Population genetic insights into the conservation of common walnut(Juglans regia)in Central Asia

The common walnut(Juglans regia)is one of the most economically important nut trees cultivated worldwide.Despite its importance,no comprehensive evaluation of walnut tree population genetics has been undertaken across the range where it originated,Central Asia.In this study,we investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of 1082 individuals from 46 populations across Central Asia.We found moderate genetic diversity of J.regia across Central Asia,with 46 populations clustered into three groups with a weak relationship between genetic and geographic distance.Our findings reveal that the western Himalaya might be the core region of common walnut genetic diversity in Central Asia and that,except for two populations in Gongliu Wild Walnut Valley,humans might have introduced walnut populations to Xinjiang,China.The observed distribution of the genetic landscape has probably been affected by historical climate fluctuation,breeding system,and prolonged anthropogenic activity.We propose the conservation of the core genetic diversity resources in the western Himalaya and pay special attention to populations from Gongliu in Xinjiang.These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic variation throughout the distribution range of J.regia in Central Asia,which will provide a key prerequisite for evidence-based conservation and management.

Protective effect of Solanum Nigrum Linn green fruit ethanolic extract on alcoholic liver injury in mice

Alcoholic liver injury is a liver disease caused by excessive alcohol consumption,which can lead to chronic liver disease death.Solanum Nigrum Linn taste bitter,cold,has the effect of clearing heat and detoxification,promoting blood and detumescence.Solanum Nigrum Linn fruit contains a variety of antioxidant enzymes,can remove the body produced by aerobic metabolism harmful substances.In this paper,a model of alcohol-induced liver injury in C57BL/6 mice was established to evaluate the protective effect of Solanum Nigrum Linn green fruit(SNGF)ethanolic extract on alcohol-induced liver injury.H&E staining and oil red O(ORO)staining showed that hepatic lobules were clearly demarcated,vacuoles were significantly reduced and lipid droplets were reduced in SNGF ethanolic extract treatment group.Serum levels of TC,TG,LDH,TBA,AKP,ALT and AST were decreased in the SNGF ethanolic extract treatment group,and SNGF ethanolic extract could clear reactive oxygen species(ROS)in time.MDA content was signifi cantly decreased after SNGF ethanolic extract treatment,while superoxide dismutase(SOD)and GSH-Px contents were increased after SNGF ethanolic extract treatment.These results suggest that SNGF ethanolic extract has a protective effect on alcohol-induced liver injury.

Antioxidant,antimicrobial,and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of saponin extracts from walnut(Juglans regia L.) leaves

Objective:To investigate the relationship between triterpenoid saponin content and antioxidant,antimicrobial,and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of 70%ethanolic,butanolic,aqueous,supernate and precipitate extracts of Juglans regia leaves.Methods:Triterpenoid saponins of different Juglans regia leaf extracts were measured by the vanillin method.Antioxidant activity was evaluated against DPPH and ABTS free radicals.We also assessed α-glucosidase inhibitory and antimicrobial activities of the leaf extracts.Pearson’s correlation coefficient was evaluated to determine the correlation between the saponin content and biological activities.Results:The butanolic extract was most effective against DPPH with an IC50of 6.63μg/mL,while the aqueous extract showed the highest scavenging activity against ABTS free radical with an IC50of 42.27μg/mL.Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated a strong negative correlation (r=-0.956) between DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50) and the saponin content in the samples examined.In addition,the aqueous extract showed the best α-glucosidase inhibitory activity compared with other extracts.All the extracts had fair antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis,Escherichia coli,and Klebsiella pneumoniae except for the aqueous extract.Conclusions:Juglans regia extracts show potent antioxidant,antimicrobial,and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities.There is a correlation between saponin levels in Juglans regia leaf extracts and the studied activities.However,additional research is required to establish these relationships by identifying the specific saponin molecules responsible for these activities and elucidating their mechanisms of action.

