边界层动力过程在Madden－Julian振荡发展中的作用

利用包括边界层爱克曼辐合－降水加热过程在内的短期气候变化模式［１］，研究了Ｍａｄｄｅｎ－Ｊｕｌｉａｎ振荡［１１，１２］形成的机制。当经圈方向用抛物圆柱函数展开，并对赤道偶对称解取ｎ＝０，２，４三个截断模时，在长波近似下的自由波解，一为向东的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波，另外两支为向西的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波。当考虑边界层动力影响后，修正后的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波，其向东传播的速度约为１０ｍｓ－１，且在长波波段是不稳定的，最不稳定的波出现在纬向一波附近，不稳定增长率的量级约为Ｏ（１０ｍ－６ｓ－１），理论结果和Ｍａｄｄｅｎ－Ｊｕｌｉａｎ振荡在赤道附近主体环流东传的观测事实接近。另外两支修正后的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波，其中经圈尺度较小的那支波，除波长极长的波外，波是阻尼的；但另一支经圈尺度较大的波，在短的波段是不稳定增长的，这似乎可以用来解释Ｍａｄｄｅｎ－Ｊｕｌｉａｎ振荡中大尺度超级云团的西传过程。这些结果表明边界层动力过程在Ｍａｄｄｅｎ－Ｊｕｌｉａｎ振荡的形成中是一种重要的机制。

德尔格JULIAN麻醉机维修实例

本文通过维修JULIAN麻醉机实例的分析,总结了一些这一型号麻醉机维修思路,提供一点维修经验。

海表温度异常对Madden－Julian振荡的影响

在前文［１］的基础上，进一步研究当海表温度存在经圈方向不均匀分布或偏离气候状态（距平）时，改变水分收支平衡及边界层的湿度辐合这一物理过程对Ｍａｄｄｅｎ－Ｊｕｌｉａｎ振荡的可能影响。结果表明，它对修正的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波和Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的传播性质影响不大。但当海表温度为正距平时，修正后东传Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波振幅不稳定增长到ｅ倍的时间约减小了１４．５％，其不稳定增长率随着热源特征宽度的增加而增加，当特征宽度为２倍Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ变形半径时，不稳定增长率达极大，但当特征宽度继续增大时，其不稳定增长率又将减小。当海表温度为负距平时，修正后东传Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波振幅不稳定增长到ｅ倍的时间约增加２０％，其不稳定增长率随着冷源特征宽度的增加而减小，当特征宽度为２倍Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ变形半径时，其不稳定增长率达极小，此后；随着特征宽度的增加其不稳定增长率随之增加，但始终小于无海表温度异常的情形。经圈尺度较小的那支修正的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波除波长极长的波段外，波仍是阻尼的；而经圈尺度较大的那支修正的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波，在短的波段内仍是不稳定增长的。

Satellite Measurements of the Madden–Julian Oscillation in Wintertime Stratospheric Ozone over the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia

We investigate the Madden-Julian Oscillation （MJO） signal in wintertime stratospheric ozone over the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia using the harmonized dataset of satellite ozone profiles. Two different MJO indices -- the all-season Real-Time multivariate MJO index （RMM） and outgoing longwave radiation-based MJO index （OMI） -- are used to compare the MJO- related ozone anomalies. The results show that there are pronounced eastward-propagating MJO-related stratospheric ozone anomalies （mainly within 20-200 hPa） over the subtropics, The negative stratospheric ozone anomalies are over the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia in MJO phases 4-7, when MJO-related tropical deep convective anomalies move from the equatorial Indian Ocean towards the western Pacific Ocean. Compared with the results based on RMM, the MJO-related stratospheric column ozone anomalies based on OM1 are stronger and one phase ahead. Further analysis suggests that different sampling errors, observation principles and retrieval algorithms may be responsible for the discrepancies among different satellite measurements. The MJO-related stratospheric ozone anomalies can be attributed to the MJO-related circulation anomalies, i.e., the uplifted tropopanse and the northward shifted westerly jet in the upper troposphere. Compared to the result based on RMM, the upper tropospheric westerly jet may play a less important role in generating the stratospheric column ozone anomalies based on OMI. Our study indicates that the circulation-based MJO index （RMM） can better characterize the MJO- related anomalies in tropopause pressure and thus the MJO influence on atmospheric trace gases in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, especially over subtropical East Asia.

