Mineral composition and organic geochemistry of the Lower Cretaceous Xiagou Formation source rock from the Qingxi Sag,Jiuquan Basin, Northwest China

The Lower Cretaceous Xiagou Formation contains the major source rocks for the crude oils discovered in the Qingxi Sag and the South Uplift in the Jiuquan Basin, northwestern China. The Xiagou Formation source rock was formed in a closed,anoxic, reducing, alkaline lacustrine environment with a high salinity. Its high content of brittle minerals is favorable for the fracturing of reservoirs in source rock formations in the Qingxi Sag. The Xiagou Formation contains a great number of fair to excellent source rocks, and their organic matter（OM） came chiefly from plankton/algae and high plants as well as possibly bacterial organisms. The Xiagou Formation source rocks mainly contain Type II OM and some Type III and Type I OM, with good oil-generating potential. The source rock maturity is mainly in the early-mature and mature stages, and its Rovalue corresponding to oil peak is about 0.8%, which is lower than classic oil peak Rovalue of 1.0%; therefore, a great deal of hydrocarbon was generated before the classic oil peak Ro= 1.0%. Mature source rock in the Xiagou Formation tends to be distributed in the older members and at a greater depth. There is a better exploration potential of tight oil in the deep Qingxi Sag.

Organic matter enrichment in the first member of the Xiagou formation of the lower Cretaceous in the Jiuquan Basin, China

The sources and enrichment of organic matter in a sediment core in the first member of the Xiagou Formation(K_1g^1) from the Chang 2-2 borehole of the Jiuquan Basin,NW China,have been examined using Rock-Eval,maceral,carbon isotopes and biomarker data.This data indicates that highly variable organic matter sources and preservation conditions in response to climate change.TOC content,HI,and δ^(13)C value were strongly correlated with the abundance of gammacerane,woody organic matter content,steranes/hopanes ratio,and C_(29) sterane content.This correlation demonstrates the importance that the control of the salinity of the depositional environment and organic matter sources can have upon the enrichment,type,and carbon isotopic composition of organic matter.In the Jiuquan Basin's relatively high temperature and arid climate,high salinity lakes with high primary productivity of algae,planktons,and bacteria,and good organic matter preservation conditions(anoxic bottom water) resulted in the enrichment of isotopically-light algae-bacterial organic matter.In the Jiuquan Basin's regions with a relatively low temperature and wet climate,fresh lakes with low primary productivity of algae,planktons,and bacteria received significant terrigenous high plants input,resulting in the deposition of a low abundance of isotopically heavier terrestrial organic matter.

Orbital cyclicity in sedimentary sequence and climatic indications of C-O isotopes from Lower Cretaceous in Qingxi Sag, Jiuquan Basin, NW China

Sedimentary deposits of the Lower Cretaceous Xiagou Formation form the most significant potential hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Qingxi Sag, Jiuquan Basin(NW China). Zircon U-Pb ages of the dated basalts at the top of the Xiagou Formation give an isochron age of 115.6 Ma, and the sedimentation interval of the Xiagou Formation was speculated to range from about 125/124 Ma to 115 Ma based on paleontological research and stratigraphic correlation analysis. Here we use GR logging data as a palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic proxy to conduct a detailed cyclostratigraphic study of five selected wells. Power spectra, evolutionary fast Fourier transformation and wavelet analysis all reveal significant sedimentary cycles in the Xiagou Formation. The ratios of cycle wavelengths in these stratigraphic units are 33.82 m : 7.91 m : 3.06 m : 1.79 m, which is similar to the ratio of orbital targets of 20 : 5 : 2 : 1. The ratio of 20 : 5 : 2 : 1 is interpreted as Milankovitch cycles of 405 kyr long eccentricity,100 kyr short eccentricity, 37 kyr obliquity, and 22 kyr precession cycles respectively. A high-resolution astronomical time scale is constructed by tuning the stratigraphy into target curves of orbital cycles respectively. Based on the astronomical time scale, the absolute ages of 55 samples were estimated,which are used for subsequent stable carbon and oxygen isotope stratigraphy analysis. The analysis results of the five studied wells in the Qingxi Sag indicate:(1) a negative trend of δ^(13)C values upwards in the Xiagou Formation, and(2) negative δ^(18)O values with a positive trend upwards. Both relatively heavy values and pronounced covariances of δ^(13)C values and δ^(18)O values indicate an arid-evaporationcontrolled climate during the sedimentary period of the Lower Cretaceous Xiagou Formation, Qingxi Sag, Jiuquan Basin. Moreover, positive covariances of SQK_1g_(2+3) indicate extremely high temperature, and negative covariances of SQK_1g_1 indicate a relatively low temperature.

