mulching on Quality and Appearance of Statuma Mandarin Fruit

Six-year Statuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. Cv. Miyagawa Wase) trees were used as materials to investigate the effects of plastic film mulching on quality and appearance of Statuma mandarin fruit during three periods of cell division, cell enlargement and mature stages. The results showed that mulching during the cell division and early-mature stages increased total sugar and reduced sugar content of fruit as well as the Vc content, compared to the control. However, the titratable acid content, fruit size, peel weight and single fruit weight were all lower than the control. Film mulching during the cell division phage resulted in higher edible fruit rate, while the fruit shape index was similar to the control. Mulching during the early-mature stage didn’t affect the edible rate of fruit, but caused lower fruit shape index. Compared to the control, film mulching during the cell enlargement period caused lower total and reducing sugar content, titratable acid content and edible rate, while the Vc content was a little bit higher than the control. In addition, the fruit size, peel weight, single fruit weight and fruit shape index were all lower than the control. Mulching during the early-mature period effectively enhanced the content of total and reduced sugar and Vc and decreased the titratable acid content. Hence, it increased fruit quality but had negative effect on fruit appearance.

Sequencing and expression analysis of CD3γ/δ and CD3ε chains in mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi

The genomic and cDNA sequences of the CD3γ/δ and CD3ε homologues in the mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi, were determined. As in other vertebrate CD3 molecules, the deduced amino acid sequences of mandarin fish CD3γ/δ and CD3ε contained conserved residues and motifs, such as cysteine residues and CXXC and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs. However, mandarin fish CD3γ/δ and CD3ε showed some differences to their mammalian counterparts, specifically the absence of a negatively charged residue in the transmembrane region of CD3γ/δ. Additionally, while an N-glycosylation site was present in CD3c, the site was not observed in CD3γ/δ. The CD3γ/δ and CD3ε subunit sequences contain six and five exons, respectively, consistent with homologues from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed that CD3γ/δ and CD3ε in mandarin fish are closely related to their counterparts in Acanthopterygian fish. Real-time PCR showed CD3γ/δ and CD3ε were expressed mainly in the thymus and spleen in normal healthy fish and, to a lesser extent, in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues, such as the intestine and gills. When lymphocytes isolated from head kidney were treated with the mitogens phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin, and polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid, mRNA expression levels of CD3γ/δ and CD3ε were significantly elevated within 12 h of treatment. This indicated the presence of T lymphocytes in the head kidney of teleost fish, and also the recognition of mitogens by the lymphocytes. Mandarin fish infected with the bacterial pathogen Flavobacterium columnare also showed an increase in the expression of CD3γ/δ and CD3ε mR_NA, indicating that CD3γ/δ and CD3ε lymphocytes are involved in the immune response of this species.

Early Practice of Chinese Europeanized Grammar-Take the Plural of the First-Person Pronoun in The Pilgrim’s Progress in Mandarin as an Example

The Pilgrim’s Progress in Mandarin translated by the British missionary William Chalmers Burns in the 1860s is regarded as one of the typical representatives of the early Europeanized vernacular texts.Compared with the ancient vernacular,the frequency of the inclusive usage of“wǒmen”has increased significantly,which is directly influenced by the plural usage of first-person pronoun in English.Tracking back the origin of Chinese Europeanized grammar is an important part of the study of modern Chinese grammar,which not only is helpful to have a clear understanding of the characteristic of Europeanized grammar in the pre-development stage of modern Chinese,but also can lay a certain foundation for the comparative study of Europeanized grammar in different periods.In addition,this study can also provide linguistic basis for investigating the influence of western missionaries’Chinese translation on the formation of new literature.

Effect of ChREBP on carbohydrate feeding regulation in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi

Carnivorous fish have poor tolerance to carbohydrate in feed and low utilization rate of carbohydrate.Therefore,the balance of carbohydrate and lipids in the nutrient metabolism of carnivorous fish,the ef fective conversion and utilization of carbohydrate and lipids,and the feedback regulation of feeding are the key links for the e fficient utilization of carnivorous fish feed.Carbohydrate response element binding protein(ChREBP)is a new transcription factor found in recent years in the glucose signaling pathway,and can also participate in feeding regulation.We performed in-vivo and in-vitro experiments to reveal the role of ChREBP in the glucose metabolism and feeding in mandarin fish.The mRNA expression of ChREBP and appetite regulatory factors were measured after intraperitoneal injection of glucose in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi and cotransfection with glucose and glucose+siRNA in the hypothalamic cells in mandarin fish.The results reveal that at hour 2 and 4 post intraperitoneal injection with 1 mg/g BW glucose,the blood glucose level of the mandarin fish increased significantly,but food intake decreased significantly,and it also displayed a significantly increased ChREBP mRNA expression levels in liver.At hour 4 post injection,hypothalamic ChREBP mRNA level was significantly increased,whereas the mRNA expression levels of appetite genes neuropeptide Y(npy)and agouti-related peptide(AgRP)were decreased significantly.When the glucose concentration was 40 mmol/L,the expression level of ChREBP mRNA in mandarin fish hypothalamic cells was significantly up-regulated,but the expression level of appetite gene npy mRNA was down-regulated.When siRNA and glucose were co-transfected into mandarin fish brain cells,the expression level of chrebp mRNA was significantly decreased,and the appetite gene npy mRNA was significantly increased.The results indicated that glucose regulated food intake through the modulation of appetite gene npy by ChREBP.

Effects of Co-60 gamma-irradiation and refrigerated storage on the quality of Shatang mandarin

The effectiveness of Co-60 gamma irradiation in controlling citrus red mite(Panonychus citri McGregor)had been proved in our earlier work.However,whether it could be used as an alternative method to replace the current way of quarantine treatment against citrus red mites depends on the performances of effective doses on citrus fruits.This study was conducted to explore the effects of Co-60 gamma irradiation on the nutrient composition of citrus(Shatang mandarin);selected fruits were divided into different groups and each group was irradiated at 0.0,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,and 0.6,respectively.And then the treated fruits were stored at 4◦C and the nutrient composition was studied in the following days.The results showed that the shelf-life could be extended when fruits were irradiated in the dose range of 0.2–0.4 kGy,while most unirradiated citrus decayed by 15 d.It also turned out that the citrus irradiated at 0.5 and 0.6 kGy were fully decayed within 45 d of refrigerated storage.The content of total soluble solids(TSS),total sugar,ascorbic acid(AA),and titratable acidity had no significant differences compare to those of the control during the 15 d storage period.Nevertheless,the activities of peroxidase(POD)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)decreased after 15 d;the improvement of storage quality and shelf life may be explained by the change of the protective enzyme activity.In conclusion,the results of citrus fruit treated with irradiation at a certain dose indicated the potential use of Co-60 gamma irradiation as a safe quarantine treatment.©2014 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.