Current Status of Research on Pollen Vitality and Stigma Receptivity of Wuren Walnut(Juglans sigillata)in Guizhou Province

Wuren walnut is a unique germplasm resource of Juglans sigillata in Guizhou Province,named after its purple and black seed coat.It is a typical medicinal and edible plant with high nutritional value and good taste compared with ordinary walnut.The color of its inner seed coat is different from that of ordinary walnut,which is mostly light yellow.Wuren walnut has great market potential for development.To lay a theoretical foundation for the future breeding of improved varieties,pollination tree configuration,and hybrid breeding of Wuren walnut in Guizhou Province,this paper summarized the current research status of pollen vitality and stigma acceptability of Guizhou Wuren walnut in recent years,and looked forward to future research and application.

不同施肥处理对‘渝城1号’核桃产量、品质和土壤肥力的影响

以‘渝城1号’核桃为研究对象,设置单施复合肥、单施有机肥、施用核桃配方肥及不施肥4个处理,测定不同施肥处理时核桃产量、品质及核桃园土壤理化性质、微生物数量等,对核桃配方肥的应用效果进行评价。结果表明:施复合肥、有机肥及核桃配方肥均能提高核桃产量,其中,施用核桃配方肥的增产效果最好,经济效益最高,该施肥处理比不施肥的收益提高88.1%。相比于不施肥,施用核桃配方肥时核桃果实的蛋白质及脂肪总量显著提高,油酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸等不饱和脂肪酸占比增加,硬脂酸、棕榈酸等饱和脂肪酸占比下降。施用复合肥能促进核桃园土壤有效氮、磷、钾质量分数的增加,但会引起土壤pH及有机质质量分数下降。施用有机肥和核桃配方肥均能促进土壤有机质和有效养分质量分数增加。施用核桃配方肥后,土壤总微生物量增加,固氮菌、解磷菌、解钾菌、纤维降解菌等功能微生物数量均显著增多,土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶等活性大幅升高。施用核桃配方肥能显著提升核桃的产量和品质,更利于土壤养分转化和果园可持续经营。

Ethanol extract of Annona muricata Linn fruit perform antidiabetic effect on type 2 diabetic mice through α-glucosidase inhibition

Objective:To explore the anti-diabetic effects and its underlying mechanism of Annona muricata Linn fruit ethanol extract(AME).Methods:Streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic(T2DM)mouse model was constructed.Those diabetic mice were randomly grouped and given 50 mg/kg acarbose or AME(200 mg/kg,100 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg)for four weeks.The body weight,postprandial blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels were measured during the administration.After the administration,a glucose tolerance test was performed,and the levels of triglycerides,cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins in mice were detected by biochemical test kits.The inhibitory activity of AME onα-glucosidase in vivo and in vitro was determined by enzyme inhibition tests.Results:AME significantly reduced weight gain,postprandial blood glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin and low-density lipoprotein levels in T2DM mice;enhanced glucose tolerance and pancreaticβ-cell function of T2DM mice;inhibitedα-glucosidase activity in mouse intestine in an noncompetitive manner.Conclusion:AME may noncompetitive inhibitα-glucosidase activity and reduce postprandial glucose intake to achieve a therapeutic and regulatory effect on type 2 diabetes.

基于模糊数学的木姜叶柯玫瑰茄本草饮料制备

木姜叶柯与玫瑰茄的味觉特性限制了两种原料在食品工业中的广泛使用.为拓展木姜叶柯和玫瑰茄的应用,以木姜叶柯和玫瑰茄为主要原料,采用浸提法制备木姜叶柯及玫瑰茄浸提液,通过对饮料气味、色泽、组织状态和滋味进行权重分析,建立了木姜叶柯玫瑰茄本草饮料模糊数学感官评价方法;利用单因素试验和正交试验结合模糊数学感官评价法,确定了木姜叶柯玫瑰茄本草饮料的最佳配方,并对最佳产品的质量指标(可溶性固形物含量、总酸及总多酚质量浓度、澄清度)进行了测定.结果表明:木姜叶柯玫瑰茄本草饮料的最佳配方为木姜叶柯浸提液添加量3%,玫瑰茄浸提液添加量4%,柠檬酸添加量0.03%,复配甜味剂(甜度200)添加量0.03%.通过该配方制得的饮料质地均匀透亮、颜色呈玫红色、酸甜适宜,具有木姜叶柯和玫瑰茄特有的香味,其理化指标测定结果为:可溶性固形物含量0.16%±0.01%,总多酚质量浓度107.42±1.90 mg/L,总酸质量浓度0.30±0.01 g/L,澄清度73.62%±1.35%.