Types, distribution and play targets of Lower Cretaceous tight oil in Jiuquan Basin, NW China

Based on drilling and laboratory data, the formation conditions of tight oil reservoirs in the Jiuquan basin were comprehensively analyzed and the exploration domains were sorted out. The Jiuquan basin underwent three cycles of lake level fluctuation in early Cretaceous, leaving three sets of high-quality source rocks, the Zhonggou, Xiagou and Chijinbao Formations in the Lower Cretaceous. There are two types of reservoir assemblages, source-reservoir in one type and source below reservoir type, and two types of tight reservoirs, argillaceous dolomite and conglomerate. The "sweet spots" control the enrichment of oil and gas. Argillaceous dolomite tight oil reservoirs have the characteristic of "integrated source-reservoir", with fractures connecting the matrix micro-pores, pore-fracture type and fracture-pore type "sweet spots" distributed in large scale. The sandy conglomerate tight oil reservoirs were formed by source-reservoir lateral connection, and can be divided into source below reservoir type, source-reservoir side by side type and "sandwich" type. The overlapping areas of the favorable facies belts of fan-delta front and the secondary pore developing belts are the "sweet spot" sites. The favorable areas for seeking conglomerate tight oil are fan-delta front deposits around the Qingxi, Ying'er and Huahai sags, with an exploration area of 550 km^2; while the area to seek argillaceous dolomite tight oil is the NW fracture developed belt in Qingxi sag, with an exploration area of 100 km^2.

Primary dolostone related to the Cretaceous lacustrine hydrothermal sedimentation in Qingxi sag, Jiuquan Basin on the northern Tibetan Plateau

Based on comprehensive studies in petrography,petrofabric analysis and geochemistry,this paper describes a unique and rare laminated micritic ferruginous primary dolostone crystallized and precipitated from the alkaline hot brine under the conditions of the Mesozoic faulted lake basin.The main rock-forming mineral of this dolostone is ferruginous dolomite with a micritic structure.This dolomite mostly exhibits laminae of 0.1–1 mm thick and is often discovered with other minerals,such as albite,analcite,barite and dickite,which have at least two types of interbedded laminae.Petrogeochemistry reveals that this dolostone contains a large number of typomorphic elements of hydrothermal sedimentation,including Sb,Ba,Sr,Mn,and V.In addition,the LREE is in relatively high concentrations and possesses the typical REE distribution pattern with negative Eu anomaly.Oxygen isotope values(δ18OPDB)range from 5.89‰to 14.15‰with an average of 9.69‰.The ratio of87Sr/86Sr is between0.711648 and 0.719546,with an average of 0.714718.These data indicate that the depositional environment is a stable,blocked,anoxic low-lying hot brine pool in the bottom of deep lake controlled by basement faults.The hydrothermal fluid is the alkaline hot brine formed by the combination of the infiltration lake water and mantle-derived magmatic water,consisting of many ions,including Ca2+,Mg2+and Fe2+.Under the driving flow power of magmatic heat,gravity and compaction,the hydrothermal fluid overcame the overburden pressure and hydrostatic pressure of the lake water body,and boiled to explosion,and then the explosion shattered the original laminated micritic ferruginous primary dolostone near the vent and then formed a new type of dolostone called shattered"hydroexplosion breccias".In the low-lying,unperturbed hot brine pool,far from the vent,the laminated micritic ferruginous primary dolostone was quickly crystallized and chemicals precipitated from the hydrotherm.This study of special rocks contributes to research into the causes of the formation of lacustrine carbonate rocks and dolostone.In particular,it provides new examples and research insights for future studies of the lacustrine dolomite from the similar Mesozoic and Cenozoic basins in China.

