Observed deformation characteristics of a deep excavation for the spring area in Jinan,China

The observed deflections and internal forces of pile-anchor retaining excavation were studied in spring area in Jinan city of China. Based on field measured data, the ground surface settlement, deflection of retaining piles and wall, internal force analysis of concrete piles, axial anchoring forces, groundwater table, and the deformation of surround building and pipelines were investigated. The results indicates that the combining application of concrete piles, jet grouting columns and anchors support system can effectively control excavation-induced surface ground settlements. The field maximum lateral wall deflections are between 0.o2% and o.19% of the excavation depth due to the competitive site conditions. The bending moment-depth relationship curve is S-type. Groundwater leakage results in the sharp drop in groundwater level, which is part of the reasons for the adjacent building settlement. The axial anchoring forces of the upper layer of anchors increase gradually during the excavation, but those of the lower layer of anchors slightly reduced firstly and then tend to be stable during the excavation procedure. In comparison with the histories of excavation cases, the small lateral wall deflection in this study results from the favorable site condition and the relative rigidity of the retaining structure system.

Analysis of the Capacity of Wellspring Conservation in Limestone Areas of Jinan

Spring water in the city of Jinan conies from the limestone areas. Understanding the capacity of wellspring conservation is a critical point to resume the perennial spewing of the spring water. The vegetation, soil, and other natural and human aspects related to the conservation are studied by using the methods of geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and field investigation. In the end, suggestions for administration and planning as well as countermeasures are put forward.

Research on Tourism Master Planning of Huangshan Hot Spring Scenic Area in China

Based on tourist resources' evaluation and tourism market development of Huangshan Hot Spring Scenic Area,by combining with relevant theories of "SWOT",the paper has identif ied the leading functional orientation and tourism development idea of the hot spring scenic area.Meanwhile,by following the principle of "sustainable use" of Huangshan natural resources,planning strategies and implementing suggestions have been put forward based on "addition,subtraction,multiplication and division".The ultimate purpose is to create diversified tourism experiences for tourists and improve tour quality of hot spring scenic area,and f inally build Huangshan tourism brand of "Snowy Hot Spring".

Application Effects of Ultra-fine Powder Shaped Maize Seed Coating Agent in Spring Sowing areas in northeast China

The research explored adaptability maize seed coating agent in spring sowing and effects of ultra-fine powder shaped areas in northeast China. The results showed that germination potential and rate both improved around 5% and the num- ber of root increased by 4% in the treatments with ultra-fine powder shaped maize seed coating agent compared with the control group without seed coating. What＇s more, the treatments with ultra-fine powder shaped maize seed coating agent took advantages in terms of fresh weight of seeding, stem diameter, and dry weight. It is notable that control effects on underground insects performed the best, with per- centage over 94%, which is more excellent relative to other agents in markets. Therefore, ultra-fine powder shaped maize seed coating agent can be widely applied in spring sowing areas in northeast China, without side effects.

Evaluation of Tourist's Satisfaction Degree of Dongda Hot Spring Resort Area in Xi'an City

Tourist's satisfaction degree is one of the important indexes to evaluate the service quality of scenic spot.Taking Xi'an Dongda Hot Spring Resort Area for an example,with the expectation difference theory and customers' satisfaction evaluation model as the theoretical basis of the research,the overall satisfaction degree of tourists to hot spring resort area,and the actual sensation accomplishments and the expectation difference of each service index were analyzed by using regression analysis and paired sample t test method.The results showed:① The overall satisfaction degree of tourists to the resort area was higher.There were remarkable correlation among three variables:the sensation value,the overall satisfaction degree,and the tourist's loyalty degree;② Generally,the sensation actual accomplishments of 15 service appraisal factors were higher than the expectation value.According to the characteristics,these 15 service appraisal factors were divided into 5 groups.Some unsatisfactory aspects were found out,and the corrective measures were put forward.

