Garlic Extract (<i>Allium sativum</i>) Enhances Spatial Working Memory in Wistar Rats: Involvement of Hippocampal Na⁺/K⁺ATPase and Ca²⁺ATPase Activities

Hippocampus plays a central role in the acquisition and recall of both episodic and spatial memory. Studies have shown that garlic has neuroprotective effects in various capacities and enhancement of different forms of memory. However, the effect of garlic spatial memory and direct effect of garlic extract on the activities of membrane bound enzymes Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ ATPase in the hippocampus of rat still remain elusive. Therefore, we studied the effect of ethanolic extract of garlic on spatial working memory using object location memory OLM test and the hippocampal Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ ATPase activities. Sixteen male wistar rats weighted 120 - 150 g were used and divided into two groups of eight rats each. The control and experimental groups were treated 1ml of normal saline and 500 mg/kg body weight of ethanolic extract of garlic respectively orally for three weeks. OLM test was carried out on the two groups. Animals were sacrificed and the brains were removed, and hippocampi were carefully excised and homogenate was obtained. Homogenate was analyzed for Na+/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ ATPase activities. There was significant increase in the exploration time in experimental group when compared with control group (p +/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ ATPase activities in experimental group when compared with control group (p +/K+ ATPase and Ca2+ ATPase. Our findings provide potential mechanism and therapeutic target for memory deficit neurological disorders.

Enhancement of green emission by the codoping A^+ (A= Li, Na, K) in Ca_2BO_3Cl:Tb^(3+) phosphor

Tb3＋-doped Ca2BO3C1 compounds with different charge compensation approaches are synthesized by a hightemperature solid-state reaction method, and the luminescent properties and Commission Internationale de l＇Eclairage （CIE） chromaticity coordinates are systematically characterized. Ca2BO3Cl：Tb3＋ can produce green emission under 376 nm radiation excitation. With codoped A＋ （A = Li, Na, K） as charge compensators, the relative emission intensities of Ca2BO3Cl：Tb3＋ are enhanced by about 1.61, 1.97, and 1.81 times compared with those of the direct charge balance, which is considered to be due to the effect of the difference in ion radius on the crystal field. The CIE chromaticity coordinates of Ca2BO3CI：Tb3＋, A＋ （A = Li, Na, K） are （0.335, 0.584）, （0.335, 0.585）, and （0.335, 0.585）, corresponding to the hues of green. Therefore, A＋ （A = Li, Na, K） may be the optimal charge compensator for Ca2BO3Cl：Tb3＋.

LYMPHOCYTIC AND ERYTHROCYTIC k^+, Na^+, Ca^(++), Mg^(++) CONTENT IN PATIENTS WITH CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

The content of lymphocytic and erythrocytic K -, Na- , Ca++, Mg++ changed in patients with congestive heart failure, related to clinical treatment and prognosis. The longer the course of disease, the more significant the changes, with no relation to the etiology of heart disease. The changes were partically improved after treatment of the heart failure. The content of electrolytes is not significantly different in patients in NYHA Class Ⅲ, compared to those in NYHA Class Ⅳ. The metabolic changes of electrolytes occur on the myocardial cells, skeletal muscle cells and peripheral erythrocytes in patients with congestive heart failure. However, serum electrolyte content does not reflect precisely overall electrolyte metabolism in the body. Whether similar, changes of electrolyte content occur in the peripheral lymphocytes is rarely reported. We studied the lymphocytic and erythrocytic electrolyte content in patients with congestive heart failure, to provide some reference in the clinical treatment and prognosis of congestive heart failure.