Simulation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation in Wintertime Stratospheric Ozone over the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia: Results from the Specified Dynamics Version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model

The authors examined the Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO) in stratospheric ozone during boreal winter using a simulation from the Specified Dynamics version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model(SD-WACCM) in 2004 and 2010. Comparison with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis(ERA-Interim) data suggested that the model simulation represented well the three-dimensional structure of the MJO-related ozone anomalies in the upper troposphere and stratosphere(i.e., between 200 and 20 h Pa). The negative ozone anomalies were over the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia in MJO phases 3–7, when the MJO convective anomalies travelled from the equatorial Indian Ocean towards the equatorial western Pacific Ocean. Due to the different vertical structures of the MJO-related circulation anomalies, the MJO-related stratospheric ozone anomalies showed different vertical structure over the Tibetan Plateau(25–40°N, 75–105°E) and East Asia(25–40°N, 105–135°E). As a result of the positive bias in the model-calculated ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, the amplitude of MJO-related stratospheric ozone column anomalies(10–16 Dobson Units(DU)) in the SD-WACCM simulation was slightly larger than that(8–14 DU) in the ERA-Interim reanalysis.

翻译批评研究的名与实——尤莉安娜·豪斯(Juliane House)教授访谈及启示

作为翻译研究图谱中的重要部分,翻译批评持续受到国内外研究者的关注,同时研究考虑的因素也从语言转换逐渐过渡到社会历史文化以及认知等宏观和微观因素。尤莉安娜·豪斯(Juliane House)教授是翻译批评研究界的执牛耳者,自1977年以来持续关注翻译批评研究,访谈中豪斯教授详细论述了翻译批评研究的名与实,前者包括目前对该领域研究的不同指称,后者则包括研究开展的视角、内容和方法等。最后,访谈人进而对推动翻译批评研究提出几点思考和展望。

Madden Julian Oscillations in Total Column Ozone, Air Temperature and Surface Pressure Measured over Cochin during Summer Monsoon 2015

The intra-seasonal variability plays a major role in the inter-annual variability of weather parameters such as rainfall, temperature and pressure which lead to extreme weather events in certain years. The active (more rainy days) and break (less rainy days) periods of Indian summer monsoon heavily depend on the intra-seasonal variability of weather parameters such as wind, pressure and temperature oscillations during the monsoon season. In the present analysis daily total column ozone, surface temperature and surface pressure measured over Cochin using Microtop II Ozonometer (sun Photometer) were used to study the Intra-Seasonal Variations (ISV) of the above parameters during the monsoon season, 2015. The dominant and significant intra-seasonal oscillations (ISOs) were identified using an advanced statistical method called the Discrete Mayer’s Wavelet (DMW) analysis. Two major ISOs such as Madden Julian Oscillations (MJO, 30 - 60 days) and quasi-bi weekly (12 - 16 days) oscillations were found in TCO, surface temperature and pressure. In TCO an additional mode of ISO with quasi tri-weekly periodicity was also found (16 - 22 day). It is observed that MJO mode is the dominant among all other modes and its positive and negative phases correlate with positive and negative anomalies of the above parameters. The ISO mode in the surface pressure shows an out of phase relation with the Indian summer monsoon rainfall which indicates the active and break periods of Indian summer monsoon. The contribution of MJO mode is dominant in the tropical atmosphere, which modulates the intra-seasonal variability. It is found that for the year 2015 total column ozone, surface pressure and surface temperature show an annual range of 30 DU, 4 hPa and 1°C, respectively.