飞龙掌血茎和根不同炮制品对小鼠的急性毒性试验

旨在了解飞龙掌血[Toddalia asiatica(Linn)Lam.]茎和根不同炮制对小鼠急性毒性作用。130只KM小鼠适应性喂养3 d后,随机分为13组,包括溶媒组和12个药物试验剂量组(1个药材茎生品组和5个茎炮制组,1个根生品组和5个根炮制组,其中5种药材炮制品包括水煮制品、水洗制品、水蒸制品、酒蒸制品和酒炙制品)。溶媒组小鼠按40 mL/kg给予纯净水灌胃,给药3次,间隔4~5 h;茎各炮制品试验组小鼠按40 mL/kg灌胃,给药3次,间隔4~5 h;根各炮制品试验组小鼠按30 mL/kg灌胃,给药2次,间隔4~5 h,记录给药后各组小鼠14 d的主要临床症状、体重变化,并统计死亡率。结果表明,飞龙掌血及各炮制品可对小鼠产生急性毒性作用,临床中毒症状有自主活动减少、安静怠动、俯卧和翻正反射消失。炮制品组与溶媒组比较,在14 d内茎和根各炮制品均可致小鼠体重明显降低,且死亡率显著高于溶媒组(P<0.05或P<0.01);而与生品组比较,茎和根的5种炮制品在14 d内对小鼠体重的影响不显著,可有效降低小鼠的死亡率,其中以水煮法效果最佳。水煮、水洗、水蒸、酒蒸、酒炙炮制方法可以减小飞龙掌血茎和根(生品)对小鼠的毒性作用,但对小鼠体脂影响不显著。

海岸桐茎和果实的化学成分

采用超高效液相色谱-高分辨飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)技术对海岸桐(Guettarda speciosa Linn.)茎和果实的化学成分进行分析。结果显示:海岸桐茎中有35个化合物,包括三萜类12个、环烯醚萜类7个、酚酸及其苷类12个、强心苷类2个、黄酮类1个、苦木素类1个。海岸桐果实中有40个化合物,包括三萜类10个、环烯醚萜类8个、酚酸及其苷类8个、黄酮类8个、甾体类3个、脂肪酸类2个、二萜类1个。海岸桐茎和果实中共有成分18个,包括三萜类7个、环烯醚萜类6个、酚酸类及其苷类4个、黄酮类1个。综上所述,海岸桐茎中富含鞣质类酚酸成分,生态学意义较强;果实含有环烯醚萜类等活性物质,开发利用价值较高。

陕西省核桃黑斑病新病原的鉴定及室内药剂筛选

分离田间红仁核桃(Juglans regia ‘Robert Livermore’)病叶上的黑斑病病原细菌,通过科赫氏试验明确致病菌,并通过病原菌生化试验以及分子生物学技术明确病原菌的分类学地位。结果表明,从红仁核桃的田间核桃病叶中分离到23株菌落形态一致的细菌菌株,从中随机选取菌株进行科赫氏回接试验能引起红仁核桃叶片发病,通过生理生化表型试验,结合基于16S rDNA、gyrB、rpoD基因序列的多位点序列分析,将该病原鉴定为扁桃假单胞菌(Pseudomonas amygdali)。随后对12种药剂进行室内毒力测定,筛选出的6种药剂对该病原菌具有明显抑制作用。其中,四霉素抑菌效果最好,EC50为50.353 4 μg/mL,其他药剂抑菌效果表现为中生菌素>春雷霉素>噻菌酮>噻唑锌>氢氧化铜。

