Ubiquitin-specific protease 1 facilitates tumor immune escape from natural killer cells and predicts the prognosis in small cell lung cancer

Objective:Small cell lung cancer(SCLC)is commonly recognized as the most fatal lung cancer type.Despite substantial advances in immune checkpoint blockade therapies for treating solid cancers,their benefits are limited to a minority of patients with SCLC.In the present study,novel indicators for predicting the outcomes and molecular targets for SCLC treatment were elucidated.Methods:We conducted bioinformatics analysis to identify the key genes associated with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in SCLC.The functional role of the key gene identified in SCLC was determined both in vitro and in vivo.Results:A significant correlation was observed between patient survival and CD56dim natural killer(NK)cell proportion.Furthermore,we noted that the hub gene ubiquitin-specific protease 1(USP1)is closely correlated with both CD56dim NK cells and overall survival in SCLC.Bioinformatics analysis revealed that USP1 is upregulated in SCLC.In addition,gene set enrichment analysis revealed that USP1 overexpression hinders NK cell-mediated immune responses.By co-cultivating NK-92 cells with SCLC cells,we demonstrated that NK cell cytotoxicity against SCLC could be improved either via USP1 knock-down or pharmacological inhibition.Furthermore,using a nude-mice xenograft tumor model,we noted that USP1 inhibition effectively suppressed tumor proliferation and increased the expression of NK cell-associated markers.Conclusions:Our study findings highlight the importance of NK cells in regulating SCLC.USP1 overexpression can inhibit NK cell-mediated immunity;therefore,USP1 may serve not only as a prognostic biomarker but also as a potential molecular target of SCLC therapy.

Programmed cell death 1 inhibitor sintilimab plus S-1 and gemcitabine for liver metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)is a highly aggressive cancer with poor prognosis.When it metastasizes to the liver,treatment options become particularly limited and challenging.Current treatment options for liver metastatic PDAC are limited,and chemotherapy alone often proves insufficient.Immunotherapy,particularly programmed cell death 1(PD-1)inhibitors like sintilimab,shows potential efficacy for various cancers but has limited reports on PDAC.This study compares the efficacy and safety of sintilimab plus S-1 and gemcitabine vs S-1 and gemcitabine alone in liver metastatic PDAC.AIM To explore the feasibility and effectiveness of combined PD-1 inhibitor sintilimab and S-1 and gemcitabine(combination group)vs S-1 and gemcitabine used alone(chemotherapy group)for treating liver metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma.METHODS Eligible patients were those with only liver metastatic PDAC,an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-1,adequate organ and marrow functions,and no prior anticancer therapy.Participants in the combination group received intravenous sintilimab 200 mg every 3 weeks,oral S-140 mg/m²twice daily on days 1-14 of a 21-day cycle,and intravenous gemcitabine 1000 mg/m²on days 1 and 8 of the same cycle for up to eight cycles or until disease progression,death,or unacceptable toxicity.Participants in the chemotherapy group received oral S-140 mg/m²twice daily on days 1-14 of a 21-day cycle and intravenous gemcitabine 1000 mg/m²on days 1 and 8 of the same cycle for up to eight cycles.Between June 2020 and December 2021,66 participants were enrolled,with 32 receiving the combination treatment and 34 receiving chemotherapy alone.RESULTS The group receiving the combined therapy exhibited a markedly prolonged median overall survival(18.8 months compared to 10.3 months,P<0.05)and progression-free survival(9.6 months vs 5.4 months,P<0.05).compared to the chemotherapy group.The incidence of severe adverse events did not differ significantly between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION The combination of PD-1 inhibitor sintilimab with S-1 and gemcitabine demonstrated effectiveness and safety for treating liver metastatic PDAC,meriting further investigation.

