Environmental Geochemistry of Fluorine in the Rock-Soil-Water System in the Karst Region of Central Guizhou Province

Systematic determination of and adsorption experiment on fluorine in the carbonate rock\|soil\|water system in the karst region studied in Guizhou Province, in conjunction with the mineral surface and soil chemistry data, have revealed the geochemical characteristics of F and the mechanisms of its transport and enrichment in the rock\|soil\|water system of the karst region, central Guizhou Province. Deep\|seated underground waters (-100m or lower) and soil layers in the karst region of central Guizhou are characterized by high\|F anomalies whereas shallow\|level underground and surface waters by low contents of F (mostly lower than 0.5 mg/L). Fluorine in soil and water in the region studied comes largely from Triassic marine strata dominated by gypsum\|bearing carbonate rocks. The special adsorption and desorption of F on the surface of geothite in soil layers are the important mechanisms of its transport and enrichment in the rock\|soil\|water system of the karst region studied.

Spatial association between landslides and environmental factors over Guizhou Karst Plateau,China

Guizhou Karst Plateau is located at the center of the karst region in Asia, where landslides are a typical disaster. Affected by the local karst environment, the landslides in this region have their own characteristics. In this study, 3975 landslide records from inventories of the Guizhou karst plateau are studied. The geographical detector method is used to detect the dominant casual factor and predominant multi-factor combinations for the local landslides. The results show that landslides are prone to areas on slopes between 10° and 35°, of clay rock, in close proximity to gullies, and especially in areas of moderate vegetation, dryland, and mild rocky desertification. Continuous precipitation over 10 days has a great effect on landslide occurrence. Compared with the individual factors, the impact of two-factor interaction has greater explanatory power for landslide volume. The volume of earthquake-induced landslides is predominantly controlled by the interactions of faults and slopes, while that of humaninduced landslides is affected by the interactions of land cover and hydrological conditions. For rainfallinduced landslides, the dominant interactions vary in different regions. In the central karst basin, the interactions between faults and precipitation can explain over 90% of the variations in landslide volumes. In the southern hilly karst region, the interactions between lithology and slope can explain over 71% of the variations in landslide volume and those between fault and land-use can explain 50% of the variations of the landslide volumes in the northeastern mountainous karst region.

Hydrochemical Variations of the Karstic Spring and Its Environmental Effects

The groundwater was polluted in some extent by pesticides and fertilizers.There are few research on the monitoring groundwater in karst areas at present. This paper list a case study of the jiangjia spring in Qingmuguan karst valley experimental site,ChongQing China.Rainfall and physico-chemical variations of groundwater were monitored by HOBO

On the Karst Ecosystem

In this paper the author gives a definition of the karst ecosystem and discusses the characteristics of the karst environment and karst ecosystem and the relationship between life and the karst environment. Finally he clarifies the structure, driving force and functions of the karst system.

中亚热带典型岩溶森林植物多样性与环境因子关系的研究

为深入了解岩溶石山森林植被物种多样性和功能多样性及其与环境因子的关系,该研究通过群落学调查、功能性状和环境因子的测定,结合方差分析、多重比较和冗余分析等统计方法,对桂林岩溶石山落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林的物种多样性和功能多样性进行对比分析,探究环境因子对不同植被类型物种多样性与功能多样性的影响机制。结果表明:(1)常绿阔叶林的Patrick丰富度指数显著高于落叶阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林;Pielou均匀度指数在常绿落叶阔叶混交林最高,落叶阔叶林次之,常绿阔叶林最低。(2)常绿阔叶林的功能丰富度指数显著高于常绿落叶阔叶混交林和落叶阔叶林;功能均匀度指数在常绿落叶阔叶混交林中最高,落叶阔叶林次之,常绿阔叶林最低。(3)冗余分析结合蒙特卡洛随机置换检验结果显示,落叶阔叶林物种多样性主要受林冠开阔度和土壤水溶钙影响;功能多样性则受到土壤水溶钙和岩石裸露率的影响;岩石裸露率和土壤厚度是影响常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种多样性和功能多样性的主要制约因子。此外,物种多样性还受到土壤速效氮的显著影响;常绿阔叶林物种多样性和功能多样性主要受岩石裸露率、土壤含水量和土壤厚度的显著影响。该研究结果揭示了不同森林植被物种多样性和功能多样性对非生物环境变化的响应,拓展了对岩溶石山物种多样性和功能多样性的认识,为岩溶石山生物多样性保护提供了进一步的参考依据。

