Water characteristics of abyssal and hadal zones in the southern Yap Trench observed with the submersible Jiaolong

Using observations in an applied cruise of the submersible Jiaolong,water characteristics,geostrophic transport,and turbulent mixing in abyssal and hadal zones of the southern Yap Trench were studied.The spatial structures of deep water show that the abyssal water is cold,saline,and oxygen rich.The hadal water has very small changes in potential temperature and potential density,and a little decrease in salinity and obvious decrease in oxygen.The isotherm,isopycnal,and isohaline are depressed in abyss over the central trench.The turbulent mixing is enhanced in the near-bottom zone and the hadal water on the trench slope,especially at the steep slope,the dissipation rate and diffusivity is strong,which weakens the stratification.The geostrophic flows move southward in the western region of the trench and northward in the eastern region,indicating cyclonic circulation.In the central region of the trench,the water transport is^1.74 Sv southward.In the hadal zone,the northward and southward transports are balanced.Our analysis suggests that the abyssal water in the southern Yap Trench is from Lower Circumpolar Water(LCPW)and the hadal water seems to be of the isolated local water rather than LCPW.

Metallic Reserves of Submarine Manganese Nodules to be Estimated and Harnessed Prudently: Evidence from China's Jiaolong Manned Submersible

Since the discovery of oceanic manganese nodules during the expedition of the British ocean-going ship Challenger from 1872 to 1876, research and development for seabed manganese nodules have never ceased owing to the huge economic inducements. Manganese nodules are the black or dark brown, spherical or massive Mn-bearing ores, deposits of which are found on the sea bottom. The nodules are a mixture of silicate and insoluble potassium permanganates （also with sub-Ti, Fe and Na permanganates） that contain more than 30 kinds of metallic elements, among which those of greatest economic interest are Mn （27-30%）, Ni（1.25-1.5%）, Cu（1- 1.4%）, Co（0.2- 0.25 %）, Fe, Si, and AI, with minor amounts of Ca, Na, K, Ti, B, H and O.

Core-drilling kinematic modeling and analysis of Jiaolong submersible manipulator

The complicated topographies of the deep sea pose significant challenges for the core drilling with the Jiaolong submersible manipulator.To address this problem,we proposed a core-drilling kinematic model and evaluated the core-drilling behavior of the submersible manipulator by comprehensively considering the uncertain posture of the Jiaolong submersible.First,we established a forward kinematic model for the core-drilling task in deep sea,which satisfied the requirement of gravitational-direction core drilling.Based on the forward kinematic equations,we then built a double-redundancy inverse kinematic model,which was able to determine the required motion trajectories of six active joints according to the desired core-drilling trajectory.The core-drilling workspaces and the motions of the Jiaolong submersible manipulator were assessed with several calculation examples.The established forward and inverse kinematic models are constructed with clear analytic equations,and thus are directly applicable to the Jiaolong submersible manipulator-based core-drilling task.

Taxonomic research on deep-sea macrofauna in the South China Sea using the Chinese deep-sea submersible Jiaolong

This paper reviews the taxonomic and biodiversity studies of deep-sea invertebrates in the South China Sea based on the samples collected by the Chinese manned deep-sea submersible Jiaolong.To date,6 new species have been described,including the sponges Lophophysema eversa,Saccocalyx microhexactin and Semperel­la jiaolongae as well as the crustaceans Uroptychus jiaolongae,Uroptychus spinulosus and Globospongicola ji­aolongi;some newly recorded species from the South China Sea have also been reported.The Bathymodiolus platifrons-Shinkaia crosnieri deep-sea cold seep community has been reported by Li(2015),as has the mito­chondrial genome of the glass sponge L.eversa by Zhang et al.(2016).The population structures of two domi­nant species,the shrimp Shinkaia crosnieri and the mussel Bathymodiolus platifrons,from the cold seep Bathy­modiolus platifrons-Shinkaia crosnieri community in the South China Sea and the hydrothermal vents in the Okinawa Trough,were compared using molecular analysis.The systematic position of the shrimp genus Globo­spongicola was discussed based on 16S rRNA gene sequences.