Role of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1/2 in secondary injury after cerebral hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)is a common severe emergency in neurosurgery,causing tremendous economic pressure on families and society and devastating effects on patients both physically and psychologically,especially among patients with poor functional outcomes.ICH is often accompanied by decreased consciousness and limb dysfunction.This seriously affects patients’ability to live independently.Although rapid advances in neurosurgery have greatly improved patient survival,there remains insufficient evidence that surgical treatment significantly improves long-term outcomes.With in-depth pathophysiological studies after ICH,increasing evidence has shown that secondary injury after ICH is related to long-term prognosis and that the key to secondary injury is various immune-mediated neuroinflammatory reactions after ICH.In basic and clinical studies of various systemic inflammatory diseases,triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1/2(TREM-1/2),and the TREM receptor family is closely related to the inflammatory response.Various inflammatory diseases can be upregulated and downregulated through receptor intervention.How the TREM receptor functions after ICH,the types of results from intervention,and whether the outcomes can improve secondary brain injury and the long-term prognosis of patients are unknown.An analysis of relevant research results from basic and clinical trials revealed that the inhibition of TREM-1 and the activation of TREM-2 can alleviate the neuroinflammatory immune response,significantly improve the long-term prognosis of neurological function in patients with cerebral hemorrhage,and thus improve the ability of patients to live independently.

Activin A receptor type 1C single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk in Chinese population

BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)superfamily plays an important role in tumor progression and metastasis.Activin A receptor type 1C(ACVR1C)is a TGF-βtype I receptor that is involved in tumorigenesis through binding to dif-ferent ligands.AIM To evaluate the correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)of ACVR1C and susceptibility to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)in Chinese Han population.METHODS In this hospital-based cohort study,1043 ESCC patients and 1143 healthy controls were enrolled.Five SNPs(rs4664229,rs4556933,rs77886248,rs77263459,rs6734630)of ACVR1C were assessed by the ligation detection reaction method.Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test,genetic model analysis,stratified analysis,linkage disequi-librium test,and haplotype analysis were conducted.RESULTS Participants carrying ACVR1C rs4556933 GA mutant had significantly decreased risk of ESCC,and those with rs77886248 TA mutant were related with higher risk,especially in older male smokers.In the haplotype analysis,ACVR1C Trs4664229Ars4556933Trs77886248Crs77263459Ars6734630 increased risk of ESCC,while Trs4664229Grs4556933Trs77886248Crs77263459Ars6734630 was associated with lower susceptibility to ESCC.CONCLUSION ACVR1C rs4556933 and rs77886248 SNPs were associated with the susceptibility to ESCC,which could provide a potential target for early diagnosis and treatment of ESCC in Chinese Han population.

Gamma-glutamyl transferase 5 overexpression in cerebrovascular endothelial cells improves brain pathology,cognition,and behavior in APP/PS1 mice

In patients with Alzheimer’s disease,gamma-glutamyl transferase 5(GGT5)expression has been observed to be downregulated in cerebrovascular endothelial cells.However,the functional role of GGT5 in the development of Alzheimer’s disease remains unclear.This study aimed to explore the effect of GGT5 on cognitive function and brain pathology in an APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease,as well as the underlying mechanism.We observed a significant reduction in GGT5 expression in two in vitro models of Alzheimer’s disease(Aβ_(1-42)-treated hCMEC/D3 and bEnd.3 cells),as well as in the APP/PS1 mouse model.Additionally,injection of APP/PS1 mice with an adeno-associated virus encoding GGT5 enhanced hippocampal synaptic plasticity and mitigated cognitive deficits.Interestingly,increasing GGT5 expression in cerebrovascular endothelial cells reduced levels of both soluble and insoluble amyloid-βin the brains of APP/PS1 mice.This effect may be attributable to inhibition of the expression ofβ-site APP cleaving enzyme 1,which is mediated by nuclear factor-kappa B.Our findings demonstrate that GGT5 expression in cerebrovascular endothelial cells is inversely associated with Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis,and that GGT5 upregulation mitigates cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice.These findings suggest that GGT5 expression in cerebrovascular endothelial cells is a potential therapeutic target and biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease.