基于AHP的岩溶区废弃矿井环境风险评估应用与实践

对广西岩溶区废弃矿井进行环境风险评估。基于广西岩溶区139口废弃矿井的实际情况和环境因素,综合考虑了源、径、汇3项指标以及矿种类型等9个因子,利用层次分析法确定了岩溶区废弃矿井环境风险评估影响因子及其权重值,结合数据分析和专家打分构建判断矩阵对废弃矿井环境风险进行了分级评估。影响因子的重要性从大到小依次为矿种类型、水源地、矿种数量、地下水系统、土地、开拓类型、含水层岩性、废弃时间、建井结构。通过赋值计算,发现中、高风险废弃矿井占比较大,占比高达93.53%。高风险废弃矿井分布最多的为桂林(占比50.00%)和河池(占比15.79%)。该评价结果与实际调查情况相符,有一定的可靠性和实用性,可为后续其他岩溶地区的废弃矿井环境风险评估和管理提供参考。

基于三维模型的岩溶洞穴环境承载力测算及影响因子探讨——以云南宜良九乡三脚洞为例

针对现有岩溶洞穴环境承载力主题研究不足的现状,以云南宜良九乡三脚洞为例,通过TLS获取溶洞点云数据,建立精细三维模型。根据旅游溶洞规划设计要求,利用研究区安全水位线高度对初始模型进行切割和面片提取,去除安全水位线下部模型,得到旅游洞穴空间模型,准确计算游客游览空间。在此基础上,综合考虑CO_(2)浓度、热量、灯光、河流等多种洞穴环境影响因子,对传统生态环境容量法进行改进,建立基于三维模型的岩溶洞穴环境承载力数学模型,测算尚未开发洞穴的最大环境承载力,从而更好地指导岩溶洞穴开发设计。通过与传统测算方法从理论及结果进行对比分析发现,洞穴旅游环境承载力的最大限制因子是热量。根据测算结果,瞬时承载力最大相差19146人,全天承载力最大相差123189人,本文方法更加科学合理,更加符合实际情况。

Environmental Effects of Groundwater Development in Xuzhou City, China

Xuzhou City is located in the most northwestern portion of Jiangsu Province, P. R. China. Karst groundwater in the Ordovician and Cambrian Limestone aquifers is the main source of water supply. There are 527 wells in urban areas to exploit the karst groundwater, yielding up to 35 000 m3 per day. After 1978, urbanization and industrialization of Xuzhou City have continued at a greatly accelerated pace; the population increased from 670 700 (1978) to 1 645 500 (2002), its GDP from 0.71 × 109＄ to 42.7×109＄ and the urban area from 184 km2 to 1,038 km2 (built-up city area from 41.3 km2 to 81.9 km2). The volume of karst groundwater withdrawal increased yearly before the opera- tion of a supply plant of surface water in 1992, from 3.85×107 m3 (1978) to 1.34×108 m3 (1991) and now maintained at 0.1×109 m3 (2002). Intensive overexploitation of karst groundwater has caused a continuous descending of the piezo- metric level and the area of the depression cone increases year after year. These changes have increased the vulnerabil- ity of the karst groundwater system and have induced environmental problems such as depletion of water resources, water quality deterioration, groundwater contamination and karst collapse. The largest buried depth of karst groundwa- ter is up to 100 m in the dry season in some areas, while 66 exhausted wells have been abandoned. A change in the thickness of the unsaturated zone due to the drawdown of the piezometric level has caused a change of the chemical en- vironment which has an impact on the physical state and major chemical compositions in groundwater. The contents of Ca2+, Mg2+, NO3-, SO42– and Cl– in karst groundwater has increased significantly, total hardness (CaCO3 content) rises annually in most pumping wells and exceeds the Standard of Drinking Water of P.R. China. Point source pollution and belt-like pollution along the rivers has caused water quality deterioration. The sudden loss of buoyant support due to rapid drawdown of the piezometric level has induced 7 karst collapses to form 17 pits and has caused an estimated US$10 million economic loss. These problems have influenced the quality of development in the city.

