Experiments on rock joint behaviors have shown that joint surface roughness is mobilized under shearing,inducing dilation and resulting in nonlinear joint shear strength and shear stress vs.shear displacement behavior...Experiments on rock joint behaviors have shown that joint surface roughness is mobilized under shearing,inducing dilation and resulting in nonlinear joint shear strength and shear stress vs.shear displacement behaviors.The Barton-Bandis(B-B) joint model provides the most realistic prediction for the nonlinear shear behavior of rock joints.The B-B model accounts for asperity roughness and strength through the joint roughness coefficient(JRC) and joint wall compressive strength(JCS) parameters.Nevertheless,many computer codes for rock engineering analysis still use the constant shear strength parameters from the linear Mohr-Coulomb(M-C) model,which is only appropriate for smooth and non-dilatant joints.This limitation prevents fractured rock models from capturing the nonlinearity of joint shear behavior.To bridge the B-B and the M C models,this paper aims to provide a linearized implementation of the B-B model using a tangential technique to obtain the equivalent M-C parameters that can satisfy the nonlinear shear behavior of rock joints.These equivalent parameters,namely the equivalent peak cohesion,friction angle,and dilation angle,are then converted into their mobilized forms to account for the mobilization and degradation of JRC under shearing.The conversion is done by expressing JRC in the equivalent peak parameters as functions of joint shear displacement using proposed hyperbolic and logarithmic functions at the pre-and post-peak regions of shear displacement,respectively.Likewise,the pre-and post-peak joint shear stiffnesses are derived so that a complete shear stress-shear displacement relationship can be established.Verifications of the linearized implementation of the B-B model show that the shear stress-shear displacement curves,the dilation behavior,and the shear strength envelopes of rock joints are consistent with available experimental and numerical results.展开更多
Solid phase microextraction(SPME)in combination with high-resolution mass spectrometry was employed for the determination of metabolomic profile of mouse melanoma growth within in vitro 2D,in vitro 3D,and in vivo mode...Solid phase microextraction(SPME)in combination with high-resolution mass spectrometry was employed for the determination of metabolomic profile of mouse melanoma growth within in vitro 2D,in vitro 3D,and in vivo models.Such multi-model approach had never been investigated before.Due to the low-invasiveness of SPME,it was possible to perform time-course analysis,which allowed building time profile of biochemical reactions in the studied material.Such approach does not require the multiplication of samples as subsequent analyses are performed from the very same cell culture or from the same individual.SPME already reduces the number of animals required for experiment;therefore,it is with good concordance with the 3Rs rule(replacement,reduction,and refinement).Among tested models,the largest number of compounds was found within the in vitro 2D cell culture model,while in vivo and in vitro 3D models had the lowest number of detected compounds.These results may be connected with a higher metabolic rate,as well as lower integrity of the in vitro 2D model compared to the in vitro 3D model resulting in a lower number of compounds released into medium in the latter model.In terms of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation,the in vitro 2D model performed more similar to in vivo model compared to in vitro 3D model;however,it might have been due to the fact that only compounds secreted to medium were investigated.Thus,in further experiments to obtain full metabolome information,the intraspheroidal assessment or spheroid dissociation would be necessary.展开更多
The simulation of the dynamics of viral infections by mathematical equations has been applied successfully to the study of viral infections during antiviral therapy. Standard models applied to viral hepatitis describe...The simulation of the dynamics of viral infections by mathematical equations has been applied successfully to the study of viral infections during antiviral therapy. Standard models applied to viral hepatitis describe the viral load decline in the f irst 2-4 wk of antiviral therapy, but do not adequately simulate the dynamics of viral infection for the following period. The hypothesis of a constant clearance rate of the infected cells provides an unrealistic estimation of the time necessary to reach the control or the clearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV)/ hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. To overcome the problem, we have developed a new multiphasic model in which the immune system activity is modulated by a negative feedback caused by the infected cells reduction, and alanine aminotransferase kinetics serve as a surrogate marker of infected-cell clearance. By this approach, we can compute the dynamics of infected cells during the whole treatment course, and find a good correlation between the number of infected cells at the end of therapy and the long-term virological response in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The new model successfully describes the HBV infection dynamics far beyond the third month of antiviral therapy under the assumption that the sum of infected and non-infected cells remains roughly constant during therapy, and both target and infected cells concur in the hepatocyte turnover. In clinical practice, these new models will allow the development of simulators of treatment response that will be used as an "automatic pilot" for tailoring antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B as well as chronic hepatitis C patients.