The Quantum-Mechanical Sensitive Na/K Pump Is a Key Mechanism for the Metabolic Control of Neuronal Membrane Function

At present, there are relevant scientific materials on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of electrogenic Na/K pump function and structure, as well as on the potential- and ligand-activated ionic channels in the membrane. However, the role of electrogenic Na/K pump in regulation of semipermeable properties of cell membrane has not been elucidated yet, which is due to the fact that our knowledge about the biophysical properties of cell membrane is based on the conductive membrane theory of Hodgkin-Huxley-Katz, which is developed on internally perfused squid axon and lacks intracellular metabolism. Thus, the accumulated abundance of data on the role of G-proteins-dependent intracellular signaling system in regulation of Na/K pump activity and biophysical properties of cell membrane presumes fundamental revision of some statements of membrane theory. The aim of the present review is to briefly demonstrate our and literature data on cell hydration-induced auto-regulation of Na/K pump as well as on its role in metabolic control of semipermeable properties and excitability of neuronal membrane, which are omitted in the study of internally perfused squid axon.

槟榔不同叶序K、Ca、Na、Mg含量的测定与变化规律

对槟榔不同叶序叶片的K、Ca、Na、Mg含量进行了测定并对其变化规律进行了分析。结果表明：1—7叶序K元素含量明显减少，Ca元素含量明显增加，Na元素含量各叶序间无明显变化趋势，Mg元素含量1—5叶较稳定，第7叶有下降趋势。成龄树叶片K含量变化范围为4237．9～8999．8μg/g，Ca为2880．3～5988．5μg/g，Na为91．7～154．0μg／g，Mg为1307．6～1866．1μg／g。第5叶宜作为营养诊断的采样叶位。

抗性甜菜夜蛾Na-K-ATP酶、Ca-ATP酶和Ca-Mg-ATP酶对高效氯氟氰菊酯的敏感性

分别测定了甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua敏感和抗高效氯氟氰菊酯品系神经系统Na-K-ATP酶、Ca-ATP酶和Ca-Mg-ATP酶的活力。结果表明，敏感和抗性品系Na-K-ATP酶活力差异不显著，而抗性品系Ca-ATP酶和Ca-Mg-ATP酶活力明显低于敏感品系。在浓度为1．0×10^-8～1．0×10^-3mol／L时。高效氯氟氰菊酯对敏感和抗性品系Na-K-ATP酶、Ca-ATP酶和Ca-Mg-ATP酶的活力均有抑制。并且对敏感品系的抑制作用高于对抗性品系。高效氯氟氰菊酯浓度为1．0×10^-4mol／L时，对敏感品系Na-K-ATP酶活力的抑制率为29．6％，对抗性品系的为21．8％，对敏感品系Ca-ATP酶活力的抑制率为34．3％，对抗性品系为21．9％，对敏感品系Ca-Mg-ATP酶活力的抑制率为22．3％，对抗性品系为16．9％，存在显著差异。表明甜菜夜蛾抗性品系上述3种ATP酶对高效氧氟氰菊酯的敏感性已明显下降。

不同地表状况、降雨强度与坡度对径流水中K、Na、Ca、Mg流失量的影响

采用室内模拟降雨装置,对供试的密云县农田褐土分别进行了在3种不同地表状况(裸地、草皮覆被、秸秆覆盖),3种降雨强度(60mm/h,90mm/h,120mm/h),5种坡度(10°,15°,20°,25°,30°)下的交叉实验,对不同降雨时间段下表层径流水中K、Na、Ca、Mg流失量进行测试分析,结果表明:在坡度10°,15°的3种降雨强度下,各阳离子流失量在相同时间段内总体表现为秸秆覆盖<草皮覆被<裸地,在坡度20°,25°,30°时草皮覆被对各阳离子流失量的抑制效果明显;相同地表、坡度和降雨时间段,K、Na、Ca、Mg流失量均表现出60mm/h<90mm/h<120mm/h,Mg规律性最强;相同雨强和降雨时段下,草皮覆被和秸秆覆盖地表下Na、Ca、Mg流失量随着坡度的增加呈递增态势;随着时间段的增加各阳离子流失量总体呈递增态势,只有在雨强90mm/h时部分元素有所差异;相同雨强1h时段内不同阳离子流失总量之间随坡度的变化存在相关性。