NaCl胁迫下pH值和氮素形态对狗牙根生长及钠钾离子调控的影响

以狗牙根〔Cynodon dactylon(Linn.)Pers.〕品种‘阳江’(‘Yangjiang’)为实验材料、2-(N-吗啡啉)乙磺酸(MES)为pH缓冲剂,采用水培法研究NaCl胁迫下pH值和氮素形态(铵态氮和硝态氮)对狗牙根生长和钠钾离子调控的影响。结果表明:处理1周后,若不添加MES,铵态氮处理组培养液的pH值下降到pH 4.0左右,而硝态氮处理组培养液的pH值则上升到pH 9.0左右;添加20 mmol·L^(-1)MES的铵态氮处理组培养液的pH值也下降到pH 4.0左右,而硝态氮处理组培养液的pH值则接近pH 7.0。与0 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl处理组相比,300 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl处理组狗牙根的枝条长度和枝条干质量显著(P<0.05)下降,而根长度、根干质量、根和叶中Na^(+)含量和Na^(+)/K^(+)比、钠钾选择性转运系数、叶Na^(+)和K^(+)的分泌量及分泌物Na^(+)/K^(+)比总体上显著升高。300 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl胁迫下,硝态氮处理组狗牙根的枝条长度、根长度、根干质量、根冠比、根中Na^(+)含量总体上显著高于铵态氮处理组,而叶中Na^(+)和K^(+)含量及Na^(+)/K^(+)比、叶Na^(+)和K^(+)的分泌量明显低于铵态氮处理组。300 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl胁迫下,20 mmol·L^(-1)MES处理组狗牙根的多数生长指标显著高于0 mmol·L^(-1)MES处理组,而根和叶中Na^(+)和K^(+)含量及Na^(+)/K^(+)比、钠钾选择性转运系数在0和20 mmol·L^(-1)MES处理组间的差异不显著。三因素方差分析结果表明:3个因子的单一和交互作用对多数生长指标、叶中Na^(+)含量和泌盐量相关指标的影响具有统计学意义。研究结果显示:硝态氮能缓解NaCl胁迫对狗牙根的伤害,而用MES缓冲根际酸碱环境对NaCl胁迫下狗牙根生长有一定的促进作用,因此,施用硝态氮或添加MES均有利于提高狗牙根的抗盐性。

胡桃属植物演化历史和基因组学研究进展

胡桃属约有22个物种,为第三纪孑遗植物,全球范围均有分布。该属植物种质资源丰富,具有重要的食用、材用、生态、经济、药用价值。其中,胡桃栽培历史悠久。综述胡桃属植物演化历史和基因组学方面的研究进展,从胡桃属植物物种形成、系统发育、生物地理和基因组学几个方面进行了阐述。对该属植物遗传多样性和驯化历史方面的研究前景进行展望。随着测序和分子生物技术的迅速发展,基因组学、转录组学、代谢组学、重测序、DNA甲基化、细胞器基因组、全基因组基因关联分析和其他组学技术将成为胡桃属植物演化历史、组学和育种的有利工具。

南亚热带生境下6种紫珠属植物的光响应模型拟合分析

利用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、直角双曲线修正模型和指数模型,对南亚热带生境下的6种紫珠属(Callicarpa)植物进行光合参数分析和光响应曲线拟合。通过对比4种模型计算光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)、最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))、暗呼吸速率(R_(d))和表观量子效率(AQE)以及决定系数(R^(2))、均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)等参数,筛选出6种紫珠属植物最适光响应模型。结果表明:直角双曲线修正模型是6种紫珠属植物进行光合研究的最适用光响应模型,杜虹花对强光和弱光的利用能力均最高,朝鲜紫珠的光合潜能最大。综上,不同紫珠属植物对光的利用能力既表现出种间差异性,又表现出种间相似性,4种光响应模型在紫珠属植物的光合参数计算上存在较大差异,但在模型的拟合优度和拟合精度上存在一致性。