Julian Corbett:广告的魔力是提供“欢乐时光”

每一年,快消品巨头们在广告营销上花费高昂,而更高的营销效率是他们一直寻求的。在新的市场变化下,如何能与消费者进行更有效的沟通是关键。在线上,品牌可以通过丰富有趣的数字化手段与消费者互动,但是到了线下似乎有些困难,是否能打通线上到线下的互动体验？2013年,Julian Corbett与哥哥Giles共同创建了Ksubaka（促巴卡）,通过游戏应用的数字化手段帮助品牌在线下零售渠道以一种新的形式接触消费者。

旅行摄影师Julian Love

Julian Love是英国最引人注目的旅行摄影师之一,也是去年"英国年度旅行摄影师大奖"的获得者。从作为学生单纯地迷恋旅行摄影到步入职业摄影师的行列,仅仅两年的时间。而如今,他的作品已大量出现在各种旅行刊物上并通过网上书店销往全世界。Love特别钟爱中东地区。不过,他下一步的拍摄目的地是印度和巴西。

Distinct influential mechanisms of the warm pool Madden-Julian Oscillation on persistent extreme cold events in Northeast China

本文利用高分辨率气温数据和热带季节内振荡(MJO)实时指数,研究了1979-2015年冬季MJO活动对中国东北持续性极端低温事件(PECE)的影响特征和机理.结果表明:当MJO对流分别位于暖池地区的东印度洋(位相3)和西太平洋(位相5)时,中国东北PECE的发生频率显著增加.利用温度方程诊断分析发现MJO两个位相所导致的冷却过程不同:当MJO处于位相3时,中国东北地区为低压异常,上升运动引起绝热冷却作用;而位相5所形成的气旋性环流为中国东北地区带来西北风冷平流,降温过程更强且持续更长时间.

Evaluation of the Madden-Julian oscillation in HiRAM

本研究评估了高分辨率大气环流模式HiRAM模拟的MJO.结果表明,HiRAM模拟的MJO东传很弱.我们通过计算整层积分的湿静力能(MSE)收支来诊断MJO东传模拟偏差的原因.结果发现,MSE倾向相对于MJO对流中心的纬向非对称分布很弱是导致东传模拟偏弱的原因,这主要是由MSE垂直平流和地表湍流通量的模拟偏差造成的.进一步研究表明,对流层上层MJO垂直环流结构的模拟偏差和MJO对流西侧的Rossby波环流偏强共同导致了模式的偏差.本研究中指出的MJO传播模拟偏差的原因与之前基于多模式结果的结论不同,这意味着要想了解特定模式的模拟偏差,有必要对该模式进行具体分析.

Research on the Response of the Upper Layer Heat Structure in the Western Pacific Warm Pool to the Mean Madden-Julian Oscillation

By using the long-term observed hydro-meteorological data (1985-2002) from the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean System (TAO) during the international Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) experiment, the key parameters of the Sea Surface Temperature (SST), thermocline depth, surface sensible heat flux and latent heat flux, and the pseudo wind stress in the Westen Equatorial Ocean are calculated in this paper. On the basis of the calculation, the response of upper layer heat structure in the Westen Pacific Warm Pool to the mean Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and its relation to the El Nio events are analyzed. The results show that within the MJO frequency band (42-108 d), the distributions of sea surface wind stress and upper ocean temperature have several spatial-temporal variation structures. Among these structures, the type-I surface pseudo wind stress field plays the role of inhibiting the eastward transport of ocean heat capacity, while the type-II strengthens the heat capacity spreading eastward. Therefore the type-II surface pseudo wind stress field is the characteristic wind field that provokes El Nio events. During calm periods (July-September) of the wind stress variations, the sensible and latent heat capacity fluxes change considerably, mostly in the region between 137°-140°E, while to the east of 150°E, the heat capacity flux changes less.\ In the mean MJO state, the type-I surface pseudo wind stress field structure dominates in the Western Pacific. This is why El Nio events can not occur every year. However, when the type-II and type-III surface pseudo wind stress field structures are dominant, an El Nio event is likely to occur. In this case, if the heat capacity of the Western Pacific Warm Pool is transported eastward and combined with the Equatorial Pacific heat capacity spreading eastward, El Nio events will soon occur.

