Conversion of Lignin into Porous Carbons for High-Performance Supercapacitors via Spray Drying and KOH Activation: Structure-Properties Relationship and Reaction Mechanism

Lignin-derived porous carbons have emerged as promising electrode materials for supercapacitors.However,the challenge remains in designing and controlling their structure to achieve ideal electrochemical performance due to the complex molecular structure of lignin and its intricate chemical reactions during the activation process.In this study,three porous carbons were synthesized from lignin by spray drying and chemical activation with vary-ing KOH ratios.The specific surface area and structural order of the prepared porous carbon continued to increase with the increase of the KOH ratio.Thermogravimetric-mass spectrometry(TG-MS)was employed to track the molecular fragments generated during the pyrolysis of KOH-activated lignin,and the mechanism of the thermochemical conversion was investigated.During the thermochemical conversion of lignin,KOH facili-tated the removal of H2 and CO,leading to the formation of not only more micropores and mesopores,but also more ordered carbon structures.The pore structure exhibited a greater impact than the carbon structure on the electrochemical performance of porous carbon.The optimized porous carbon exhibited a capacitance of 256 F g-1 at a current density of 0.2 A g-1,making it an ideal electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors.

KOH共热法和水热活化法制备多孔竹活性炭的比较

我国竹材资源丰富,以竹废料为原料,制备可用于超级电容器电极材料的竹活性炭,有助于推动竹产业发展,助力国家“双碳”目标实现。在本研究中,分别采用KOH共热和水热处理对竹粉进行活化,并对制备的竹活性炭进行电化学性能、比表面积、表面微观形貌等测试。实验结果表明,KOH共热活化法的最佳条件为炭化温度350℃,活化温度900℃,升温速率2℃/min,碱炭质量比4∶1;制备的活性炭比表面积为3 299 m2/g, 0.5 A/g电流密度下的比电容为287.8 F/g, 5 000次充放电测试后,电容保持率为95%~105%。水热活化法的最佳条件为KOH质量分数20%,反应温度150℃,反应时间12 h,制备的活性炭比表面积为192.91 m2/g, 0.5 A/g电流密度下的比电容为170.4 F/g,电容保持率为88.89%。2种方法制备的活性炭孔径结构都是以微孔为主,中孔混合分布,含有少量大孔;2种活性炭均含有双层或多层石墨烯结构,但水热活化法制备的活性炭石墨化程度更高,制备条件更温和。研究结果既可为超级电容器用活性炭的研究提供了理论思路,也有效地扩展了竹材的应用领域。

低热-NaOH联合处理破解浓缩活性污泥释放碳源的试验研究

以低热-NaOH联合处理破解剩余活性污泥,考察NaOH投加量、加热温度、反应时间对污泥破解释放碳源的影响,通过总氮去除率分析污泥破解液代替生物脱氮外加碳源的效率,并研究该方法对污泥减量化的效果。结果表明:SCOD溶出率随NaOH投加量、加热温度和反应时间的增加而增大;当NaOH投加量为3.0g/L、加热温度为70℃、反应时间为24h时剩余活性污泥的破解效果最佳,污泥上清液中SCOD浓度可达1.829×10^(4)mg/L,总氮、氨氮、硝酸盐氮和总磷浓度分别达到943、419、487、204mg/L;污泥破解前后固体残渣中TSS含量由61.70 g/L下降至29.25g/L,VSS含量由31.95g/L下降至6.95g/L,生物减量化效果非常显著;污泥破解前后中值粒度D50分别为30.2、8.7μm,污泥破解过程中产生了大量的粒径为0.15μm左右的超细颗粒;扫描电镜结果显示污泥絮体和微生物细胞被破坏;在反硝化试验中,以最佳破解条件下释放的污泥破解液作为反硝化试验的补充碳源,结果显示COD利用率为83.4%,总氮的去除率为60.1%,脱氮的效果显著。低热-NaOH联合处理可在较低能耗下实现剩余活性污泥的碳源充分释放,且污泥减量化和资源化的效果优异,可为优化热碱法预处理剩余活性污泥提供依据。

Activated Carbon from Rice Husk with One-Step KOH Mechanical Mixing Activation as Adsorbent for Treating Phenolic Wastewater

This study investigates how large-surface-area biocarbons with high phenolic adsorption capacities can be obtained from cheap and abundant rice husk(RH).The RH is directly mixed with potassium hydroxide(KOH)and activated in a flowing N_(2) atmosphere,and the effects of the pyrolysis temperature and KOH to RH ratio on the structure of the obtained activated carbon adsorbents and their adsorption of p-nitrophenol and phenol are studied.The results show that the optimum pyrolysis temperature of RH is 750℃,whereby the highest surface area of 2047 m^(2)/g and best adsorption performance are obtained with a KOH to RH ratio of 3:1.Moreover,the obtained biocarbons achieve a maximum adsorption capacity of 175 mg/g for phenol and 430 mg/g for p-nitrophenol,which are higher than most previously reported data.