Plantamajoside improves type 2 diabetes mellitus pancreaticβ-cell damage by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress through Dnajc1 up-regulation

BACKGROUND Plantamajoside(PMS)has shown potential in mitigating cell damage caused by high glucose(HG)levels.Despite this,the precise therapeutic effects of PMS on type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and the underlying regulatory mechanisms require further exploration.AIM To investigate PMS therapeutic effects on T2DM in mice and elucidate its mechanisms of action through in vivo and in vitro experiments.METHODS An in vitro damage model of MIN6 cells was established using HG and palmitic acid(PA).PMS's protective effect on cell damage was assessed.Next,transcriptomics was employed to examine how PMS treatment affects gene expression of MIN6 cells.Furthermore,the effect of PMS on protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and apoptosis pathways was validated.A T2DM mouse model was used to validate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of PMS in vivo.RESULTS PMS intervention ameliorated cell injury in HG+PA-induced MIN6 cell damage.Transcriptomic analysis revealed that protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum and apoptosis pathways were enriched in cells treated with PMS,with significant downregulation of the gene Dnajc1.Further validation indicated that PMS significantly inhibited the expression of apoptosis-related factors(Bax,CytC)and endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)-related factors[ATF6,XBP1,Ddit3(CHOP),GRP78],while promoting the expression of Bcl-2 and Dnajc1.Additionally,the inhibitory effects of PMS on ERS and apoptosis were abolished upon Dnajc1 silencing.Furthermore,in vivo experiments demonstrated that PMS intervention effectively improved pancreatic damage,suppressed the expression of apoptosis-related factors(Bax,CytC),and ERS-related factors[ATF6,XBP1,Ddit3(CHOP),GRP78],while promoting the expression of Bcl-2 and Dnajc1 in a T2DM model mice.CONCLUSION PMS intervention could alleviate pancreatic tissue damage effectively.The mechanism of action involves Dnajc1 activation,which subsequently inhibits apoptosis and ERS,ameliorating damage to pancreaticβ-cells.

Programmed cell death receptor 1 inhibitor Pembrolizumab in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer

This editorial discusses Christodoulidis et al's article,which appeared in the most recent edition.The clinical trials have demonstrated the programmed cell death receptor 1(PD-1)inhibitor Pembrolizumab involved combination therapy can improve the efficacy of advanced gastric cancer(AGC).Pembrolizumab combined with chemotherapy can enhance its sensitivity,and further eliminate tumor cells that develop resistance to chemotherapy.The combination of Pembrolizumab and Trastuzumab targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 showed improved prognosis.The overall toxic effects of Pembrolizumab are significantly lower than traditional chemotherapy,and the safety is controllable.PD-1 inhibitor Pembrolizumab sheds a light on the treatment of AGC and brings new hope to the clinical practice.

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis induced by the anti-programmed cell death-1 inhibitor tislelizumab:A case report

BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)are a new class of antitumor agents.They enhance antitumor effects by blocking inhibitory receptors and related ligands expressed on T cells.ICIs also modulate regular immune cell activity,affecting the immune system and causing immune-related adverse events.The renal system is sometimes affected by these adverse events.Currently,the literature on ICIs-related glomerular injuries is scarce.CASE SUMMARY We present a patient who developed granulomatosis with polyangiitis(GPA)3 weeks after treatment with the anti-programmed cell death-1 inhibitor,tislel-izumab.The patient experienced proteinuria,hematuria,and acute kidney injury without pulmonary hemorrhage and tested positive for anti-neutrophil cyto-plasmic antibody(ANCA)-cytoplasmic type.Renal biopsy confirmed ANCA-associated vasculitis,and GPA was finally diagnosed.The patient received pulse treatment with glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide,and renal function improved.After self-discontinuation of the drug,the disease recurred,and the original treatment regimen was continued.However,the patient’s renal function continued to deteriorate.CONCLUSION Glucocorticoids plus cyclophosphamide are effective for treating GPA induced by tislelizumab.However,follow-up and patient education are needed.