Lacustrine Basin Fills in an Early Cretaceous Half-Graben, Jiuquan Basin, NW China: Controlling Factors and Implications for Source Rock Depositional Processes and Heterogeneity

Studies on basin fills have provided significant insights into reservoir distribution and prediction in petroliferous basins, however, the effect of basin fills on source rock properties has been underexplored. This paper documents basin filling characteristics and their implications for depositional processes and heterogeneity of source rock in the Qingnan subsag of the Jiuquan Basin, by using subsurface geological data from recent hydrocarbon exploration efforts in this area. Drill core data reveals that the basin fill of the Qingnan subsag was dominated by fan delta-lacustrine systems, in which deposition of the fan deltas along the basin margin was mainly through gravity flows. The temporal and spatial evolution of the depositional systems indicates that the basin fill was characterized by a continuously retrogradational process, with decreasing extent of fan deltas in vertical succession. Weakening of tectonic activities and climate change from humid to semi-arid are interpreted to be the main control factors that were responsible for the retrogradational basin fill. The different depositional environments in the early stage and late stage of the retrogradational basin filling history resulted in the different depositional processes and properties of source rocks. This study suggests that source rock heterogeneity associated with basin fills in lacustrine basins should be considered in hydrocarbon exploration.

致密油源储组合差异富集机制与控藏模式——以酒泉盆地青西凹陷为例

源储品质及其空间匹配组合类型是致密油充注成藏与富集的关键因素,然而目前对其认识不足,尤其对不同类型源储组合致密油充注成藏与富集的差异性及其形成机制缺少深入研究,制约了致密油成藏理论的形成与勘探开发进展。以酒泉盆地青西凹陷为例,通过野外观察、岩心描述、钻井分析,总结出下源上储、上源下储、三明治型3种基本类型,源储一体、源储(薄)互层2种特殊类型,下源上储Ⅱ型、上源下储Ⅱ型、三明治Ⅱ型3种复合类型共8种类型的致密油源储组合,其中前5种为常见的源储组合类型。钻探成果统计与核磁共振实验相互验证了源储组合类型与致密油富集的对应关系,即源储一体型致密油富集程度最高,其次是三明治型,上源下储型要好于下源上储型,薄互层型不利于致密油的成藏与富集。揭示了下源上储、上源下储、三明治、源储一体、薄互层5种常见源储组合类型的致密油充注成藏与富集机制及其差异,总结了这5种源储组合致密油充注成藏与富集模式,指出致密油成藏动力、充注方式、保存条件是控制致密油充注成藏机制与富集差异的主控因素,而这些主控因素又与致密油源储组合类型密切相关。

酒泉盆地青西凹陷油气地质特征及下步勘探方向

酒泉盆地油气勘探始于20世纪20年代,先后发现了老君庙、鸭儿峡、单北、白杨河等油田。盆地在中、新生代经历了早白垩世断陷盆地演化阶段和新生代前陆盆地演化阶段,为断拗叠置型盆地。断陷期的酒泉盆地下白垩统赤金堡组和下沟组为一套纹层状泥质白云岩和白云质泥岩,藻纹层比较发育,是优质的烃源岩。拗陷期盆地的快速沉降导致烃源岩快速成熟、高效生烃,为油气运移提供了动力,同时挤压逆冲对构造圈闭、油气运移通道的形成和储层物性的改善起着关键的作用,形成的窟窿山等多个正向构造带是油气富集的有利区带。青西凹陷存在低成熟、成熟、高成熟3类原油,低成熟原油仅分布于青西凹陷的下沟组上段至中沟组,成熟原油发生了大规模的运移,形成了柳沟庄、鸭儿峡—老君庙—石油沟油田,而深层高成熟原油没有大规模向中浅层运移,青西凹陷具有寻找高成熟原油的资源潜力。希望该研究成果可为青西凹陷下白垩统油气勘探提供经验与思路。