基于标准汤剂的鲜龙葵果配方颗粒质量标准研究

目的基于标准汤剂的质量评价方法,建立鲜龙葵果配方颗粒的质量标准。方法制备并计算10批鲜龙葵果标准汤剂及3批配方颗粒的出膏率;以鲜龙葵果药材为对照,采用薄层色谱法(TLC)鉴别鲜龙葵果配方颗粒的专属性;采用超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)测定鲜龙葵果配方颗粒中澳洲茄碱、澳洲茄边碱的含量,并建立鲜龙葵果配方颗粒的特征图谱,确定4个特征峰及其相对保留时间的规定范围。结果标准汤剂出膏率为(18.21±1.87)%,确定的配方颗粒的出膏率范围为12.75%~23.67%,3批配方颗粒的出膏率分别为15.90%、21.26%、18.01%。标准汤剂中澳洲茄碱含量为(24.54±1.24)mg·g^(-1),澳洲茄边碱的含量为(31.34±1.65)mg·g^(-1);3批配方颗粒中澳洲茄碱含量分别为19.3 mg·g^(-1)、18.5 mg·g^(-1)、20.4 mg·g^(-1);澳洲茄边碱含量分别为23.9 mg·g^(-1)、22.9 mg·g^(-1)、25.8 mg·g^(-1)。识别出4个共有特征峰,以澳洲茄碱为参照物峰,其余3个峰的相对保留时间规定值分别为1.13、1.70、1.85。结论本研究证明鲜龙葵果配方颗粒与标准汤剂具有质量一致性,为制定配方颗粒的质量标准提供了数据支持。

基于UPLC-Q-Exactive MS技术3种核桃类种仁中甘油酯组成比较

基于超高效液相色谱-四级杆-轨道阱高分辨质谱联用(UPLC-Q-Exactive MS)技术比较分析了山核桃(Carya cathayensis Sarg.)、胡桃(Juglans regia Linn.)和薄壳山核桃〔Carya illinoinensis(Wangenh.)K.Koch〕3种木本油料作物种仁中甘油酯的组成及差异,结合LipidSearch软件和混合脂质内标对脂质分子进行定性及定量分析。结果显示:3种核桃类种仁中均鉴定到298个甘油酯,包括245个甘油三酯、38个甘油二酯、1个单半乳糖甘油二酯、9个双半乳糖甘油二酯和5个硫代异鼠李糖甘油二酯。偏最小二乘法判别分析得到104个变量投影重要度(VIP)大于1的脂质分子。山核桃和薄壳山核桃种仁中甘油三酯的主要脂肪酸为油酸,胡桃种仁中甘油三酯的主要脂肪酸为亚油酸。3种核桃类种仁中甘油二酯的主要脂肪酸均为亚油酸,其次为油酸。山核桃和薄壳山核桃种仁的甘油酯组成更为相近。UPLC-Q-Exactive MS可作为鉴别这3种木本油料作物种仁中甘油酯组成的有效方式。

无花果粗多糖提取工艺及抗氧化活性研究

本文以冻干无花果为原料,采用超声波辅助法提取粗多糖类物质,探讨提取溶剂、超声功率、提取温度和提取时间对无花果粗多糖提取率的影响,确定最佳提取参数,并通过DPPH自由基清除实验和总抗氧化能力测定评估无花果粗多糖的抗氧化活性。结果表明,以去离子水为提取剂,在超声功率为300 W、提取温度为75℃,提取时间为50 min的条件下,无花果多糖提取率最大。抗氧化活性实验结果表明,无花果粗多糖对DPPH自由基有明显的清除作用。