腺病毒介导SDF-1/NELL-1双基因转染ADSCs复合Nano-n HA支架对犬下颌骨缺损修复的实验研究

目的:构建腺病毒介导的基质细胞衍生因子-1(stromal cell-derived factor-1,SDF-1)和尼尔样-1型分子(Nell-like molecule-l,Nell-1)双基因转染犬ADSCs复合Nano-n HA支架,观察其对犬下颌骨缺损的修复作用。方法:构建携SDF-1及NELL-1目的基因片段的腺病毒表达载体,分组转染犬ADSCs后行体外成骨分化诱导,ELISA法检测目的基因转染ADSCs后结合支架体内外生长各期目的蛋白表达。20只比格犬随机分为5组,A组为空白组(无支架置入),B组为单纯支架组,C组为SDF-1/Nano-n HA组,D组为Nell-1/Nano-n HA组,E组为SDF-1/Nell-1/Nano-n HA组。CM-Dil细胞标记后构建ADSCs-Nano-n HA支架骨组织工程复合体,制备犬双侧下颌骨缺损模型,将不同细胞支架复合体分组植入下颌骨缺损区。术后第4、8、12周取材行大体观察、CT、扫描电镜、细胞示踪实验及组织学检测,比较各组缺损区新骨形成情况,行统计学分析。结果:ADSCs传代培养及成骨诱导分化状态良好,荧光显微镜下观察SDF-1、Nell-1及SDF-1/Nell-1重组腺病毒均能稳定转染ADSCs,各组目的蛋白表达体内外实验表达有显著性差异。通过大体观察及X线、CT扫描、ECM检测发现转染组骨缺损区新骨形成情况优于未转染组,且共转染组成骨速度及质量优于其他各组。组织学染色可见转染组新骨形成及血管生成情况均优于未转染组,且共转染组新生骨小梁面积及骨成熟度均优于其他各组。结论:SDF-1、Nell-1均可转染ADSCs并可稳定表达,目的基因转染ADSCs复合Nano-n HA支架后可显著促进下颌骨缺损的成骨修复,为组织工程修复成骨提供了新路径。

三氧化二砷联合普纳替尼对白血病细胞KG-1的抑制效应

目的:探讨小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂普纳替尼联合三氧化二砷(arsenic trioxide,ATO)对人急性髓系白血病细胞KG-1的作用及可能机制。方法:CCK-8法检测普纳替尼及ATO对KG-1细胞增殖的影响;流式细胞术AnnexinⅤ/PI双重染色法检测细胞凋亡;实时荧光定量PCR检测细胞凋亡相关基因的表达;Western blot检测凋亡相关蛋白、成纤维细胞生长因子受体1(fibroblast growth factor receptor 1,FGFR1)蛋白及信号通路分子磷酸化水平的表达变化。结果:(1)ATO及普纳替尼对KG-1细胞的增殖抑制作用呈剂量依赖性,两药联合较单药作用具有更高的增殖抑制率、更少的集落形成及更多的细胞凋亡,差异均有统计学意义。(2)与DMSO组相比,ATO或普纳替尼均能显著下调Bcl-2表达,上调Bax及Caspase-3表达(P均<0.05);与单药作用相比,联合用药促进Bax及Caspase-3表达的作用更强(P均<0.01)。(3)普纳替尼显著抑制FGFR1基因及蛋白的表达(P均<0.01),ATO的加入并未使FGFR1表达进一步下降。信号通路研究显示,ATO可以显著抑制m-TOR和MAPK、STAT5的磷酸化(P均<0.001),但对PI3K/AKT、STAT3的磷酸化无明显影响。普纳替尼可以显著抑制FGFR1蛋白表达及STAT3、STAT5的磷酸化(P均<0.001),但对PI3K/AKT及MAPK的磷酸化无明显影响。两药联合后,STAT3的磷酸化水平较ATO或普纳替尼单药组进一步下调(P均<0.01)。结论:普纳替尼及ATO可能通过不同机制抑制KG-1细胞增殖及集落形成并诱导细胞凋亡;两药联合可进一步增强对KG-1细胞株的抑制效应。