酒西盆地断层活动特征及古地震研究

通过室内航片判读和野外调查 ,在酒西盆地发现 3条全新世活动逆掩断层 ,它们全新世以来的垂直活动速率都很接近 ,为 0 18～ 0 2 5mm/a。通过探槽揭露出的 3条断层全新世以来各发生两次古地震事件。根据探槽揭露的古地震年代及断层活动所形成的微地貌特征分析 ,阴洼山断层是独立活动的 ;北大河断层和新民堡断层上的古地震事件在时间上可能非常接近 ,具有丛集特征 ,或者是一次地震事件分别破裂这两条断层 。

第四纪以来酒泉盆地环境演变与祁连山隆升

地处青藏高原东北缘的祁连山系是晚新生代以来构造隆升的结果,酒泉盆地的沉积记录了祁连山隆升的过程;第四纪以来,在青藏高原强烈隆升的影响下,酒泉盆地的古地理环境演化变迁经历了漫长和复杂的过程。本文主要依据区内祁连山的冰期及冰川变化、第四纪地层特征及历史文化记录,结合酒泉黄泥堡乡第四纪研究钻孔资料中的孢粉分析成果等,在酒泉盆地第四纪以来建立了交替演化的12个寒冷期和12个温暖期,并分析了酒泉盆地第四纪沉积所记录的环境演变与祁连山隆升之间的关系,认为第四纪以来2500ka左右的“青藏运动B幕”之后,900ka左右的“昆仑-黄河运动”之后和150ka左右的“共和运动”之后随着青藏高原及祁连山的不断隆升,酒泉盆地的气候环境发生了三次大的转型。

混积岩储层特征——以酒泉盆地青西凹陷下白垩统混积岩为例

混积岩是指陆源碎屑与碳酸盐组分经混合沉积作用而形成的岩石,广义混积岩包括由陆源碎屑与碳酸盐组分在空间上构成交替互层或夹层的混合。本文在大量资料调研基础上,结合酒泉盆地青西凹陷下白垩统混积岩储层薄片观察、场发射扫描电镜观察、全岩及黏土矿物分析、压汞测试、纳米CT等研究工作,分析了混积岩储层岩性组合、储层特征等。宏观上,混积岩岩性复杂多样,由白云质泥岩、泥质白云岩、灰质泥岩、灰质白云岩、白云质灰岩等组成,剖面上呈现大段厚层式、厚夹薄层式、近等厚互层式三种组合样式;微观上,黏土矿物、碳酸盐矿物及有机质等呈纹层状或块状分布;储集空间主要为微—纳米级的粒间孔、粒内孔以及微裂缝,矿物组成及其含量是影响储集空间类型的一个主要因素;多数混积岩储层孔隙度、渗透率低,为致密储层。

酒泉盆地群热演化史恢复及其对比研究

酒泉盆地群是由两期不同性质、不同世代盆地叠加而成的 .晚侏罗纪—早白垩世为拉张断陷盆地 ,第三纪以来为挤压坳陷盆地 .酒泉盆地群现今地温梯度及大地热流值都较低 ,地温梯度主要在 2 51— 3 0 0℃ /1 0 0m之间 ,大地热流值在 50— 57mW /m2 之间 .酒泉盆地群中生代晚期为拉张断陷 ,古地温梯度高 ,可达 3 75— 4 50℃ /1 0 0m ,新生代以来地温梯度逐渐降低 ,而花海盆地、酒西盆地石北凹陷沉降幅度小 ,古地温高于今地温 .下白垩统烃源岩热演化程度受古地温控制 .主生烃期仅有一次 ,为早白垩世晚期 .酒西盆地青西凹陷、酒东盆地营尔凹陷在新生代以来大幅度沉降 ,下白垩统烃源岩热演化程度受现今地温控制 .主生烃期有两次 ,一次为早白垩世晚期 ,另一次为晚第三纪以来 ,且以晚第三纪以来为主 .不同盆地及同一盆地不同构造单元由于构造热演化史的不同 ,主生烃期及油气勘探前景明显不同 .