Wavelet analysis of spring climate characteristics in arid aeolian area of agro-pastoral ecotone in China

The unique regional climate characteristics are among the main reasons for the frequent wind-sand activity in arid and cold areas in the agro-pastoral ecotone in Inner Mongolia, China. This paper focuses on the time series of temperature and precipitation in spring when sandstorms often occur in the area. Based on meteorological data for a 46-year period from 1959 to 2004, multi-scale variations and abrupt changes in temperature and precipitation were analyzed with the Mexican hat function （MHF） wavelet method, showing the multi-scale variation characteristics of temperature and precipitation, as well as the periods and change points at different time scales. The relationship between temperature and precipitation was obtained using the wavelet analysis method. Obvious staggered features of the variations of spring temperature and precipitation were observed in this agro-pastoral ecotone. The strongest oscillation periods of spring temperature variations were 1 and 22 years, while for precipitation, the strongest oscillation periods of variations were 2, 8, and 22 years. In addition, lower spring temperature corresponded to lower precipitation, whereas higher temperature yielded higher precipitation rate.

Shallow Analysis on the First Spring Soaking Rain Weather and Its Precipitation Enhancement Potential Forecast in Jinzhou Area in 2010

[Objective] The research aimed to study the first spring soaking rain weather and its precipitation enhancement potential forecast in Jinzhou area in 2010. [Method] From the weather situation characteristics, main influence system, forecast service, artificial precipitation enhancement operation and so on, the first spring soaking rain weather process in Jinzhou area in 2010 was summarized comprehensively. [Result] The weather situation characteristics of soaking rain were that the high-altitude cold air was weak, and the low-level warm wet airflow was obvious. The main influence systems were the high-altitude trough, the high-altitude shear line and the ground Mongolian cyclone. The ground inverted trough system advanced northward and got through with the same phase of Mongolian cyclone, which provided the certain energy and water vapor for the precipitation in Jinzhou area. It was one of key reasons for generating the soaking rain. The numerical forecast product played the certain guidance role in the forecast service work. The situation field forecast was accurate, but the precipitation forecast deviation was big. Therefore, the forecast service couldn’t depend on the numerical forecast product simply and totally, and should combine with the actual monitoring data to analyze and apply comprehensively. [Conclusion] The research played the safeguarding role in carrying out the large-scale artificial precipitation enhancement operation successfully in the whole area of Jinzhou.

Characteristics of karst groundwater system in the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area

Guided by the theory of groundwater system, based on the groundwater level data from the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area, the authors took into account factors such as the lithology, geological structure and topography to study the relationship between groundwater recharge, runoff and drainage in this area. It was concluded that the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation is the main source of groundwater supply in this area; the upper layer of the Spring area is distributed with the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician karst water, and the lower layer is filled with the Jixian system karst water. The upper layer of karst water supplies to the lower layer of karst water or the pore water in loose strata through the fault while the lower layer of karst water runs to the three strong runoff belts from the east and west sides of the watershed, southwards into the basin, partially replenishing the pore water in loose strata, or forming fault Springs(e.g. Nanguan Spring, Beihai Spring) when dolomite movement encounters faults. Replenished by atmospheric precipitation and the upper and lower layers of karst waters, the pore water in loose strata joins the groundwater in the southern basin and then flows eastwards, in the end it flows out of the system in Shangfanpu. Through the analyses of groundwater level data and hydrogeological drilling data, based on groundwater D and ^(18) O isotope test results, the karst groundwater circulation system in the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area is further verified, which provides hydrogeological basis for water resources development and utilization as well as protection in this area.

Particle Size Characteristics of Soil in Karst Area with Different Land Use Pattern—A Case Study of Shuifang Spring,Jinfo Mt.,Chongqing

This paper tried to analyze the particle size characteristics of the soil samples in Shuifang Spring catchment area,Jinfo Mt.,Chongqing with different land use patterns that are horse race grassland, rhododendron bush,bamboos,and the grassland near the Shuifang spring.The different land usepattern in karst area is of great affection to the particle size characteristics of soil.The median diameter of the karst surface layer soil becomes gradually smaller and smaller in following sequence:horse race grassland,grassland near the Shuifang Spring,

Study on Variations in Hydrochemical Characteristics of Spring Water in Jinan and Their Causes

Based on data of hydrochemical components in spring water and karst water in Jinan spring catchment during 1958-2012,according to the theory of groundwater cycle and hydrogeochemistry,variations in hydrochemical features of spring water in Jinan over the past years were analyzed,and the reasons for the variations were discussed to protect the quality of spring water in Jinan and stop the changing trend of the spring water. The results show that there were variations in the hydrochemical characteristics of spring water in Jinan during 1958-2012,which is mainly related to improper protection and man-made pollution.