朱利安·巴恩斯小说中的历史记忆与身份认同

朱利安·巴恩斯是英国当代著名小说家,2011年荣获布克奖,历史记忆是其小说的重要主题。巴恩斯通过多样的艺术形式深刻展现了历史记忆对型塑身份认同的重要意义。在其小说中,个体的记忆困惑与遗忘导致了身份认同危机,而记忆重拾则参与了身份认同的建构,此外国家也运用历史记忆型塑国民的国家认同,而超国家政治共同体则同样借用历史记忆维护其成员的认同感,巩固其政治地位。

MJO对2020年夏季中国东部持续性降水的维持作用

本文利用美国NOAA的CMORPH降水和NCEP的CFSv2再分析资料、欧洲中心ERA-5再分析数据、Wheeler和Hendon的MJO指数等资料和敏感性数值试验分析了MJO对2020年夏季中国东部持续性降水的影响机制。通过相关、回归、波源分析等方法发现:(1)与往年相比,2020年夏季风雨带在我国华南和长江中下游地区长时间维持,使得该地区季风降水具有明显的极端性特征;(2)同时,我国东部大气中高层位势高度出现负异常,伴随着水汽辐合和低层大气不稳定,均有利于2020年夏季强降水的维持;(3)2020年夏季MJO活跃于1、2位相,其振幅在10~30天具有显著的周期。MJO在非洲和印度洋产生显著的Rossby波源,该波源激发的波列沿急流传播,造成了我国东部位势高度负异常的维持,同时也有利于我国东部夏季降水的维持;(4)通过敏感性试验进一步验证,MJO的在10~30天的信号有利于在我国东部500 hPa上空形成负的位势高度异常,有利于该区域降水增加。

海温和MJO对2023年西南春旱的协同影响

2023年春季,我国西南地区发生了严重的气象干旱,对当地社会经济造成严重影响。为深入认识这次干旱事件的成因、并为未来西南地区春旱的预测提供科学依据,本文利用站点观测数据、美国国家环境预测中心和国家大气研究中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research,NCEP/NCAR)再分析数据、美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,NOAA)的海表温度等,采用T-N波作用通量和合成分析等方法,从海温和热带大气季节内振荡(Madden-Julian Oscillation,MJO)的角度深入探讨此次春旱成因。结果表明:(1)2023年我国西南春旱是高温干旱复合事件,3月干旱发生在中部,4月干旱加剧并向西扩展,5月干旱持续。(2)3月北太平洋的马蹄形海温异常导致西风急流偏南偏西,抑制了西南地区的降水。(3)4月印度洋暖海温通过Kelvin波导致孟加拉湾附近的反气旋式环流异常,西北太平洋暖海温通过Rossby波导致南海至菲律宾的气旋式环流异常,造成西南地区南部出现偏北风,导致水汽辐散,加剧干旱。(4)5月MJO长时间维持在西太平洋,通过Gill响应引发南海至菲律宾对流层低层的气旋异常,减少偏南水汽的输送,从而使得西南干旱持续。

