Evaluation on Tourism Ecological Security in Nature Heritage Sites——Case of Kanas Nature Reserve of Xinjiang,China

The nature heritages are the precious legacy of nature with outstanding scientific and aesthetic value. They are quite different from other common ecotourism areas, because of its original and unique system, sensitive and vulnerable landscape, and peripheral cultural features. Therefore, the tourism development in the nature heritage sites should be on the premise of ecological security. The evaluation index system of tourism ecological security in nature heritage sites was constructed in this article by AHP and Delphi methods, including nature ecological security, landscape visual security and local culture ecological security, and the security thresholds of indices were also established. In the indices' weights of the evaluation model, the nature ecological security ranked the highest, followed by tourist landscape visual security and culture ecological security, which reflected the influence degree of the limited factor to tourism ecological security. Then, this paper carried out an empirical study of Kanas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, which has the potential to be the World Nature Heritage. On the basis of the data attained from survey and observation on the spot, as well as questionnaire answered by tourists and local communities, the ecological security status in Kanas was evaluated. The result showed that the status of Kanas tourism ecological security was better, but there had some limiting factors. Lastly, effective measures were put forward to ensure its ecological security.

Estimation on Aesthetic Value of Tourist Landscapes in a Natural Heritage Site:Kanas National Nature Reserve,Xinjiang,China

Most world natural heritage sites are designated partly by reason of their prominent aesthetic values in accordance with Article Ⅶ of World Natural Heritage Convention.In this paper, the aesthetic values of Kanas National Nature Reserve, which has potential for such designation, was analyzed quantitatively using scenic beauty estimation(SBE).The landscapes of 19 representative scenic spots in the Kanas National Nature Reserve in summer and autumn were selected as the objects of evaluation.The contributions of different landscape factors to the aesthetic value of the Kanas National Nature Reserve were revealed using a multivariate quantitative model.The main factors affecting the aesthetic value were waterscapes, vegetation, mountains, folk culture and the tourist environment.The t-test and F-test results are extremely significant.According to the results, some suggestions were given for conserving the landscapes in the Kanas National Nature Reserve.

Natural heritage values and comparative analyses of Kanas,China

Kanas is a National Nature Reserve and National 5A Scenic Area,and it is also high on China’s National Natural Heritage List. In this paper,with an integrated analysis and comparative geo-graphical approach,the genesis and current features of the Kanas landscape are analyzed systematically according to the criteria for outstanding universal values that must be met for designation by the United Nations as World Natural Heritage. It is concluded that Kanas has outstanding universal values in geosciences,biology and aesthetics. Through comparison with other World Natural Heritage sites of the same geological types,in the same biogeographic zone and in the same latitude,it is concluded that Kanas meets criteria vii,viii,ix and x for designation as World Natural Heritage. Thus,this work establishes a scientific foundation for nomination of Kanas for such a status.

Change of Forest Ecosystem Service Function and Its Value in Kanas Nature Reserve

In order to clarify the service function and value of forest ecosystem in Kanas Nature Reserve, the ecological service function and its value of forest ecosystem in Kanas Nature Reserve in 2009 and 2014 were evaluated by using the method of Specifications for Assessment of Forest Ecosystem Services in China(LY/T 1721-2008). The results showed that in 2014, the total value of forest ecosystem service function in Kanas Nature Reserve increased by 7.34% compared with that in 2009, and the value of water conservation and biodiversity accounted for the largest proportion. The increasing rate of functional value of shrub forest land was obviously higher than that of coniferous forest land and broad-leaf forest land. The service function and value of different forest types were obviously different.

Spatial Pattern of Forest Carbon Storage and Carbon Density in the Kanas National Natural Reserve

Based on the sub-forest management inventory, volume-derived biomass and mean biomass, carbon storage and its spatial distribution of forest vegetation in Kanas National Nature Reserve(hereinafter referred to as the Reserve) were calculated. The results showed that carbon storage of forest vegetation in the Reserve was 3.004 7 Tg C, mean carbon density was 49.58 Mg C/hm^2; carbon storage of different vegetation types: forest land >shrubbery > open forest > scattered trees, among which carbon storage of forest land accounted for 90.18% of the total carbon storage of the forest vegetation, and mean carbon density of forest land was 68.87 Mg C/hm^2; in terms of regional distribution, spatial distribution of carbon storage and carbon density declined from southwest to northeast; in the Reserve, carbon storage of mature and over-mature forest stands accounted for 79.89% of carbon storage of forest land. If scientifi c management is applied, carbon sequestration capacity of forest will be improved.