Feasibility of Protection Zones for Water Resources in Arid Areas: Case Study;Duyuk Nueimah Shosa Springs, Jericho, Palestine

Urbanization and different human-economic activities put increasing pressure on the ground water quality, which is considered as the main drinking water resources in Palestine. Protecting the spring water resources in Palestine is one major issue for the continuity of the availability of the water resources. An economic feasibility study was conducted for the Nuewimah-Shosha-Dyuk spring system in order to assess the economical factor for the induced methodology of the protection zones. The spring system has multiple users from different sectors (i.e., domestic, agriculture, commercial and public use) and multi-year cost benefit analysis technique used to show the feasibility of water protection zones on the long run. The study shows that even in arid areas in Palestine, small quantities are derived from springs-implementation of water protection zones is still feasible;the results of this study emphasize on importance and feasibility of water resources protection zones.

Three-dimensional S-wave velocity structure of the upper crust in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area:insights into the basins structure and genesis of hot springs

As one of the four largest bay areas with strong economic activities in the world,the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area(GHMGBA)is located in the zone of interaction between the South China Block(SCB)and the South China Sea(SCS).Under the influence of complex geologic evolution,basin-range structures,fault systems and hot springs are well developed here.However,the characteristics of geological structures and the genetic mechanism of these geological phenomena are still unclear.Therefore,we performed ambient noise tomography to obtain 3-D upper crust(0-7.5 km)S-wave velocity structures of the GHMGBA by using 40-day continuous waveform data from 130 seismic stations in the GHMGBA.Our results show that sedimentary basins in the GHMGBA are mainly characterized by low-velocity anomalies.S-wave velocities of sediment formation in basins are about 2.8-3.1 km/s.Rapid changes in velocity appear at the edges of the basins,which correspond to the NE-,NEE-,and NW-trending faults,indicating prominent basin-controlling effects of the faults.The Sanshui Basin(SSB),the largest in the GHMGBA,has a developmental depth of about 4 km,and there is a significant difference in velocity gradient between the east and west sides of the basin,indicating that SSB has experienced east-west asymmetric expansion.Moreover,there are prominent low-velocity anomalies at a depth of about 4.5 km beneath the hot springs at the west of the Zhujiang(Pearl)River estuary(ZRE).We infer that the low-velocity anomalies are fluid reservoirs of the hot springs,which lead to the development of the hot springs on the surface.In addition,the distribution of main cities in the GHMGBA shows a spatial correlation with low-velocity areas at shallow depths(<3 km).The population development trend in the GHMGBA in the past 20 years is also mainly concentrated in the structural province of relatively low-velocity.In combination with the GHMGBA basin structures and drainage distribution characteristics,we suggest that the basic geological environment to some extent affects the habitability of the human settlement and thus determines the distribution and development trend of the main urban context.We believe that the 3-D S-wave velocity structure of the upper crust of the GHMGBA obtained in this study,as well as the deep structural characteristics of the basins and hot springs,will provide support to urban construction planning and geological hazards research of the GHMGBA.

Development of Spring Tourism Resources in Jinan Based on RMCP Analysis

In recent years,the integrated development of culture and tourism in China has shown a promising trend,but there are still some shortcomings in the development of tourism resources.Jinan is prosperous and famous for its springs.As a landmark of Jinan,spring has played an indispensable role in Jinan’s tourism.The unique spring culture is an important component of Chinese water culture and has significant development value.At present,there is still shortcoming of spring tourism resources development in Jinan.In this paper,combining market demand and utilizing RMCP analysis,Jinan spring water resources are further analyzed and integrated,and targeted development strategies and suggestions for Jinan’s characteristic spring resources are proposed.