蛋白激酶全抑制分析揭示KG-1细胞增殖的分子机制

目的:通过分析KG-1细胞对各种蛋白激酶抑制剂的反应,探讨其增殖的分子机制。方法:采用CCK-8法、实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)和Western-blot检测各种蛋白激酶抑制剂对KG-1细胞增殖、相关基因mRNA表达水平以及FGFR1下游信号通路蛋白磷酸化水平的影响。结果:NVP-BGJ398和PD173074有效抑制KG-1细胞的增殖,表明FGFR及其下游信号通路在KG-1细胞增殖过程中具有关键作用。使用FGFR抑制剂处理后,p-FGFR1和p-STAT5水平显著下降(P<0.001),p-Akt水平稍有下降(P<0.05),并未影响p-ERK水平(P>0.05)。结论:FGFR1OP2-FGFR1主要作用于下游STAT5信号通路,以促进细胞增殖。蛋白激酶全抑制分析是一种可靠而直接的方法,可用于确定癌细胞增殖的分子机制。

PD-L1单抗加强紫杉醇联合香菇多糖体外抗人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231作用

目的 探讨程序性细胞死亡-配体1(PD-L1)单抗、紫杉醇(PTX)联合香菇多糖(LNT)体外对人乳腺癌细胞(MDA-MB-231)的作用。方法 将MDA-MB-231、人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)和MDA-MB-231+PBMC共培养,随机分为对照组、PTX组、LNT组、MPDL3280A(PD-L1单抗)组、PTX+LNT组和PTX+LNT+MPDL3280A组。采用CCK8检测细胞的活性;流式细胞术检测MHC-I和PD-L1的表达;ELISA试剂盒检测IFN-γ和TNF-α的含量。结果 与对照组相比,PTX组、MPDL3280A组、PTX+LNT组及PTX+LNT+MPDL3280A组显著抑制MDA-MB-231的活性(P<0.01);LNT组和PTX+LNT+MPDL3280A组显著促进PBMC的免疫作用(P<0.05,P<0.01);PTX+LNT+MPDL3280A组显著抑制MDA-MB-231+PBMC共培养MDA-MB-231的活性(0.56±0.16 vs. 0.39±0.13,P<0.05);LNT显著促进MDA-MB-231上PD-L1的表达和PBMC分泌IFN-γ(P<0.05)。结论 PD-L1单抗通过阻断PD-L1与PD-1之间的作用,提高免疫,促进PTX联合LNT的体外抗三阴性乳腺癌作用。

DADS下调DJ-1通过PTEN/Akt通路抑制人胃癌MGC803细胞侵袭与上皮-间质转化

目的:探讨二烯丙基二硫(diallyl disulfide,DADS)下调DJ-1通过PTEN/Akt通路抑制人胃癌MGC803细胞侵袭与上皮-间质转化的作用。方法:实验分为MGC803组、空载体组、DJ-1过表达组、MGC803+DADS组、空载体+DADS组、DJ-1过表达+DADS组。MTT、平板克隆、细胞划痕和侵袭实验检测DADS对MGC803细胞增殖、克隆形成、迁移与侵袭的影响;相差显微镜观察DADS对MGC803细胞形态学的影响;qRT-PCR、Western blot与免疫荧光检测DJ-1、PTEN、p-Akt、Snail、Vimentin、E-cadherin、MMP-9与TIMP-3表达。结果:MTT显示,24 h、48 h和72 h后,DADS处理后,各组细胞的增殖率分别较处理前下降(P<0.05)。平板克隆显示,DADS处理后,克隆形成数较处理前各组减少(P<0.05)。划痕实验显示,24 h时,DADS处理后的划痕距离,分别较处理前各组增加(P<0.05)。迁移实验显示,DADS处理后,各组的迁移细胞较处理前各组减少(P<0.05)。侵袭实验显示,DADS处理后,侵袭细胞较处理前减少(P<0.05)。DADS处理后,DJ-1表达较处理前下降(P<0.05),PTEN表达较处理前上调(P<0.05),免疫荧光与上述结果一致。DADS处理后,各组p-Akt表达下调(P<0.05)。相差显微镜显示,DADS处理后,MGC803组与DJ-1过表达组异型性下降,Snail、Vimentin与MMP-9表达下调,E-cadherin与TIMP-3表达上调(P<0.05)。结论:DADS下调DJ-1可负调控PTEN/Akt通路抑制人胃癌MGC803细胞侵袭与上皮-间质转化。