Valuation of Forest Ecosystem Services of the Kanas Nature Reserve in Xinjiang

Based on field surveys,typical sample-plot experiments,and long-term observation of ecological stations,the main species of trees in the Kanas Nature Reserve in Xinjiang were studied,and the value of their 7 kinds of services including water conservation,soil conservation,carbon fixation and oxygen release,accumulation of nutrients,air purification,biodiversity conservation,and forest recreation was evaluated in 2014.The results showed that:the total value of forest ecosystem services provided by the Kanas Nature Reserve in Xinjiang was 4.314 billion yuan/a,and the value of ecosystem services per unit area was 69,600 yuan/(hm^2·a).The value of forest ecosystem services were as follows:forest recreation(1,458,000,000 yuan/a) > water conservation(1,423,630,000 yuan/a) > biodiversity conservation(544,820,000 yuan/a) > carbon fixation and oxygen release(367,590,000 yuan/a) > air purification(258,830,000 yuan/a) > accumulation of nutrients(141,590,000 yuan/a) > soil conservation(119,270,000 yuan/a).According to the valuation of ecosystem services excluding forest recreation provided by 7 types of forests in the reserve,the value of ecosystem services per unit area of Pinus sibirica(Loud.) Mayr forest,Abies sibirica Ledeb.forest,Larix sibirica Ledeb.forest,Betula pendula Roth.forest,Populus davidiana Dode forest,shrubbery,and Picea obovata Ledeb.forest was 71,500,66,500,54,400,44,200,40,500,36,700,and 32,900 yuan/(hm^2·a),respectively.

Vegetation and environment changes inferred from pollen records since 3000 cal. yr BP in Kanas wetland, Xinjiang

Aims climate change can significantly affect the vegetation worldwide.thus,paleovegetation and paleoclimate reconstruction should consider the quantitative relationship between modern vegetation and climate.the specific objectives of this study were(i)to assess the influence of environmental variables on pollen assemblages in the Kanas region,(ii)to reconstruct the evolution of vegetation over the past 3000 years using pollen records and(iii)to quantify historical climate change(including mean annual temperature and total annual precipitation)using a weighted averaging partial least squares regression method(WAPLS)applied to fossil pollen data from the Kanas wetland in Xinjiang,china.Methods A total of 65 surface and 50 fossil samples were collected from the Kanas wetland and analysed for 14c,pollen and grain size.By com-bining these data with those obtained from 214 samples of surface pollen assemblages in north Xinjiang,the late Holocene climate was reconstructed using a WAPLS model.Important Findingsthe vegetation in Kanas was dominated by forest for the past 3000 years,undergoing an arbour-vegetation transition from predominantly pine to spruce over that period.the WAPLS model showed that the paleoclimate progressed from cold-wet to warm-dry and subsequently back to cold-wet.Prior to 1350 calibrated years before the present(cal.yr BP),the climate of Kanas was cold and wet,and conditions became increasingly warm and dry until 870 cal.yr BP.the temperature reconstruction model indicated that a‘Little Ice Age’occurred~380 cal.yr BP.these data will help us improve the understanding of abrupt climate change and provide important information regarding the prediction of climate.

Horseback Exploration at Kanas,Xinjiang

Abundant Natural Landscapes Diverse Ecosystem Wide-open prairies, Boreal forests and snow-capped

硫酸卡那霉素-固绿体系的共振瑞利散射光谱及其分析应用

提出了共振瑞利散射法(RRS)测定硫酸卡那霉素(KANA)的方法。在p H为4.56~6.09的B-R缓冲溶液中,固绿与KANA结合生成离子缔合物,使溶液共振瑞利散射(RRS)增强,其最大散射峰位于709 nm,另在463 nm、370 nm有两个较弱的散射峰。KANA的浓度在0.08~1.6 mg·L^(-1)范围内,与RRS强度有良好的线性关系,对KANA的检出限(3σ)达0.024 mg·L^(-1)。研究了适宜的反应条件和影响因素,表明该方法灵敏、稳定。用于硫酸卡那霉素注射液的测定,回收率为96.5%~103.0%。

共振瑞利散射法测定硫酸卡那霉素

基于在pH值3.78~6.59的B-R缓冲溶液中,四碘荧光素钠(ST)与硫酸卡那霉素(KANA)结合生成离子缔合物使溶液共振瑞利散射(RRS)增强的原理,建立了共振瑞利散射法测定KANA的新方法。在其最大共振散射波长576nm处测定共振瑞利散射强度(IRRS),并研究了表面活性剂和共存物质对KANA测定的影响。结果表明:KANA浓度在0.04~1.60mg·L^(-1)范围内与ΔIRRS(样品与空白溶液的IRRS值之差)呈线性关系,方法的检出限为0.018 mg·L^(-1)。用于KANA注射液的测定,回收率为92.5%~96.5%。

Extreme Flood Events over the Past 300 Years Inferred from Lake Sedimentary Grain Sizes in the Altay Mountains,Northwestern China

Understanding the temporal variations of extreme floods that occur in response to climate change is essential to anticipate the trends in flood magnitude and frequency in the context of global warming. However, long-term records of paleofloods in arid regions are scarce, thus preventing a thorough understanding of such events. In this study, a reconstruction of paleofloods over the past 300 years was conducted through an analysis of grain sizes from the sediments of Kanas Lake in the Altay Mountains of northwestern China. Results showed that grain parameters and frequency distributions can be used to infer possible abrupt environmental events within the lake sedimentary sequence, and two extreme flood events corresponding to ca. 1736–1765 AD and ca. 1890 AD were further identified based on canonical discriminant analysis(CDA) and coarse percentile versus median grain size(C-M) pattern analysis, both of which occurred during warmer and wetter climate conditions by referring to tree-ring records. These two flood events are also evidenced by lake sedimentary records in the Altay and Tianshan mountains. Furthermore, through a comparison with other records, the flood event from ca. 1736–1765 AD in the study region seems to have occurred in both the arid central Asia and the Alps in Europe, and thus may have been associated with changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO) index.