Signal processing in underwater acoustic communication system for manned deep submersible "Jiaolong"

For the first time in the world, underwater acoustic transmission of images, human voice, data and texts between vehicle under 7000 m depth and surface ship was accomplished by underwater acoustic communication system of manned deep submersible Jiaolong＇. In this paper, signal processing in underwater acoustic communication system for manned deep submersible ＂Jiaolong＂ is introduced. （1） Four communication methods are integrated to meet different needs： 1） coherent underwater acoustic communication, with a variable transmission rate from 5 kbps to 15 kbps, to transmit images. 2） Non-coherent underwater acoustic com- munication, with a transmission rate 300 bps, to transmit texts, instructions, and sensor data. 3） Spread spectrum underwater acoustic communication, with a transmission rate 16 bps, to transmit instructions. 4） Underwater voice communication, using single sideband modulation to transmit hmnan voice. （2） Signal processing method in coherent communication mainly consists of concatenation of decision feedback equalizer and Turbo decoder, and wavelet based image compression with fixed length coding. In the equalizer, Doppler compensation, multi- channel combining and equalizer coefficients updating are all using fast self-optimized adaptive algorithm. （3） A linear hydrophone array is lowered from the mother ship to certain depth, and spatial diversity combining technology is adopted. （4） Diving trials of ＂Jiaolong＂ were carried out in Pacific Ocean. The communication range can cover nearly all ocean depth. One optical/acoustic image can be transmitted in 7 or 14 seconds.

Use of the Jiaolong manned submersible for accurate mapping of deep-sea topography and geomorphology

High-resolution bathymetric side-scan sonar(BSSS) performs the functions of traditional side-scan sonar, while also providing a depth-sounding function that allows simultaneous measurement of seafloor topography and geomorphology. Submarine microtopography and microgeomorphology detection ability and advanced underwater acoustic digital communication are important technical capabilities of the Jiaolong manned submersible. High resolution BSSS achieved accurate detection of seafloor topography and geomorphology at a depth of 7000 m, and successful mapping of local microtopography and microgeomorphology in the Mariana Trench.

China’s first deep manned submersible,JIAOLONG

JIAOLONG's function and capability were fully tested during its 37 dives. The longest underwater time was 543 minutes, and the deepest dive of 3759 m was made on its 37th dive. The Chinese national flags and memorial 'Dragon Palaces' were placed on the seafloor. 525 mL of pressure-sustained seawater and two sea cucumbers were sampled. Test results have indicated that all the functions and capabilities were in good agreement with the design data. © 2010 Science China Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Characteristics of vertical distributions of methane and dimethylsulphoniopropionate in the southern Yap Trench

Methane(CH_(4) )and dimethylsulphoniopropionate(DMSP)are major carbon and sulfur sources for bacterioplankton in the ocean.We investigated the characteristics of CH_(4) and DMSP in the southern Yap Trench from sea surface to hadal zone in June 2017.We found that concentrations of CH_(4) varied from 1.5 to 4.5 nmol/L with saturation between 94% and 204% in the euphotic layer.Concentrations of dissolved DMSP(DMSPd)ranged from 0.5 to 3.7 nmol/L with higher values in surface water and decreased with depth.Concentrations of particulate DMSP(DMSPp)varied from 0 to 13.6 nmol/L.Concentrations of total DMSP(DMSPt)ranged 2.0-15.2 nmol/L.Their concentrations decreased slightly and reached consistent levels in 200-3000-m depth due probably to heterotrophic bacterial production in marine aphotic and high-pressure environments.An exception occurred around 4000-m depth where their concentrations increased considerably and then decreased in deeper water.This previously unrecognized phenomenon sheds light on the elevated concentrations of DMSP in the abyssal layer that might be affected by the Lower Circumpolar Deep Water(LCPW).Concentrations of CH_(4) in seawater of the Benthic Boundary Layer of the southern Yap Trench were slightly higher than those in the water column at approximate depth,and concentrations of DMSP in seawater of the Benthic Boundary Layer of the southern Yap Trench were not much higher than those in the water column at the approximate depth,indicating that sediment was a weak source of CH_(4) but was not a source of DMSP for seawater in the study area.This study presented clear correlations between CH_(4) and DMSP from sea surface to sea bottom,proving that DMSP might be a potential substrate for CH_(4) not only in oxic surface seawater but also in deep water.