基于K循环的KOH活化石油焦制高比表面积活性炭联产氢气

KOH活化法制备高比表面积活性炭通常需要消耗大量KOH。为提高KOH利用效率,开发了一种基于K插层-脱插循环(以下简称“K循环”)的KOH活化石油焦制备高比表面积活性炭并联产H_(2)的方法:在升温活化过程,KOH与碳质原料反应转化为单质K、K_(2)O和K_(2)CO_(3)并析出H_(2),而K_(2)CO_(3)可继续反应生成单质K和K_(2)O;在降温脱插过程,脱插试剂水蒸气与插层K、游离单质K和K2O反应生成KOH和H_(2);生成的KOH在二次升温活化时再次与碳质原料反应,如此构成K循环。在水平舟式反应器中考察了碳质原料种类(石油焦和石墨)、活化剂KOH和其活化中间产物K_(2)CO_(3)对活化过程气体产物析出规律和产品活性炭孔隙结构性质的影响,并在此基础上分析了K循环机理。结果表明,K循环效率和H_(2)产量因所用碳质原料与活化剂不同而不同:石油焦的反应活性远高于石墨,KOH活化性能优于K_(2)CO_(3)。在KOH活化石油焦的K循环过程中,KOH转化率达80%,而K_(2)CO_(3)转化率为18.5%,经由K_(2)CO_(3)的转化环节决定了K循环效率。以石油焦为碳质原料、KOH为活化剂,在活化温度为800℃及脱插温度为250℃的条件下,4.5 g干燥后的石油焦与13.5 g KOH经二次活化-脱插,所得活性炭比表面积达2808 m^(2)/g,并联产1403 mL/g H_(2)(1 g石油焦产生1403 mL H_(2))。

KOH/NaOH活化法辣椒秸秆制备高表面积活性炭与表征

以废弃辣椒秸秆为原料,KOH/NaOH为活化剂,采用正交试验,研究了活化温度、时间、炭化温度及KOH/NaOH/C对吸附性能的影响,得出最佳工艺条件即活化温度为700℃、活化时间为80min、炭化温度为450℃、KOH/NaOH/C为3∶1∶1。此条件下制得的样品Langmuir比表面积高达3217.237m2/g,吸附平均孔径为3.590nm,皆高于单一KOH活化样品(SLangmuir=3159.200m2/g,D=2.672nm)。同时采用SEM和FT-IR对KOH/NaOH活化样品的表面形貌和官能团进行分析,并与单一KOH活化样品进行对照,发现它们的化学组成相似,并皆具有丰富和发达的孔隙结构,但KOH/NaOH活化样品出现更多的中孔和一定量的大孔。

NaOH/KOH改性柠檬渣吸附Cu^(2+)、Pb^(2+)和Cr^(6+)的研究

为了研究柠檬渣化学改性后的吸附性能,分别利用10%的KOH和NaOH对其进行改性。测量了改性前后柠檬渣对Cu^(2+)、Pb^(2+)和Cr^(6+)的吸附率,并测定了柠檬渣的灰分、碘吸附值、比表面积和孔结构(BET);利用差热分析(TG-DTA)、红外光谱(IR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱(EDS)对柠檬渣进行表征。改性后的柠檬渣对Pb^(2+)的吸附率增加近2倍,对Cr^(6+)的吸附率减小了近10倍左右,对Cu^(2+)吸附的影响不大;活化后的柠檬渣孔容分别增大3倍和4倍;柠檬渣在活化前后的孔径都为中孔;活化后的柠檬渣的比表面积、灰分和碘吸附值增幅较大。活化后的柠檬渣表面变得有些疏松,比表面积增加都超过了2倍,灰分率分别增加了近2倍和1.5倍左右,而碘吸附值分别增加了近3.5倍和2.5倍左右。柠檬渣为非晶型结构,改性前后并没改变柠檬渣的基本框架。活化和吸附Pb^(2+)样品的吸热峰和放热峰所对应的温度均不相同。