牛种布鲁氏菌A19 VirB启动子缺失株的构建及其生物学特性研究

为探究VirB基因对牛种布鲁氏菌A19株毒力的影响,深入了解布鲁氏菌胞内存活的机制,本研究以牛种布鲁氏菌A19株为模板,利用VirB基因的上下游同源臂融合kana抗性基因构建自杀质粒。以瞬间电击的方式,将自杀质粒电转进菌体,利用同源重组将VirB启动子用kana基因替换,构建A19ΔVirB缺失株。通过实时荧光定量PCR检测缺失株VirB相关蛋白的转录水平,并对缺失株的生长曲线、体外应激、黏附侵袭及胞内生存进行分析。结果显示,试验成功构建A19ΔVirB缺失株。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,缺失株VirB相关蛋白的表达量极显著低于A19株(P<0.01),其生长曲线虽然不同于亲本株,但生长趋势相同。体外应激结果显示,A19株和A19ΔVirB株热休克应激没有明显变化,但在强酸、强碱、高盐的刺激下,A19株的存活率显著高于A19ΔVirB株(P<0.05)。黏附侵袭结果显示,缺失株对巨噬细胞的黏附侵袭能力近似于亲本株。胞内生存结果显示,随着时间的延长,A19株的胞内存活趋势逐渐上升,而缺失株A19ΔVirB总体趋势逐渐下降并且与A19的差距越来越大。综上所述,本研究成功构建了VirB启动子缺失株,极显著降低了相关蛋白的表达,为后续相关缺失株的构建及布鲁氏菌毒力的研究奠定基础。

Eden in the Xinjiang Mountains

Nature's greatest splendors are often secreted in the remotest of spots. This is certainly true of Kanas Lake, deep in the Altay Mountains of northern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. This area of sublime, and as yet unsullied, natural beauty is home to 2,000 people of the Tuwa ethnic minority. The ancestry of these herder-hunters is unclear. Certain anthropologists believe that they are descended from Genghis Khan's "Mongol hordes" that swept through on their 13th century rampage of Central Asia and Europe. Others argue that they are the posterity of Siberian migrants, and cousins to the Tuvan people of Russia.

中职学校日文录入课堂之我见

随着软件和IT服务外包市场规模的不断扩大，未来5—10年将是我国服务外包发展的黄金时期，大量业务流程外包（BPO）的数据处理业务不断进入我国，其中很大一部分是日文数据处理业务，日文录入因此成为一项很重要的技能。日文录入需要有日语基础，特别是要会拼读日文当用汉字；需要熟练掌握正确的打字指法；根据不同输入法的要求，需要熟记键位。

Chemical Characteristics of Snow-Firn Pack in Altai Mountains and Its Environmental Significance

In order to study the chemical characteristics of snow-firn pack in Altai Mountains and its environmental significance, a 1.5-m deep snow-firn pack was dug in the accumulation zone （3 300 m a.s.I.） of the Kanas Glacier in August 2009. A total of 15 samples were analyzed for major ions. Results show that the concentrations of major ions in the snow-firn pack are NH4＋〉SO4 2-〉Ca2＋〉NO3＋〉 Na＋〉CI〉K＋〉Mg2＋. NH4＋ is the dominant cation with a medium value of 4.7 ueq-L-1, accounting for 39.8% of the total cations, and SO42- is the dominant anion, with a medium value of 4.0 ueq.L-I, which accounts for 33.9% of the total cations. Compared with Belukha Glacier （Altai）, Urumqi Glacier No. 1, and the Inilchek Glacier （Tienshan）, there is a lower ion concentrations in the Kanas snow-firn pack. Potential sources of these chemical species are explored using correlation and empirical orthogonal function （EOF） analyses. The analyses indicate that major ion concentrations （except NH4＋） originate from crustal dust. Backward trajectory analysis was applied to get the origin of the air mass to Kanas Glacier. The results suggest that air pollutants emitted by forest fires in Siberia could be transported and influence the NH4＋, NO3, and SO42 concentrations on the Kanas Glacier.

Hg_(0.83)Mn_(0.17)Te的光学吸收光谱

用Kana模型对Hg0.83Mn0.17Te的光学吸收光谱进行了分析.并详细分析了重空穴和导带间的直接跃迁导致的本征光吸收,结果表明用Kana模型能准确确定Hg0.83Mn0.17Te的带宽.光学吸收谱随温度的变化分析可知是由吸收的漂移和在Hg0.83Mn0.17Te晶体有效电子质量和简并效应的变化所致.

刚果计划通过增加新的自然保护区来保护生物多样性

2004年2月19日，刚果共和国宣布，为了进一步保护其丰富的生物多样性，计划扩大保护区网络，这也是《生物多样性公约》第七次缔约国会议的一个主要目标。作为参会代表。