Neural stem cell-derived exosomes regulate cell proliferation,migration,and cell death of brain microvascular endothelial cells via the miR-9/Hes1 axis under hypoxia

Background:Our previous study found that mouse embryonic neural stem cell(NSC)-derived exosomes(EXOs)regulated NSC differentiation via the miR-9/Hes1 axis.However,the effects of EXOs on brain microvascular endothelial cell(BMEC)dysfunction via the miR-9/Hes1 axis remain unknown.Therefore,the current study aimed to determine the effects of EXOs on BMEC proliferation,migration,and death via the miR-9/Hes1 axis.Methods:Immunofluorescence,quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,cell counting kit-8 assay,wound healing assay,calcein-acetoxymethyl/propidium iodide staining,and hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to determine the role and mechanism of EXOs on BMECs.Results:EXOs promoted BMEC proliferation and migration and reduced cell death under hypoxic conditions.The overexpression of miR-9 promoted BMEC prolifera-tion and migration and reduced cell death under hypoxic conditions.Moreover,miR-9 downregulation inhibited BMEC proliferation and migration and also promoted cell death.Hes1 silencing ameliorated the effect of amtagomiR-9 on BMEC proliferation and migration and cell death.Hyperemic structures were observed in the regions of the hippocampus and cortex in hypoxia-induced mice.Meanwhile,EXO treatment improved cerebrovascular alterations.Conclusion:NSC-derived EXOs can promote BMEC proliferation and migra-tion and reduce cell death via the miR-9/Hes1 axis under hypoxic conditions.Therefore,EXO therapeutic strategies could be considered for hypoxia-induced vascular injury.

血清VEGF-D、NSE、Cyfra21-1水平与非小细胞肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移的相关性

目的分析血清VEGF-D、NSE、Cyfra21-1水平与非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)纵隔淋巴结转移的相关性。方法收集102例NSCLC患者临床资料,依照患者纵隔淋巴结转移情况分为转移组(21例)和未转移组(81例)。比较2组一般资料、VEGF-D、NSE、Cyfra21-1水平,分析VEGF-D、NSE、Cyfra21-1水平与NSCLC纵膈淋巴结转移的关系,受试者操作特征曲线(ROC)下面积(AUC)评价VEGF-D、NSE、Cyfra21-1水平对NSCLC纵隔淋巴结转移的预测价值。结果2组性别、年龄、肿瘤家族史、病理类型、肿瘤直径、TMN分期比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);转移组VEGF-D、NSE、Cyfra21-1水平均高于未转移组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。VEGF-D、NSE、Cyfra21-1联合对NSCLC纵隔淋巴结转移的预测价值良好,灵敏度相对单一指标较好,AUC为0.805。三者预测阈值分别为411.775 ng/L、25.135μg/L、7.985μg/L。结论NSCLC纵隔淋巴结转移患者血清VEGF-D、NSE、Cyfra21-1水平显著升高,VEGF-D、NSE、Cyfra21-1水平对NSCLC纵隔淋巴结转移有良好的预测价值。