Vertical variations and composition of dissolved free amino acid in the seawater of the Yap Trench in the western Pacific Ocean

The composition and concentration of dissolved free amino acid(DFAA)of seawater samples collected in May 2016 from the surface to the hadal zone of the northern region of the Yap Trench were analyzed by pre-column derivatization of o-phthalaldehyde.Results show that the average concentration of DFAA in the study area was 0.47±0.36μmol/L.In different sampling stations,the concentrations of DFAA with water depth showed complex variation patterns.At the sediment-seawater interface,the concentrations of DFAA in the western side of the trench were obviously higher than that in its eastern side.In the study area,there were no significant correlations between the concentrations of DFAA and the environmental parameters such as concentrations of chlorophyll a(Chl a),dissolved oxygen(DO),pH,and dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN),indicating that the concentrations of DFAA in seawater of the trench are affected by many factors,such as photosynthesis,respiration,temperature,pressure,illumination,and circulation.The dominant DFAA are similar in different water layers of sampling stations,including aspartic acid(Asp),glutamic acid(Glu),glycine(Gly),and serine(Ser).The composition of different amino acids,and the relative abundance of acidic,basic,and neutral amino acids might be related to the sources and consumption of various amino acids.Nine pairs of amino acids in the DFAA showed significantly positive relationship by correlation matrix analysis,suggesting that they might share similar biogeochemical processes.The degradation index(DI)of the DFAA in seawater of the Yap Trench could reflect the degradation,source,and freshness of DFAA in the trench to some extents.This is a preliminary study of amino acids from sea surface to hadal zone in the ocean,more works shall be done in different trenches to reveal their biogeochemical characte ristics in extreme marine environme nts.

蛟龙号载人潜水器的7000米级海上试验

蛟龙号载人潜水器研制是国家863计划重大专项之一,其目标是建造出一台可以执行规定使命任务的产品。海上试验是载人潜水器重大专项的关键阶段,2009年8～10月、2010年5～7月和2011年7～8月,分别完成了1000米、3000米和5000米级的海上试验任务。文章主要介绍了在2012年6月3日～7月16日之间完成的7000米级海上试验,内容包括海上试验的基本情况、海试取得的主要技术和应用成果、海试过程中发现的故障及处理情况以及对今后投入应用的启示,最后给出7000米级海上试验的主要结论。

蛟龙号载人潜水器的5000米级海上试验

“蛟龙”号载人潜水器研制是国家863计划重大专项之一，其目标是建造出一台可以执行规定使命任务的产品。海上试验是载人潜水器重大专项的关键阶段，2009年8～10月和2010年5～7月，分别完成了1000m和3000m级的海上试验任务。论文主要介绍了在2011年7月1日～8月18日之间完成的5000m级海上试验，内容包括海上试验的基本情况、海试取得的主要技术成果、海试过程中发现的故障及处理情况以及对今后技术改进的启示。最后给出5000m级海上试验的主要结论。

蛟龙号载人潜水器无动力潜浮运动分析系统开发

在"蛟龙"号载人潜水器5 000米级海试中,D44潜次首次实现了全程无动力上浮下潜运动,为改进载人潜器无动力上浮下潜运动模型提供了宝贵的数据。文章对D44潜次的数据进行了分析,在此基础上引入可变体积收缩率的概念来改进潜器无动力上浮下潜运动模型,开发出了更为可靠的"蛟龙"号载人潜水器的无动力潜浮运动分析系统,为7 000米级海试以及今后的应用提供可靠的手段。

艽龙胶囊联合多潘立酮治疗功能性消化不良90例

[目的]观察艽龙胶囊联合多潘立酮治疗肝胃郁热型功能性消化不良(FD)的疗效。[方法]将符合FD肝胃郁热型的患者随机分为艽龙胶囊组(A组)、多潘立酮组(B组)、艽龙胶囊+多潘立酮组(C组),每组各30例。治疗两周,观察并记录患者胃脘饱胀、脘部烧灼、口干口苦等症状改善,并计算疗效指数。治疗前及治疗后两周进行胃排空试验。[结果]3组治疗后症状积分较前均有不同程度下降,C组改善程度更为明显。13C-辛酸呼气试验测定胃固体排空显示3组胃排空时间均有明显改善(P<0.05)。[结论]艽龙胶囊联合多潘立酮能有效缓解肝胃郁热型FD的症状,加速胃排空。

大气环境控制技术在“蛟龙”号载人潜水器上的应用

介绍各种类型水下运载器如潜艇、载人深潜器等对载人密闭舱室内大气环境控制的共性要求。针对"蛟龙"号的客观条件,从动力、空间大小、浓度要求等方面分析其对大气环境控制的特殊要求。分析常见的几种密闭环境供氧及二氧化碳吸收技术如物理供氧、电解水、氧烛、超氧化物、一乙醇胺、固态胺、分子筛、碱石灰、氢氧化锂等技术各自的优缺点。在此基础上研制出一套环境控制样机,并将样机随"蛟龙"号载人潜水器进行1 000,3 000,5 000及7 000米级海试。海试的圆满成功进一步证实了样机的有效性。