酒泉盆地南缘推覆构造特征及油气勘探方向

酒泉盆地南缘推覆构造是玉门油田今后勘探突破的一个关键地区。在概述了国内外逆掩推覆构造油气勘探的现状及面临的普遍性问题的基础上,分析了酒泉盆地南缘推覆构造的特殊性和油气藏分布规律,并就今后的勘探方向和地震构造解释方法提出了建议.酒西地区在勘探推覆构造带前缘地带的同时,还需向推覆构造的内部和下部发展,在青西凹陷寻找构造裂缝复杂油气藏,在寻找以白垩系为油源的油气藏的同时,还要考虑石炭-二叠系生油的可能性;在酒东地区的生油凹陷内应注意自生自储型油气藏的勘探;充分利用遥感、野外地质、区域地质、地球物理资料建立研究区的构造模型,利用钻井、地震资料建立地质-地震模型,利用平衡剖面反演和地震模拟正演技术对上述模型进行独立模拟,通过不断的修改,获得合理的构造解释。

酒东坳陷下白垩统砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物特征与储层物性

碳酸盐胶结物是酒东坳陷下白垩统砂岩内一种重要的自生矿物,其对深部储层储层质量有着重要影响。本文通过薄片观察、扫描电镜、能谱分析及碳氧同位素分析,认为碳酸盐胶结物主要为铁方解石、白云石和铁白云石,并且以后者为主,其分布具有不均一性且分带性明显。碳酸盐胶结物均为成岩作用后期产生,形成该矿物所需的物质主要来源于泥岩的黏土矿物转化和有机质热演化,还有一部分钙来源于斜长石的蚀变。碳酸盐胶结物的溶蚀溶解是深部低渗透储层中发育较为优质储层的重要原因,该溶蚀溶解必须存在流体运移的通道,另外,碳酸胶结物含量也对储层质量有所影响,当碳酸盐含量大于5%时,储层孔隙度随碳酸盐胶结物含量增加而降低,而当其含量小于5%时,储层孔隙度与碳酸盐胶结物含量之间没有明显对应关系。

青藏高原东北缘酒泉盆地的演化特征与宽台山-黑山断裂的性质

宽台山-黑山断裂位于酒泉盆地的北侧,向西与阿尔金走滑断裂相交,其北部为花海-金塔盆地。对酒泉地区白垩纪沉积盆地的研究和对比发现,虽然当时盆地多为断陷盆地,均受东西向伸展构造控制,但宽台山-黑山断裂两侧的盆地具有不同的基底性质和沉积岩石学特征。酒泉盆地、昌马盆地和北祁连褶皱带内的白垩系具有相同的早古生代褶皱基底,并发育有热水喷流沉积和玄武岩夹层,北祁连北缘断裂在白垩纪时尚未开始活动;花海-金塔盆地为前长城系深变质基底,盆地内不发育热水喷流沉积。宽台山-黑山断裂是青藏高原东北缘重要的岩石圈剪切断裂,控制了其南北两侧白垩纪盆地的沉积-构造演化。

河西走廊西段及邻区早白垩世盆地的重新厘定

对河西走廊西段及邻区的地震剖面进行了解释 ,结合钻井资料对其早白垩世时期的沉积与构造特征进行了系统分析 ,对盆地的原型进行了新的厘定。在早白垩世时期 ,该区中部并未发育宽台山 黑山隆起与天泉寺 合黎山隆起 ,原酒西盆地与花海、酒东和金塔盆地应同属统一的酒泉盆地。其中 ,原花海、酒西盆地应同属统一的酒西坳陷 ,内含青西、赤金、石大 花海 3个凹陷 ,后者又可以进一步分为花海次凹、石北次凹和大红圈次凹。原金塔、酒东盆地应同属统一的酒东坳陷 ,内含金塔、盐池、营尔和马营 4个凹陷。 2个大坳陷间以嘉峪关隆起作为分隔 ,而原始盆地的南部边界应位于现今边界以南 3 0～ 5 0km处。