Efficacy and predictive factors of transarterial chemoembolization combined with lenvatinib plus programmed cell death protein-1 inhibition for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND The efficacy and safety of transarterial chemoembolization(TACE)combined with lenvatinib plus programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)for unresectable hepato-cellular carcinoma(HCC)have rarely been evaluated and it is unknown which factors are related to efficacy.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and independent predictive factors of TACE combined with lenvatinib plus PD-1 inhibitors for unresectable HCC.METHODS This study retrospectively enrolled patients with unresectable HCC who received TACE/lenvatinib/PD-1 treatment between March 2019 and April 2022.Overall survival(OS)and progression-free survival(PFS)were determined.The objective response rate(ORR)and disease control rate(DCR)were evaluated in accordance with the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors.Additionally,the prognostic factors affecting the clinical outcome were assessed.RESULTS One hundred and two patients were enrolled with a median follow-up duration of 12.63 months.The median OS was 26.43 months(95%CI:17.00-35.87),and the median PFS was 10.07 months(95%CI:8.50-11.65).The ORR and DCR were 61.76%and 81.37%,respectively.The patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Classification(BCLC)B stage,early neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR)response(decrease),or early alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)response(decrease>20%)had superior OS and PFS than their counterparts.CONCLUSION This study showed that TACE/lenvatinib/PD-1 treatment was well tolerated with encouraging efficacy in patients with unresectable HCC.The patients with BCLC B-stage disease with early NLR response(decrease)and early AFP response(decrease>20%)may achieve better clinical outcomes with this triple therapy.

多激酶抑制剂联合PD-1抑制剂在肝胆管结石合并胆管癌患者中的疗效与安全性研究

目的探讨酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)联合程序性死亡蛋白-1(PD-1)抑制剂在肝胆管结石合并胆管癌患者中的疗效与安全性。方法研究选取了2021年2月至2024年2月期间在南阳市中心医院接受治疗的81例肝胆管结石合并胆管癌患者,根据治疗方式分为观察组(TKI联合PD-1抑制剂治疗)39例和对照组(TKI单独治疗)42例。比较两组患者的一般资料(性别、年龄、病程、主要症状、肝功能分级、肿瘤分期及TKI使用情况)、疗效评估,以及不良反应发生情况,结果两组患者一般资料(性别比例、年龄、病程、主要症状、肝功能分级、肿瘤分期及TKI使用情况)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组患者的疾病控制率明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),但两组客观缓解率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者的不良反应(肝功能异常、皮疹、血小板减少、恶心呕吐、免疫性肝损伤、中性粒细胞减少、白细胞减少)发生情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论TKI联合PD-1抑制剂在治疗肝胆管结石合并胆管癌患者中具有一定疗效,疾病控制率较优,且安全性较好,不会额外增加不良反应。

Small extracellular vesicles from hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells attenuate spinal cord injury via miR-146a-5p-mediated regulation of macrophage polarization

Spinal cord injury is a disabling condition with limited treatment options.Multiple studies have provided evidence suggesting that small extracellular vesicles(SEVs)secreted by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)help mediate the beneficial effects conferred by MSC transplantation following spinal cord injury.Strikingly,hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived SEVs(HSEVs)exhibit increased therapeutic potency.We thus explored the role of HSEVs in macrophage immune regulation after spinal cord injury in rats and their significance in spinal cord repair.SEVs or HSEVs were isolated from bone marrow MSC supernatants by density gradient ultracentrifugation.HSEV administration to rats via tail vein injection after spinal cord injury reduced the lesion area and attenuated spinal cord inflammation.HSEVs regulate macrophage polarization towards the M2 phenotype in vivo and in vitro.Micro RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses of SEVs and HSEVs revealed that mi R-146a-5p is a potent mediator of macrophage polarization that targets interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1.Reducing mi R-146a-5p expression in HSEVs partially attenuated macrophage polarization.Our data suggest that HSEVs attenuate spinal cord inflammation and injury in rats by transporting mi R-146a-5p,which alters macrophage polarization.This study provides new insights into the application of HSEVs as a therapeutic tool for spinal cord injury.