“蛟龙号”载人潜水器液压系统设计研究

深海蕴藏着丰富的资源,载人潜水器是深海开发的重要工具。"蛟龙号"是目前世界上同类产品中工作深度最大的深海载人潜水器,液压系统是"蛟龙号"载人潜水器上重要的动力源。该研究在对液压系统的需求和工况进行分析的基础上,给出了"蛟龙号"液压系统参数、油路、线路等配置,并进行了液压油的合理选取。介绍了液压系统在7000 m深海超高压低温环境下的工作情况,最后对载人潜水器液压系统的发展作了展望。

维嘉平顶海山富钴铁锰结壳空间分布特征:基于“蛟龙号”载人潜水器近海底观测资料的分析

基于对具有高精度水下定位功能的载人潜水器“蛟龙号”近海底观测视像资料数据的分析研究,本文首次报道了维嘉平顶海山山顶平台凸起区域、顶坡过渡带以及斜坡上部地形单元内的富钴结壳分布特征,对我国富钴结壳资源勘查评价具有重要意义。研究表明:(1)不同地形单元发育的富钴结壳具有明显不同的分布特征;(2)山顶平台凸起区发育有连续分布的富钴结壳,可作为我国富钴结壳资源勘查工作的关注区;(3)顶坡过渡带—斜坡上部区域发育有连续分布的富钴结壳,然而往往被白色波纹状沉积物隔成数段;(4)顶坡过渡带钴结核发育较少,与马尔库斯—威克海山群平顶海山存在明显的不同。

载人深潜器供氧技术研究

可靠稳定的供氧系统是载人潜水器研制中所必须解决的问题。比较了各种类型水下运载器如潜艇、载人深潜器等对载人密闭舱室内氧气浓度的不同要求。针对载人深潜器载人舱内的客观条件,从动力、空间大小、浓度要求等方面论证其对供氧的特殊要求。分析了常见的几种密闭环境下的供氧技术,如物理供氧、电解水、氧烛、超氧化物等技术各自的优缺点,在此基础上,开发了一种供氧技术及研制了样机。使用该样机进行封闭空间内的有人供氧试验,以验证该项技术的效果。试验结果证明了这种技术的有效性。在完成样机试验后,又将样机随"蛟龙号"载人潜水器进行1000m、3000m和5000m级海试。海试的成功验证了样机的有效性。

艽龙胶囊联合西药治疗功能性消化不良肝胃郁热证疗效观察

目的观察艽龙胶囊联合西药马来酸曲美布汀片治疗功能性消化不良肝胃郁热证的疗效。方法将121例功能性消化不良肝胃郁热证患者随机分为2组,对照组口服马来酸曲美布汀片治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上同时口服中成药艽龙胶囊,治疗1个疗程后评定疗效。结果治疗组治愈率51%,总有效率92%;对照组治愈率30%,总有效率80%,治疗组疗效明显优于对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论艽龙胶囊联合西药马来酸曲美布汀片治疗功能性消化不良肝胃郁热证疗效明显优于西药对照组,可较快改善患者临床症状,安全可靠,值得临床推广。

蛟龙号下潜及水下作业过程的交互仿真开发

为解决当前从事深潜工作的实操训练存在实施难、安全风险大等问题,基于虚拟现实技术设计不受时间和地点限制的蛟龙号下潜及水下作业过程的仿真系统。运用三维建模技术构建蛟龙号、支持母船等关键结构的三维模型;建立A型架的运动数学模型,模拟其运动过程;结合三维交互技术、虚拟漫游技术以及碰撞检测技术实现人机交互与漫游;从用户体验角度出发,对实际的下潜及水下作业过程进行仿真实现操纵交互功能。经测试,该仿真系统基本满足目前对载人深潜器潜航员的训练需求。

蛟龙号HOV在海山结壳资源勘查中的应用

蛟龙号HOV是我国自主设计制造的7000米级载人深潜器,它具有先进的水声通信、微地形地貌探测和悬停定位的能力,并搭载了多种高性能作业工具,能够进行长时间水下作业和高精度作业,确保在特殊的海洋环境或海底地质条件下完成潜钻取芯和沉积物取样等复杂工作（邓希光等,2015）。