Protection of urban features during urbanization based on the roles of springs in Jinan

Thirty-seven years since reform and opening up, China has sustained rapid economic growth and urbanization. However, there was inadequate protection of natural, historical, and cultural heritage, especially in the past 17 years, which led to the outcome that urban and rural construction lacked features. To rebuild our urban features during urbanization, and avoid destroying them,we should probe into the reason of lacking features and how to protect them. Therefore, taking Jinan City as an example, this paper explored the crisis and its causes of urban characteristics during the period of rapid urbanization based on discussing roles of spring features, including economic effects, social effects, ecological effects and so on. What is more, this paper listed and analyzed those protection measures taken by Jinan. The results showed that spring groups spewed again and kept for 8 years through those measures, which meant that urban characteristics restored. Thus, Jinan City provides successful and significant reference for other cities in restoring urban features during urbanization construction. Also, the author deemed that cities could recollect their urban features as long as they take reasonable measures.

幸福湖泉域地下水水化学特征及其演化机制

长期的采矿行为已严重破坏幸福湖泉域地下水补径排过程。基于幸福湖泉域水文地质条件及采矿所引发的生态环境问题,采用数理统计、Paper三线图、Gibbs图等,分析了幸福湖泉域地下水在地下水流场改变后的化学特征及控制因素。结果表明:研究区地下水水化学类型以HCO_(3)-Ca·Mg型为主;地下水溶质来源主要受碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩风化作用影响,硅酸盐岩的溶解作用同样不可忽视;地下水中存在反向的阳离子交替吸附作用,使得Na^(+)、K^(+)含量降低而Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)含量升高;人类生活污水排放和工业生产是影响研究区地下水组分的主要控制因素。

安徽省大别山区温泉水化学特征与演化机制分析

【研究目的】分析总结受构造控制的安徽大别山区温泉的水化学特征及其演化机制,有利于加深对独特地质背景下(造山带硅酸盐岩)水-岩相互作用的认识,同时可以为大别山区地热的勘探和合理开发利用提供科学依据。【研究方法】在对研究区温泉水化学组分基本特征分析的基础上,综合利用Gibbs图、岩石风化图、离子比例系数、矿物稳定场图等方法对研究区温泉的水-岩相互作用进行研究。此外,还借助PHREEQC软件开展反向水文地球化学模拟工作,对地热水在循环过程中主要矿物的溶解及沉淀情况进行定量分析。【研究结果】①大别山区5个温泉的水化学类型以SO_(4)−Na型和SO_(4)·HCO_(3)−Na型水为主,均为中低温、弱碱性温泉;②研究区温泉中稀土元素表现出明显的Eu正异常,轻稀土元素相对富集,中稀土元素其次,重稀土元素相对缺乏;③研究区温泉水化学组分主要受岩石风化作用的影响。温泉中Na^(+)主要来自硅酸盐矿物(如钠长石、钠蒙脱石等)的溶滤,Ca^(2+)来源于碳酸盐矿物和石膏的溶滤;SO_(4)^(2−)的含量主要受到石膏溶解的影响;HCO_(3)−含量主要受硅酸盐和碳酸盐矿物溶解的影响。④模拟结果表明,雨水-地下热水路径上发生的水岩相互作用主要为钠长石、钙长石、萤石、石膏、黑云母和CO_(2)的溶解,以及钠蒙脱石、方解石和白云石的沉淀,同时发生了Ca^(2+)置换Na^(+)的阳离子交替吸附作用。【结论】雨水至地下热水路径属于地下水深循环,复杂的深部地层岩性及结构容易阻碍地下水径流,使地下水流速放缓,发生了充分的水-岩相互作用,完成了HCO_(3)−Ca型雨水向SO_(4)·HCO_(3)−Na型和SO_(4)−Na型弱碱性温泉的转化。