KOH,NaOH对工业品四氢呋喃中丁醛的脱除效果研究

以ＫＯＨ，ＮａＯＨ为化学处理剂，考查了二者在固定床反应器、釜式反应器中脱除工业品粗四氢呋喃（ＴＨＦ）中丁醛的最佳温度（４８℃）、停留时间对除醛效果的影响，以及在４８℃停留时间为６０ｍｉｎ时对粗四氢呋喃的处理能力．

NaOH-KOH熔盐中合成BaTiO_3反应过程电导率的变化

用交流阻抗谱法测量了３５０℃时共晶成分的ＮａＯＨ－ＫＯＨ熔盐中加入ＴｉＯ２和ＢａＣＯ３时体系电导率的变化,准确给出了３５０℃共晶成分ＮａＯＨ－ＫＯＨ熔盐的电导率为１．０５３Ω－１·ｃｍ－１,确认了在ＮａＯＨ－ＫＯＨ熔盐中ＴｉＯ２与ＢａＣＯ３反应,生成ＢａＴｉＯ３时熔盐不参与反应．实验数据表明３５０℃ＴｉＯ２与ＢａＣＯ３在共晶成分的ＮａＯＨ－ＫＯＨ熔盐中的溶解过程可在短时间内达到平衡．

KOH与NaOH浸渍麦草化学机械法制浆性能比较

探究了KOH与NaOH在用碱量3%~7%(以KOH计)与浸渍时间10~80 min的不同条件对麦草化学机械浆及所抄纸张物理化学性能的影响。结果表明,在常压、浸渍温度95℃的温和条件下,KOH浸渍的麦草化机浆与NaOH浸渍的麦草化机浆相比,具有更高的紧度和强度。在浸渍过程中,由于KOH具有较强的脱木素能力,纸浆得率下降较多;KOH碱性较强,导致残液的pH值较高。KOH比NaOH破坏麦草纤维素结晶区的能力更强,因此其浸渍后的麦草浆中纤维形态较NaOH浸渍后的纤维形态更优。

南疆棉花秸秆KOH及KOH/NaOH活化法制备活性炭和表征

利用两步合成法,以新疆南疆棉花秸秆为原料,单一KOH、复合KOH/Na OH为活化剂制备活性炭。通过正交试验确立最佳制备工艺条件,研究碱炭比、碳化温度、活化温度、活化时间等因素对吸附性能的影响,结果表明活性炭最大碘吸附值达到1 836mg/g。采用低温氮气吸附、BET、Langmuir理论对其孔结构进行了表征,BET比面积分别达到1 686m2/g,2 417m2/g;孔隙主要分布在微孔,平均孔径为1.752nm,1.855nm。同时采用SEM和FT-IR对KOH、KOH/Na OH活化样品的表面形貌和官能团进行对比分析,表明它们结构相似,但KOH/Na OH活性炭出现更多的微孔和一定量的大孔。

Effects of thermal activation conditions on the microstructure regulation of corncob-derived activated carbon for hydrogen storage

Activated carbons derived from corncob （CACs） were prepared by pyrolysis carbonization and KOH activation. Through modifying activation conditions, samples with large pore volume and ultrahigh BET specific surface area could be obtained. The sample achieved the highest hydrogen uptake capacity of 5.80 wt% at 40 bar and -196℃ The as-obtained samples were characterized by N2-sorption, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Besides, thermogravimetric analysis was also employed to investigate the activation behavior of CACs. Detailed investigation on the activation parameters reveals that moderate activation temperature and heating rate are favorable for preparing CACs with high surface area, large pore volume and optimal pore size distribution. Meanwhile, the micropore volume between 0.65 nm and 0.85 nm along with BET surface area and total pore volume has great effects on hydrogen uptake capacities. The present results indicate that CACs are the most promising materials for hydrogen storage application.