ENVIRONMENTAL MIGRATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT——A Case Study of Southwest China

Ｉ．ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩｔｉｓｇｅｎｅｒａｌｙａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎｏｆｒｅｎｅｗａｂｌｅｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓａｎｄｆｒａｇｉｌｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓｉｎｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｉｓｂｅｃｏｍｉｎ...

Natural resources deterioration,environmental degradation and sustainable resetlement in Southwest China

As a consequence of increased population growth and environmental degradation, a particular type of population mobility-environmental migration-has emerged in the Third World. In this paper environmental migration is defined and previous practices in some developing countries are reviewed. A case study of the Karst Region of Southwest China is used to illustrate the phenomenon, including root causes, restrictive factors, nature of the migration, desires of migrants, strategies of response and optional policies. It is argued that a comprehensive approach to the prevention of environmentally caused displacement should be developed.

ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC REHABILITATION IN THE KARST OF SOUTHWEST CHINA

The Karst of Southwest China is a typical representative of poverty stricken region with impoverishment-degradation spiral. To essentially break away from this vicious circle, the local ecology, economy and society should be rehabilitated, and hence to strengthen the self-development capacity building of the localities. Two considerations are stressed in this article: (1) Poverty alleviation is a system project with great complexities. Any single approach is difficult to success and integrated measures should be taken. (2) Some typical and feasible areas should be selected to demonstrate the project of poverty alleviation and ecological, socio-economic reconstruction. Then, they can be used as a model to promote the sustainable development of the whole region. Based upon these ideals, a project entitled “Reversal of Impoverishment-Degradation Spiral in the Karst of Southwest China' was proposed and has been listed in 《Priority Programme for China's Agenda 21》.

古堆-南梁泉域岩溶水环境问题现状与泉源区保护

古堆-南梁泉域位于山西省南部,是一个深循环与浅循环共存、冷水系统与热水系统循环转化、多级次排泄的复合型岩溶水系统,因长期不合理的开发利用,泉域内出现了一系列岩溶水环境地质问题。以水文地质调查工作为基础,综合采用地下水流场对比分析、水文地球化学及同位素分析、岩溶水资源评价等方法,详细论述了古堆-南梁泉域内岩溶水环境问题现状及其成因,并提出了泉源区生态修复与规划方案。结果表明:受气候变化与人类活动的叠加影响,系统内古堆泉、南梁泉、海头泉分别于1999年、1992年、2002年断流,2013-2021年区域地下水位平均下降速度达2.53 m/a;水化学、同位素分析结果指示了排泄区九原山附近松散岩类孔隙水越流补给量、三泉水库渗漏补给量对岩溶地下水的影响已不可忽略;泉域内岩溶水超Ⅲ类水水质标准样品占比由2014年的62.5%升高至2021年的81.25%;泉源区0.904 km 2范围可细分为核心保护区、水库蓄水区、一般保护区,应分区进行生态保护与修复规划。研究结果可为山西省超采区综合治理、古堆泉水生态修复与保护工作提供基础依据。

黔中水利枢纽工程区“三生”空间用地生态环境效应

基于TM/Landsat8 OLI影像数据和土地利用变化数据,采用生态环境质量指数和分布指数,分析了贵州省黔中水利枢纽工程区2000—2020年的“三生”空间用地变化和生态环境效应,以及“三生”空间用地变化和生态环境效应对地形地貌的响应特征。结果表明:2000—2020年黔中水利枢纽工程区的“三生”空间用地总体特征为生态用地最多,生产用地次之,生活用地最少,其中生态用地面积先减少后增加,生产用地面积先减少后增加再减少,生活用地面积则呈持续增加趋势;草地生态用地、林地生态用地和农业生产用地三者之间的相互转换高于其他用地类型之间的相互转换,草地生态用地面积转移最大;工程区生态环境质量整体呈波动变化,东部和西部的生态环境质量总体优于中部地区,其中海拔大于1700 m、坡度大于15°的区域及东坡和南坡生态环境质量较好,而低海拔区生态环境质量呈逐渐变好趋势,非喀斯特区和纯喀斯特区生态环境质量好于亚喀斯特区,但非喀斯特区和纯喀斯特区生态环境质量呈下降趋势。