不同施肥配比对“辽宁1号”核桃树体生长及叶片内含物的影响

为了探索不同施肥处理对山地成龄核桃园中核桃树体生长和叶片内含物的影响,以“辽宁1号”核桃(Juglans regia)为试材,以节水节肥、提高树体营养为目标,以核桃生长期为基础,每个时期进行1次施肥,通过不同施肥组合的应用来筛选适宜的施肥时期。结果表明,所有水肥处理的树体生长指标、叶片营养指标和叶绿素含量均显著优于对照处理,传统的3次施肥处理在树体生长发育及叶片内含物方面表现较好,但叶片矿质元素、可溶性糖含量等指标与2次施肥处理差异不显著。1次施肥的所有指标显著低于3次施肥处理,说明适当减少水肥对核桃树体的生长及叶片的各项指标影响差异不大。综上所述,在生产中可以通过减少1次水肥来达到降低成本,节水节肥的目的。

核桃(Juglans regia)SRAP标记反应体系建立的研究

以核桃早实优系“绿园”和晚实优系“绿丰”及其F1杂交后代为试材,对核桃SRAP标记反应体系及SRAP标记在核桃中的多态性进行了研究。Mg2+是影响SRAP-PCR反应的重要因子,当Mg2+浓度为2.5mmol/L时,能得到较好的扩增效果。利用11对引物组合对两亲本及其杂交后代进行了SRAP-PCR扩增,以引物组合Em10-Me4多态性最高,在154个杂交后代单株中,扩增出1509条DNA条带,其中多态性条带为824条,多态性比率达54.6%。结果表明,SRAP标记可广泛应用于核桃的遗传多样性分析、种质鉴定、遗传连锁图谱的构建等方面的研究。

大蕉(Musaparadisiaca ABB Linn.)花序愈伤组织的诱导及其体细胞胚发生

大蕉未成熟雄花接种到胚性愈伤组织诱导培养基中,4￣5个月后可诱导出胚性愈伤组织,并可在继代培养基上增殖。胚性愈伤组织转移到体细胞胚诱导培养基中可诱导出体细胞胚。体细胞胚在成熟培养基上培养2个月后转移到含有0.2mg·L-16-BA的分化培养基上可以萌发,进而形成再生植株。组织学切片证明所诱导的愈伤组织是胚性组织,其所产生的体胚具有典型的单子叶植物体细胞胚的组织结构。

核桃(Juglans regia L.)维生素E代谢相关基因jrVTE3的克隆与分析

核桃(Juglans regia L.)坚果是重要的天然维生素E源。在维生素E合成代谢中,2-甲基-6-叶绿基-1,4-苯醌甲基转移酶(MPBQMTase)催化2-甲基-6-植基-1,4-苯醌(MPBQ)向2,3-二甲基-5-植基-1,4-苯醌(DMPBQ)的合成,是γ-生育酚和α-生育酚生物合成过程中的关键酶。本研究以‘香玲’核桃开花后90 d的胚组织为材料,利用RACE技术克隆了核桃MPBQMT的cDNA。序列分析表明,得到的cDNA全长1280 bp,有1020 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码340个氨基酸,将其命名为jrVTE3。序列同源性比较显示,jrVTE3基因与毛果杨MPBQ/MSBQ甲基转移酶基因以及蓖麻、葡萄、大豆的内膜包装蛋白基因有同源性较高;其ORF编码的多肽序列与橡胶、莴苣、毛果杨的MPBQ/MSBQ转移酶及葡萄、蓖麻的内膜包装蛋白有较高的同源性。jrVTE3编码的多肽序列中,有15个氨基酸可能为蛋白激酶磷酸化位点,多肽序列二级结构中有α–螺旋、无规则卷曲。在多肽序列中,有一个低成分复杂性区域和一个跨膜区段,还有一个第一类S-腺苷甲硫氮酸甲基转移酶(AdoMet-MTases,Class I)的保守域,这些序列结构体现了甲基转移酶结构的特点。这些结果对进一步研究核桃坚果仁中维生素E的合成的调控机制及核桃品质的遗传改良具有参考意义。