Short-Time Preparation of NaOH-Activated Carbon from Sugar Cane Bagasse Using Microwave Plasma Heating

The microwave induced argon plasma was applied to the preparation of NaOH-activated carbon from sugar cane bagasse. The distinguished feature of the heating technique with this cold plasma is the short operation time. The carbonization and the activation process were finalized in one step within 3 min. The prepared activated carbon with NaOH ratio 3 to bagasse characterized using N2 adsorption of type IV (IUPAC classification) to give specific surface area of 1980 m2/g and mesopore volume of 0.73 ml/g. It also showed a higher specific capacitance of 201 F/g in 1 M H2SO4 solution (with standard three electrodes) than the corresponding one by the conventional heating, previously reported. The other features were the absence of oxygen groups and the presence of carbon centered stable radicals, detected by ESR spectra, on the surface.

Preparation of activated carbon with low ash content and high specific surface area from coal in the presence of KOH

An activated carbon with ash content less than 10% and specific surface area more than 1 600 m 2 /g was prepared from coal and the effect of K containing compounds in preparation of coal based activated carbon was investigated in detail in this paper. KOH was used in co carbonization with coal, changes in graphitic crystallites in chars derived from carbonization of coal with and without KOH were analyzed by X ray diffraction (XRD) technique, activation rates of chars with different contents of K containing compounds were deduced, and resulting activated carbons were characterized by nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K and iodine numbers. The results showed that the addition of KOH to the coal before carbonization can realize the intensive removal of inorganic matters from chars under mild conditions, especially the efficient removal of dispersive quartz, an extremely difficult separated mineral component in other processes else. Apart from this, KOH demonstrates a favorable effect in control over coal carbonization with the goal to form nongraphitizable isotropic carbon precursor, which is a necessary prerequisite for the formation and development of micro pores. However, the K containing compounds such as K 2 CO 3 and K 2 O remaining in chars after carbonization catalyze the reaction between carbon and steam in activation, which leads to the formation of macro pores. In the end an innovative method, in which KOH is added to coal before carbonization and K containing compounds are removed by acid washing after carbonization, was proposed for the synthesis of quality coal based activated carbon.

离子膜法KOH与NaOH的工艺区别和联系

简要介绍了离子膜法KOH和NaOH的原料及生产工艺的区别和联系。

KOH活化多孔炭对甲基橙的吸附及其动力学研究

探究碱性改性的生物质炭对印染工业污水中甲基橙的吸附性能。结果表明:改性竹笋生物质炭具有大的比表积和丰富的孔结构,其对15 mL 30 mg·L^(-1)的甲基橙在210 min后达到平衡,最佳投加量和最大吸附量分别为7 mg·L^(-1)和64.1 mg·g^(-1),吸附动力学更加符合准二级动力学模型。

Comparative Study on Geopolymer Binders Based on Two Alkaline Solutions (NaOH and KOH)

This study specifically investigated the influence of the composition of aluminosilicate material i.e. the substitution of metakaolin by rice husk ash and the nature of alkaline activators (Na+/K+) on mineralogical, structural, physical and mechanical properties of geopolymer binders. This influence was evaluated based on X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM analyses, apparent density, water accessible porosity, compressive strength and thermal properties. Two types of geopolymer binder were synthesized according to the type of alkali activator used, the NaOH-based geopolymer and the KOH-based geopolymer. The results of characterization performed after 14 days of curing of geopolymer samples showed that the activation of the aluminosilicate powder using alkaline solution led to change in their microstructure. The highest compressive strength was obtained with the NaOH-based geopolymer.

水蒸气和KOH二次活化对活性炭孔隙结构的影响研究

以商业活性炭为原料,采用水蒸气和KOH为活化剂,在不同活化条件下制备二次活化样品。用DFT方程考察活性炭孔径的变化;用FT-IR技术对活性炭表面官能团进行分析表征;采用XRD技术测试活性炭中的乱层结构。结果表明:无论何种活化方式,延长活化时间和提高活化温度,均有利于制备高比表面积且孔径发达的活性炭;化学二次活化较物理活化更易制得高比表面积且孔径发达的活性炭,且两种活化方式制备的活性炭的孔结构存在明显的差异;在适宜的条件下,KOH二次活化制备的活性炭在孔径<4.00 nm的范围内孔结构发达,孔径在4.00 nm~8.00 nm出现明显的分布峰,且石墨化结构破坏严重。

NaOH代替KOH在真空碳酸盐脱硫工艺中的应用

针对Na OH和KOH化学性质相近、反应原理相似的特点,在真空碳酸钾脱硫工艺中尝试使用Na OH代替KOH,取得成功,既保证了脱硫效率,又降低了成本。