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定生物柴油中的K、Ca、Na、Mg

采用酸消解法对生物柴油样品进行前处理，使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定生物柴油中K、Ca、Na、Mg的含量。实验结果表明该方法在0．05~2．0mg·L-1的浓度范围内呈现了良好的线性关系，相关系数均大于0．999，相对标准偏差4．54％-5．72％，加标回收率86．5％～109．0％。最终建立起了一种快速高效，能够同时分析生物柴油中K、ca、Na、Mg含量的方法。

水环境(Mg^(2+)+Ca^(2+))/(Na^++K^+)比值对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长和能量收支的影响

为探索内陆天然咸水的离子组成调控方法,采用人工海水,在盐度30.2、pH8.2的条件下,研究了水环境(Mg2++Ca2+)/(Na++K+)比值对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾生长和能量收支的影响。实验持续45d,结果显示,水环境(Mg2++Ca2+)/(Na++K+)比值对凡纳滨对虾的生长、蜕皮、摄食、食物转化效率以及能量收支影响显著(P<0.05)。凡纳滨对虾对低(Mg2++Ca2+)/(Na++K+)比值的水环境耐受力很弱,而对较高(Mg2++Ca2+)/(Na++K+)比值水环境的耐受力略强。本研究表明,在以对虾养殖为目的而进行内陆天然咸水的离子组成的调节时,必须兼顾多种离子的浓度和比值,这样才能提高养殖的成功率。

Spinosyn A对家蝇生长发育及Na^+,K^+-ATPase、Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+)-ATPase和AChE的影响

研究了Spinosyn A对家蝇(Musca domestica L.)生长发育及其Na+,K+-ATPase、Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase和AChE的影响。结果表明,SpinosynA对家蝇有杀卵作用,且其化蛹率显著下降;SpinosynA在离体时低浓度抑制家蝇头部Na+,K+-ATPase活性而高浓度酶被激活,活体时在48h内酶活性都受到明显抑制,并随浓度升高而增强;离体时低浓度抑制家蝇Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase活性而高浓度时酶被激活;活体时24h后该酶被激活。离体时对家蝇头部AChE有弱的抑制作用,但不同处理浓度之间无差异,而在活体时48h内能显著激活AChE活性。

标准加入原子吸收法测定碳化钨中微量Fe,Mg,Ca,K和Na的含量

用 H3 PO4 - HNO3 - HCl溶解试样 ,在几个相同量的试液中 ,分别加入浓度依次递增的 5种元素的标准溶液 ,再加入释放剂 La Cl3 溶液和消电离剂 Cs Cl2 溶液 ,用空气 -乙炔火焰原子吸收法测定 Fe,Mg,Ca,K和 Na的含量 .建立了优化的仪器测定条件 ,并对可能存在的元素进行了干扰实验 .该方法的回收率为 98.3 %— 1 0 3 .2 % ,相对标准偏差为 1 .8%— 3 .5 %

脑梗塞患者ET与红细胞膜Na^+-K^+,Ca^(2+)-Mg^(2+)ATP酶的关系及其对血液粘度的影响

目的 :探讨脑梗塞患者 (CI)血浆内皮素 (ET)水平与红细胞膜Na+ -K+ 、Ca2 + -Mg2 + ATPase活力的关系及其对血液粘度的影响。方法 :测定 49例CI和 2 9例健康人的ET、Na+ -K+ ATPase、Ca2 + -Mg2 + ATPase以及血液粘度等指标。结果 :CI组 :ET水平与Na+ -K+ ATPase、Ca2 + -Mg2 + ATPase活力呈明显负相关 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ;与 ηb、ηp、ηre、HCT、K值、EAT、TK呈明显正相关。多元逐步回归统计分析 :ηb与ET的关系最为密切 (P <0 .0 1)。 结论 :①ET、Na+ -K+ ,Ca2 + -Mg2 + ATP酶活力的变化能引起血液粘度改变。其中ET主要是通过收缩血管 ,改变红细胞膜Na+-k+ 泵、Ca2 + 泵的活性 ,导致红细胞变形能力下降。②临床上采用保护血管张力的药物、稀释血液等综合治疗 ,能有效地预防和治疗脑动脉粥样硬化和CI。

mGluR1选择性拮抗剂LY367385对脑星形胶质细胞Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶的影响