展开更多
It has been widely believed that trust is the basis for on-line trading by both academia and practice. The process of f initial trust formation is a dynamic and repeated process. In the electric business environment, ...It has been widely believed that trust is the basis for on-line trading by both academia and practice. The process of f initial trust formation is a dynamic and repeated process. In the electric business environment, this work chose to research the first phase of the process, which is initial trust. The Writer established dynamic model of initial trust formation biased on theory of planned behavior with other theories, such as TAM and social exchange theory, after micro-analyzing this formation mechanism from. in order to confirming effectiveness of the dynamic model, the writer adopted empirical study, from which writer got an order of. From the result of empirical study, we got the strength order of main factors that can influence the establishment of initial trust.展开更多
在对软件构架和B/S应用程序体系结构的研究过程中,提出了如何运用构架和构件组装技术,通过对可复用构件的组装进行B/S应用程序的设计和快速开发。文章拟以C2构架风格作为在整合应用系统的业务逻辑的基础设施,以B/S Model 2作为表示层的...在对软件构架和B/S应用程序体系结构的研究过程中,提出了如何运用构架和构件组装技术,通过对可复用构件的组装进行B/S应用程序的设计和快速开发。文章拟以C2构架风格作为在整合应用系统的业务逻辑的基础设施,以B/S Model 2作为表示层的框架原型,提出一种基于构架和构件的B/S结构模型,称为CB Model。并且介绍在研究过程中开发的组装支持工具BSAppBuilder。展开更多
The title complex i-C_4H_9Co(salen)(Py) (Py=pyridine. salen=dianion of disalicylideneethylenediamine) has been first synthesized. Its crystal structure has been determined by X-ray diffraction method. The crystsis are...The title complex i-C_4H_9Co(salen)(Py) (Py=pyridine. salen=dianion of disalicylideneethylenediamine) has been first synthesized. Its crystal structure has been determined by X-ray diffraction method. The crystsis are monoclinic with space group P2_1/ C. The unit cell parametes are presented. The structure has been refined to a final R of 0.038.展开更多
在结合已有技术架构的基础上提出了用XML Web Service作为系统应用基础并结合C/S与B/S的特点混合构建新型应用系统的思路。详细阐述了用XML Web Service技术支撑C/S和B/S结构的应用过程,并提出了服务对象的状态保持、分布式事务处理等...在结合已有技术架构的基础上提出了用XML Web Service作为系统应用基础并结合C/S与B/S的特点混合构建新型应用系统的思路。详细阐述了用XML Web Service技术支撑C/S和B/S结构的应用过程,并提出了服务对象的状态保持、分布式事务处理等技术难点的解决方案。展开更多
基金support from the University Transportation Center for Underground Transportation Infrastructure at the Colorado School of Mines for partially funding this research under Grant No.69A3551747118 of the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act(FAST Act) of U.S.DoT FY2016
文摘Experiments on rock joint behaviors have shown that joint surface roughness is mobilized under shearing,inducing dilation and resulting in nonlinear joint shear strength and shear stress vs.shear displacement behaviors.The Barton-Bandis(B-B) joint model provides the most realistic prediction for the nonlinear shear behavior of rock joints.The B-B model accounts for asperity roughness and strength through the joint roughness coefficient(JRC) and joint wall compressive strength(JCS) parameters.Nevertheless,many computer codes for rock engineering analysis still use the constant shear strength parameters from the linear Mohr-Coulomb(M-C) model,which is only appropriate for smooth and non-dilatant joints.This limitation prevents fractured rock models from capturing the nonlinearity of joint shear behavior.To bridge the B-B and the M C models,this paper aims to provide a linearized implementation of the B-B model using a tangential technique to obtain the equivalent M-C parameters that can satisfy the nonlinear shear behavior of rock joints.These equivalent parameters,namely the equivalent peak cohesion,friction angle,and dilation angle,are then converted into their mobilized forms to account for the mobilization and degradation of JRC under shearing.The conversion is done by expressing JRC in the equivalent peak parameters as functions of joint shear displacement using proposed hyperbolic and logarithmic functions at the pre-and post-peak regions of shear displacement,respectively.Likewise,the pre-and post-peak joint shear stiffnesses are derived so that a complete shear stress-shear displacement relationship can be established.Verifications of the linearized implementation of the B-B model show that the shear stress-shear displacement curves,the dilation behavior,and the shear strength envelopes of rock joints are consistent with available experimental and numerical results.