Madden–Julian Oscillation: Its Discovery, Dynamics, and Impact on East Asia

In this review article,we pay primary attention to innovative works in the Madden–Julian Oscillation(MJO)field done by Chinese scientists.The historical aspect of discovery of the MJO and earlier studies of its dynamics by Chinese scientists are first described.It is followed by the description of recent advances in MJO propagation and initiation dynamics.For MJO eastward propagation,two types of the moisture mode theory are introduced.The first one emphasizes the effect of zonal asymmetry of perturbation moisture in the atmospheric boundary layer and the second one emphasizes the zonal asymmetry of column integrated moisture static energy(MSE)tendency.The mechanisms for MJO initiation over the western Indian Ocean include three distinctive processes:lower tropospheric moistening due to horizontal advection caused by preceding suppressed-phase MJO,midlatitude Rossby wave activity flux convergence in the upper troposphere originated from the Southern Hemisphere,and a delayed sea surface temperature feedback in association with a preceding opposite-phase MJO.The impacts of MJO on low-frequency variability of precipitation and temperature and associated extreme events in East Asia are also discussed.

Recent Advance in Understanding the Dynamics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation

The Madden-Julian oscillation （MJO） is a dominant atmospheric low-frequency mode in the tropics. In this review article, recent progress in understanding the MJO dynamics is described. Firstly, the fundamental physical processes responsible for MJO eastward phase propagation are discussed. Next, a recent modeling result to address why MJO prefers a planetary zonal scale is presented. The effect of the seasonal mean state on distinctive propagation characteristics between northern winter and summer is discussed in a theoretical framework. Then, the observed precursor signals and the physical mechanism of MJO initiation in the western equatorial Indian Ocean are further discussed. Finally, scale interactions between MJO and higher- frequency eddies are delineated.

Different Impacts of Madden–Julian Oscillation on Winter Rainfall over Southern China

Winter rainfall over southern China is usually enhanced when Madden–Julian oscillation(MJO) is active over the Indian Ocean, but it can be weakened under certain conditions. Here, the diversity of MJO impacts on winter rainfall and its mechanisms are explored by using scenarios of enhanced and suppressed rainfall anomalies over southern China when MJO is active over the Indian Ocean. The combined effects of low-frequency background moisture and intraseasonal winds are the major contributors to the different rainfall anomalies. Anomalous circulation in mid–high latitudes, especially on intraseasonal timescales, is almost opposite in the two scenarios, which can modulate the response of extratropical atmosphere to MJO heating and then induces the different circulations over southern China. In the enhanced scenario, mid–high latitudes of Eurasia and southern China are dominated by positive and negative sea level pressure anomalies, respectively. The southerly over southern China and the South China Sea induced by MJO heating promotes the anomalous moisture convergence and ascending motion over southern China, resulting in the enhanced rainfall. In the suppressed scenario, however, the circulation in mid–high latitudes does not favor rainfall over southern China and leads to the northerly response to MJO heating over southern China, which enhances moisture divergence and weakens rainfall over southern China.

Influence of Springtime Atlantic SST on ENSO:Role of the Madden-Julian Oscillation

Increased evidence has shown the important role of Atlantic sea surface temperature(SST) in modulating the El Nio-Southern Oscillation(ENSO). Persistent anomalies of summer Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO) act to link the Atlantic SST anomalies(SSTAs) to ENSO. The Atlantic SSTAs are strongly correlated with the persistent anomalies of summer MJO, and possibly affect MJO in two major ways. One is that an anomalous cyclonic(anticyclonic) circulation appears over the tropical Atlantic Ocean associated with positive(negative) SSTA in spring, and it intensifies(weakens) the Walker circulation. Equatorial updraft anomaly then appears over the Indian Ocean and the eastern Pacific Ocean, intensifying MJO activity over these regions. The other involves a high pressure(low pressure) anomaly associated with the North Atlantic SSTA tripole pattern that is transmitted to the mid-and low-latitudes by a circumglobal teleconnection pattern, leading to strong(weak) convective activity of MJO over the Indian Ocean. The above results offer new viewpoints about the process from springtime Atlantic SSTA signals to summertime atmospheric oscillation, and then to the MJO of tropical atmosphere affecting wintertime Pacific ENSO events, which connects different oceans.