Prohibitin 1 inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis via the p53-mediated mitochondrial pathway in vitro

BACKGROUND Prohibitin 1(PHB1)has been identified as an antiproliferative protein that is highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed,and it participates in a variety of essential cellular functions,including apoptosis,cell cycle regulation,prolifera-tion,and survival.Emerging evidence indicates that PHB1 may play an important role in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).However,the role of PHB1 in HCC is controversial.AIM To investigate the effects of PHB1 on the proliferation and apoptosis of human HCC cells and the relevant mechanisms in vitro.METHODS HCC patients and healthy individuals were enrolled in this study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria;then,PHB1 levels in the sera and liver tissues of these participates were determined using ELISA,RT-PCR,and immunohistoche-mistry.Human HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells were transfected with the pEGFP-PHB1 plasmid and PHB1-specific shRNA(shRNA-PHB1)for 24-72 h.Cell prolif-eration was analysed with an MTT assay.Cell cycle progression and apoptosis were analysed using flow cytometry(FACS).The mRNA and protein expression levels of the cell cycle-related molecules p21,Cyclin A2,Cyclin E1,and CDK2 and the cell apoptosis-related molecules cytochrome C(Cyt C),p53,Bcl-2,Bax,caspase 3,and caspase 9 were measured by real-time PCR and Western blot,respectively.RESULTS Decreased levels of PHB1 were found in the sera and liver tissues of HCC patients compared to those of healthy individuals,and decreased PHB1 was positively correlated with low differentiation,TNM stage III-IV,and alpha-fetoprotein≥400μg/L.Overexpression of PHB1 significantly inhibited human HCC cell proliferation in a time-dependent manner.FACS revealed that the overexpression of PHB1 arrested HCC cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and induced apoptosis.The proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase was significantly increased and the proportion of cells in the S phase was decreased in HepG2 cells that were transfected with pEGFP-PHB1 compared with untreated control and empty vector-transfected cells.The percentage of apoptotic HepG2 cells that were transfected with pEGFP-PHB1 was 15.41%±1.06%,which was significantly greater than that of apoptotic control cells(3.65%±0.85%,P<0.01)and empty vector-transfected cells(4.21%±0.52%,P<0.01).Similar results were obtained with SMMC-7721 cells.Furthermore,the mRNA and protein expression levels of p53,p21,Bax,caspase 3,and caspase 9 were increased while the mRNA and protein expression levels of Cyclin A2,Cy-clin E1,CDK2,and Bcl-2 were decreased when PHB1 was overexpressed in human HCC cells.However,when PHB1 was upregulated in human HCC cells,Cyt C expression levels were increased in the cytosol and decreased in the mitochondria,which indicated that Cyt C had been released into the cytosol.Conversely,these effects were reversed when PHB1 was knocked down.CONCLUSION PHB1 inhibits human HCC cell viability by arresting the cell cycle and inducing cell apoptosis via activation of the p53-mediated mitochondrial pathway.

Single-cell analysis of tumor microenvironment and cell adhesion reveals that interleukin-1 beta promotes cancer cell proliferation in breast cancer

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC), which is so called because of the lack of estrogen receptors(ER), progesterone receptors(PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2) receptors on the cancer cells, accounts for 10%–15% of all breast cancers. The heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment is high.However, the role of plasma cells controlling the tumor migration progression in TNBC is still not fully understood.Methods: We analyzed single-cell RNA sequencing data from five HER2 positive, 12ER positive/PR positive, and nine TNBC samples. The potential targets were validated by immunohistochemistry.Results: Plasma cells were enriched in TNBC samples, which was consistent with validation using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Cell communication analysis revealed that plasma cells interact with T cells through the intercellular adhesion molecule 2–integrin–aLb2 complex, and then release interleukin 1 beta(IL1B), as verified by immunohistochemistry, ultimately promoting tumor growth.Conclusion: Our results revealed the role of plasma cells in TNBC and identified IL1B as a new prognostic marker for TNBC.