基金This work has been funded by the statutory grant from Nicolaus Copernicus University(Grant No.:451).
文摘Solid phase microextraction(SPME)in combination with high-resolution mass spectrometry was employed for the determination of metabolomic profile of mouse melanoma growth within in vitro 2D,in vitro 3D,and in vivo models.Such multi-model approach had never been investigated before.Due to the low-invasiveness of SPME,it was possible to perform time-course analysis,which allowed building time profile of biochemical reactions in the studied material.Such approach does not require the multiplication of samples as subsequent analyses are performed from the very same cell culture or from the same individual.SPME already reduces the number of animals required for experiment;therefore,it is with good concordance with the 3Rs rule(replacement,reduction,and refinement).Among tested models,the largest number of compounds was found within the in vitro 2D cell culture model,while in vivo and in vitro 3D models had the lowest number of detected compounds.These results may be connected with a higher metabolic rate,as well as lower integrity of the in vitro 2D model compared to the in vitro 3D model resulting in a lower number of compounds released into medium in the latter model.In terms of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation,the in vitro 2D model performed more similar to in vivo model compared to in vitro 3D model;however,it might have been due to the fact that only compounds secreted to medium were investigated.Thus,in further experiments to obtain full metabolome information,the intraspheroidal assessment or spheroid dissociation would be necessary.
文摘The simulation of the dynamics of viral infections by mathematical equations has been applied successfully to the study of viral infections during antiviral therapy. Standard models applied to viral hepatitis describe the viral load decline in the f irst 2-4 wk of antiviral therapy, but do not adequately simulate the dynamics of viral infection for the following period. The hypothesis of a constant clearance rate of the infected cells provides an unrealistic estimation of the time necessary to reach the control or the clearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV)/ hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. To overcome the problem, we have developed a new multiphasic model in which the immune system activity is modulated by a negative feedback caused by the infected cells reduction, and alanine aminotransferase kinetics serve as a surrogate marker of infected-cell clearance. By this approach, we can compute the dynamics of infected cells during the whole treatment course, and find a good correlation between the number of infected cells at the end of therapy and the long-term virological response in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The new model successfully describes the HBV infection dynamics far beyond the third month of antiviral therapy under the assumption that the sum of infected and non-infected cells remains roughly constant during therapy, and both target and infected cells concur in the hepatocyte turnover. In clinical practice, these new models will allow the development of simulators of treatment response that will be used as an "automatic pilot" for tailoring antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B as well as chronic hepatitis C patients.
文摘It has been widely believed that trust is the basis for on-line trading by both academia and practice. The process of f initial trust formation is a dynamic and repeated process. In the electric business environment, this work chose to research the first phase of the process, which is initial trust. The Writer established dynamic model of initial trust formation biased on theory of planned behavior with other theories, such as TAM and social exchange theory, after micro-analyzing this formation mechanism from. in order to confirming effectiveness of the dynamic model, the writer adopted empirical study, from which writer got an order of. From the result of empirical study, we got the strength order of main factors that can influence the establishment of initial trust.
文摘在对软件构架和B/S应用程序体系结构的研究过程中,提出了如何运用构架和构件组装技术,通过对可复用构件的组装进行B/S应用程序的设计和快速开发。文章拟以C2构架风格作为在整合应用系统的业务逻辑的基础设施,以B/S Model 2作为表示层的框架原型,提出一种基于构架和构件的B/S结构模型,称为CB Model。并且介绍在研究过程中开发的组装支持工具BSAppBuilder。
文摘The title complex i-C_4H_9Co(salen)(Py) (Py=pyridine. salen=dianion of disalicylideneethylenediamine) has been first synthesized. Its crystal structure has been determined by X-ray diffraction method. The crystsis are monoclinic with space group P2_1/ C. The unit cell parametes are presented. The structure has been refined to a final R of 0.038.