基于KELM的趵突泉泉域地下水流替代模型

文章以济南市趵突泉泉域为研究区,采用核极限学习机(kernel extreme learning machine,KELM)建立泉域地下水流数值模型的替代模型,使用拉丁超立方抽样(Latin hypercube sampling,LHS)方法确定60组地下水开采方案用于训练KELM模型,通过对比地下水流数值模型的模拟结果与替代模型输出的结果,评价所建立替代模型的性能。结果表明:替代模型输出的地下水位值与地下水流数值模型模拟得到的地下水位值基本接近,且模型的运行时间减少了约99.62%。说明该模型可作为趵突泉泉域地下水流数值模型的替代模型,可提高区域地下水优化管理模型的求解效率。

增密增肥对雨养旱作春玉米产量及农艺性状的影响

为了探索冀西北雨养区春玉米单产提升技术,试验设置春玉米增密增肥处理、单施有机肥处理,以当地种植模式为对照,监测春玉米农艺性状、穗部及产量性状。结果表明,增密增肥处理增加了春玉米植株的秃尖率,降低了千粒重及穗粒数,较CK显著增产5.3%;单施有机肥处理增加了春玉米植株的穗粒数和千粒重,降低了秃尖率,较CK显著增产10.4%。2个处理的千粒重、产量与对照间均有显著差异。因此,增加密度、增施有机肥能提升雨养旱作区春玉米产量。

Effect of Limited Single Irrigation on Yield of Winter Wheat and Spring Maize Relay Intercropping

A field experiment was conducted during the 2002/2003 cropping season of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum） and spring maize （Zea mays） to evaluate the effect of limited single drip irrigation on the yield and water use of both crops under relay intercropping in a semi-arid area of northwestern China. A controlled 35 mm single irrigation, either early or late, was applied to each crop at a certain growth stage. Soil water, leaf area, final grain yield and yield components such as the thousand-grain weight, length of spike, fertile spikelet number, number of grains per spike, and grain weight per spike were measured, and water use efficiency and leaf area index were calculated for the irrigated and non-irrigated relay intercropping treatments and sole cropping controls. The results showed that yield, yield components, water use efficiency, and leaf area index in the relay intercropping treatments were affected by limited single drip irrigation during various growth stages of wheat and maize. The total yields in the relay intercropping treatment irrigated during the heading stage of wheat and the heading and anthesis stage of maize were the highest among all the treatments, followed by that irrigated during the anthesis stage of wheat and silking stage of maize; so was the water use efficiency. Significant differences occurred in most yield components between the irrigated and non-irrigated relay-intercropping treatments. The dynamics of the leaf area index in the relay-intercropped or solely cropped wheat and maize showed a type of single-peak pattern, whereas that of the relay intercropping treatments showed a type of double-peak pattern. Appropriately, limited single irrigation and controlled soil water content level could result in higher total yield, water use efficiency, and leaf area index, and improved yield components in relay intercropping. This practice saved the amount of water used for irrigation and also increased the yield. Therefore, heading stage of wheat and heading and anthesis stage of maize were suggested to be the optimum limited single irrigation time for relay-intercropped wheat and maize in the semi-arid area.

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a typical karst spring system based on time series analysis in northern China

In order to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of the karst aquifers in northern China,time series analyses(correlation and spectral analysis in addition with hydrograph recession analysis)are applied on Baotu Spring and Heihu Spring in Jinan karst spring system,a typical karst spring system in northern China.Results show that the auto-correlation coefficient of spring water level reaches the value of 0.2 after 123 days and 117 days for Baotu Spring and Heihu Spring,respectively.The regulation time obtained from the simple spectral density function in the same period is 187 days and 175 days for Baotu Spring and Heihu Spring.The auto-correlation coefficient of spring water level reaches the value of 0.2 in 34-82 days,and regulation time ranges among 40-59 days for every single hydrological year.The delay time between precipitation and spring water level obtained from cross correlation function is around 56 days for the period of 2012-2019,and varies among 30-79 days for every single hydrological year.In addition,the spectral bands in cross amplitude functions and gain functions are small with 0.02,and the values in the coherence functions are small.All these behaviors illustrate that Jinan karst spring system has a strong memory effect,large storage capacity,noticeable regulation effect,and time series analysis is a useful tool for studying the hydrodynamic characteristics of karst spring system in northern China.