酒东坳陷营尔凹陷下白垩统储层孔隙特征及其影响因素研究

酒东坳陷营尔凹陷油气储层以低孔、低渗和特低孔、特低渗为特征,储层物性差严重制约着该区油气的勘探和开发。本文通过岩石薄片、铸体薄片、荧光薄片、X衍射、扫描电镜和压汞分析等手段对该区孔隙特征及影响因素进行了研究,结果表明,该区储层孔隙类型主要以长石、硅质岩屑、石英和碳酸盐胶结物的粒间溶蚀孔隙和粒内溶蚀孔隙为主,纵向上在下沟组下段和赤金堡组顶发育有两个次生孔隙带。近物源快速堆积的沉积环境导致储层分选磨和圆差,矿物成分成熟度低,这是储层物性较差的根本原因。从成岩作用角度看,压实作用是导致储层物性变差的主要因素;粘土矿物和碳酸盐胶结物充填了大部分孔隙。胶结作用一方面充填于孔隙中使储层物性变差,另一方面又为后期溶蚀溶解奠定了物质基础。有机质热演化以及粘土矿物在成岩转化过程中释放的酸性水溶蚀及溶解作用产生大量次生孔隙,这是深部储层得以改善的主要原因。

甘肃酒泉盆地河流地貌与新构造运动

通过对甘肃酒泉盆地北大河、洪水坝河、丰乐河、马营河的阶地进行了野外形态量计，获得了它们的阶地纵剖面，对洪水坝河的阶地年龄进行了测定和估计，并通过卫星像片解译对这些河流的洪积扇进行了制图。作者认为酒泉盆地河流阶地纵剖面的形态和洪积扇的迁移受断层控制，河流在距今大约１６万年和４万年发生的两次由加积转化为下切的事件可能代表两次构造抬升相对强烈时期。

酒西盆地中新生代碎屑组分特征及指示意义

通过岩石碎屑成分分析,研究酒西盆地砂砾岩储集层沉积碎屑成分特征对物源属性、盆-山格局演化及油气成藏特征的指示意义。研究表明,酒西盆地下白垩统下沟组砂岩成分成熟度低,物源构造属性以再旋回造山带和部分岩浆弧为特征,物源岩石类型主要为中酸性岩浆岩和变质岩(沉积岩碎屑极少),岩石成分及其组合显示盆地东、西部的物源差异明显;古近系白杨河组在岩石成分、岩屑组成上与下白垩统下沟组砂岩有较大不同,显示物源属性的明显改变。物源属性的改变在一定程度上反映构造格局分异、盆-山格局的演变历程,控制了酒西盆地内油气富集和晚期成藏特征。碎屑成分特征在一定程度上决定了储集层的储集空间类型及裂缝发育规律,值得进一步深入研究。

酒泉盆地下白垩统藻纹层分布特征及其与油气的关系

酒泉盆地下白垩统纹层状泥质白云岩和白云质泥岩中有机纹层(藻纹层)结构发育,但非均质性很强,主要表现在相同层位不同地区及同一钻井不同深度藻纹层的含量悬殊。藻纹层的分布与发育都受到沉积相及相变的控制。藻纹层主要是由浮游藻类及其降解产物组成,藻类以绿藻门绿枝藻科的圆球藻为主要属种。藻纹层含量与源岩的生烃潜力呈正相关关系。酒西坳陷已发现的大部分原油主要源于下白垩统下沟组藻纹层泥质白云岩,表明藻纹层是酒泉盆地很重要的一种生烃物质,与酒泉盆地的油气具有密切的成生联系。富含有机质纹层的湖相碳酸盐岩不仅是优质的烃源岩,而且由于其生烃物质的层状富集,在生、排烃过程中,更有利于间隙微裂缝的形成和排烃。