背景：脑星形胶质细胞肿胀是肝衰竭时脑水肿的特征,但其机制尚未完全阐明。目的：研究代谢型谷氨酸受体1亚型（mGluR1）选择性拮抗剂LY367385对脑星形胶质细胞Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶的影响。方法：分离、培养小鼠脑星形胶质细胞,分为谷氨酸组、谷氨酸＋LY367385组、谷氨酸＋DMSO组和空白对照组,以定磷法检测Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性,以高效液相色谱法测定ATP含量。结果：与空白对照组相比,谷氨酸组、谷氨酸＋LY367385组和谷氨酸＋DMSO组Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶活性、Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性和ATP水平显著降低（P〈0.05）;谷氨酸＋LY367385组和谷氨酸＋DMSO组显著高于谷氨酸组（P〈0.001）,两组间则无明显差异。结论：mGluR1选择性拮抗剂LY367385可提高Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶和Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性,减少ATP消耗,从而有效保护脑星形胶质细胞,有望成为预防和治疗肝性脑病的药物。

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定透析液中K^+、Na^+、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)离子的含量

目的:建立透析液中K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+离子的含量测定方法。方法:采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定透析液中K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+离子的含量。结果:K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+离子的线性范围分别为0.1μg～1.8μg(r=0.9957);20μg～100μg(r=0.9973);1μg～5μg(r=0.9997);0.2μg～1.0μg(r=0.9897);加样回收率(n=6)分别为102.8%、97.1%、101.2%、108.3%;RSD为1.5%、2.3%、2.6%、2.5%。结论:该方法准确、可靠,具有良好的重复性和稳定性,可用于透析液中K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+离子的含量测定。

海水对兔眼晶状体的Na^+,K^+-ATP酶及Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+)-ATP酶功能的影响

目的:观察海水对兔眼晶状体Na+,K+-ATP酶及Ca2+,Mg2+-ATP酶功能的影响。方法:在兔眼前房内注入0.2ml海水后不同时间摘除眼球,分别测定其Na+,K+-ATP酶及Ca2+,Mg2+-ATP酶活性。结果:海水组兔眼晶状体两酶活性均先降低,再增高,最终完全或部分恢复正常;而对照组两酶的活性与正常组比较没有显著差别。结论:海水可使晶状体的Na+,K+-ATP酶及Ca2+,Mg2+-ATP酶的活性不同程度受损。

固相萃取-离子色谱法测定土壤中游离态的K^+、Na^+、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)

目的:建立用固相萃取-离子色谱法测定土壤中游离态的K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量。方法:采用固相萃取柱将土壤样品中干扰物质分离,用离子色谱法测定其中的K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+的含量。结果:当样品中游离态K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+的含量在0-10 mg/L时,其含量与峰面积呈线性关系,相关系数为0.9998-0.9999;样品的加标平均回收率在83.4%-96.0%之间。结论:该法操作简单、快速、灵敏度高、重现性好,用固相萃取技术大大降低了对色谱柱的污染,适于土壤中游离态的K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量的测定。

旋覆代赭汤及其拆方对RE大鼠血浆Na^+-K^+-ATP酶及Ca^(2+)-Mg^(2+)-ATP酶活性的影响

[目的]探讨反流性食管炎(RE)食管黏膜血浆细胞能量代谢与黏膜损伤的关系以及旋覆代赭汤治疗RE的作用机制。[方法]将120只Wistar大鼠按照随机数字法随机分为10组,每组12只,即正常组、模型组、旋覆代赭汤全方组(全方组)、苦降组、甘升组、升降相因组、去苦降组、去甘升组、去升降相因组和西药组;除正常组外,其余9组行"4.2 mm幽门夹+胃底2/3结扎术"造模。治疗14 d后,即造模后第22天处死,检测各组大鼠血浆Na^+-K^+-ATP酶及Ca^(2+)-Mg^(2+)-ATP酶的活性。[结果]实验后各模型组大鼠ATP酶活性低于正常组;全方组、西药组酶活性较好,与正常组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与模型组相比有统计学差异(P<0.05);苦降组及去甘升组与模型组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与全方组及西药组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);正常组与其他各组比较,均有统计学差异(P<0.05);西药组与全方组比较,差异无统计学意义。[结论]旋覆代赭汤全方组能提高模型大鼠血浆Na^+-K^+-ATP酶及Ca^(2+)-Mg^(2+)-ATP酶的活性,改善模型大鼠食管黏膜组织形态学病变,且作用优于各拆方组。

家兔急性心肌梗死心肌K^+/Na^+、Mg^(2+)/Ca^(2+)、Zn^(2+)/Cu^(2+)比值变化的研究

目的探讨家兔急性心肌梗死区心肌中K+/Na+/Mg2+/Ca2+/Zn2+/Cu2+比值的变化与急性心肌梗死发生的时间规律。方法用结扎家兔左冠状动脉建立急性心肌梗死区的模型,分别检测对照组心肌和实验组心肌中钾、钠、钙、镁、锌和铜值,然后计算K+/Na+、Mg2+/Ca2+、Zn2+/Cu2+比值并经统计学处理。结果(1)K+/Na+、Mg2+/Ca2+比值随心肌缺血时间延长呈进行性下降,K+/Na+比值在60 min、120 min实验组与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01);(2)Zn2+/Cu2+比值各实验组与对照组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),但随实验组缺血时间延长,Zn2+/Cu2+比值呈下降趋势,120 min组比15 min、30 min6、0 min组降低约1/2(P<0.01)。结论测定心肌梗死区K+/Na+、Mg2+/Ca/2+比值可以作为显示和判定急性心肌梗死的重要指标。

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定地下水中K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe等7元素

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)同时测定地下水中K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Si(H2SiO3)和S(SO42-)7个元素。结果表明,ICP-AES可以同时测定地下水中K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Si(H2SiO3)和S(SO42-)7个元素,实验回收率98.0%～101%,相对标准偏差RSD≤0.90%(n=10),检出限0.0067～0.13mg/L。方法快速、简便、准确。

Effects of Xianzhen Tablet（仙贞片）on Na^+-K^+-ATPase and Ca^(2+)-Mg^(2+)-ATPase in Erythrocytic Membranes and Viscosity of Whole Blood in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Patients with Qi-Yin Deficiency, Kidney Deficiency and Blood Stasis

Objective: To assess the effects of Xianzhen tablet (XZT) on Na+-K+ -ATPase and Ca2+ Mg2+-ATPase on erythrocytic membranes, viscosity of whole blood, plasma glucose and clinical manifestations.Methods: Seventy-two cases of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients with deficiency of both Qi and Yin, deficiency of the Kidney and blood stasis were selected, and the effects of treatment on Na+ K + -ATPase, Ca2+-Mg2+ -ATPase, whole blood viscosity, blood sugar and clinical Symptoms were observed.Results: In XZT group (test group), activities of Na+ -K+ -ATPase and Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase rose significantly(P< 0. 01, P< 0. 05) after treatment. Viscosity of whole blood and clinical manifestations also improved obviously. The total effective rate in lowering plasma glucose was 77. 8 % with fasting blood glucose (FBG) and 69.4 % with 2 hours postprandial plasma blood glucose (2°PBG). In the control group, viscosity of whole blood andclinical manifestations had no significant improvement. Its total effective rate in lowering plasma glucose was41. 7% with FBG and 38. 9% with 2°PBG. Conclusions: XZT played a certain role in increasing activities ofNa+ -K + -ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+ -ATPase, decreasing viscosity of whole blood and plasma glucose and improving clinical manifestations. Therefore, XZT was experimentally manifested as an effective drug in treating NIDDM patients with Qi-Yin deficiency, renal deficiency and blood stasis.