不同喀斯特小生境下普定杜鹃花土壤酶活性变异特征

【目的】研究典型喀斯特不同小生境下土壤酶活性及其变异特征,为喀斯特地区植被恢复提供科学依据。【方法】以贵州喀斯特区(镇宁县、晴隆县、望谟县)的圆果化香树+普定杜鹃花(Rhododendron pudingense)群落为对象,通过测定3种小生境(土面、石沟、石面)中土壤胞内酶(脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、蛋白酶)和胞外酶[(酸性磷酸酶(AP)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)]活性,分析其在不同小生境中的变异特征及其与环境因子的相互关系。【结果】3种小生境下胞内酶和胞外酶均呈现出土面>石沟>石面,且胞内酶活性均小于胞外酶,胞外酶约占总体酶活性的93%;不同小生境下土壤酶活性差异显著(P<0.05),除晴隆的群落土壤脲酶、POD和SOD活性表现为土面>石面>石沟外,其余的土壤酶活性均为土面>石沟>石面;土壤酶活性受到群落中植物物种多样性影响,晴隆的群落中植物生长最旺盛,土壤酶活性相较于镇宁和望谟更高;小生境间的差异性影响土壤酶活性变化,尤其是水分、温度、腐殖质含量及土壤厚度等影响较大,而生境间差异导致地上植物多样性丰度不均,对底物供应也具有一定影响;喀斯特土面小生境条件最优,最适合植物生长,石沟小生境次之,石面小生境条件最差。【结论】喀斯特生境土壤酶活性受小生境类型影响,土面小生境土壤的酶活性普遍高于石沟和石面,土壤酶活性变化一定程度解释特有种普定杜鹃花生长在喀斯特小生境。

基于MaxEnt模型的贵州特有植物普定杜鹃花潜在适生区预测

【目的】研究普定杜鹃花在贵州省的潜在适生区,为后期研究普定杜鹃花提供分布数据支撑,为其引种区规划提供依据。【方法】收集野外实地调查记录的普定杜鹃花GPS定位信息,利用MaxEnt模型模拟普定杜鹃花在贵州省的潜在适生区,综合利用贡献率和刀切法检验对气候、地形和土壤因子进行分析。【结果】基于MaxEnt模拟的普定杜鹃花潜在适生区精确度很高,其中测试数据AUC值为0.970。普定杜鹃花的中、高适生区主要分布于安顺市、黔南州和黔西南州。影响普定杜鹃花分布的主导环境变量是最湿月降水量、海拔、最冷月最低温、昼夜温差月均值、坡向和最干季降水量,贡献率分别为33.7%、16.8%、12.7%、12.7%、11.1%和3.6%。普定杜鹃花在贵州省的总适生区面积占全省总面积的12.2%,占地面积约2.15万km2,其中高、中、低适生区分别为0.22万、0.46万和1.47万km2;2070s未来2种气候情景下(SSP1-2.6和SSP5-8.5),普定杜鹃花潜在适生区面积将增大,并有向东、向北方向延伸的趋势。【建议】优先考虑适生区内普定杜鹃花分布点调查及标本采集,根据适生区分布情况,合理规划适宜的种植区,有效推动普定杜鹃花的保育工作。

喀斯特高原湖泊流域基于自然解决的生态修复方案——以云南九大高原湖泊为例

喀斯特高原湖泊流域由外围向内可分为山区、丘陵区、平坝区和湖泊4个生态地质环境分区。山区主要生态问题是植被退化、生物多样性受损、水土流失、石漠化及地质灾害等;丘陵区主要是植被破坏、山地开垦过度、建材滥采、地貌景观破坏、污染源点多面广、环境地质问题较多等;平坝区主要是国土空间承载量过大、水资源短缺及污染负荷巨大、生态系统破坏严重、工程建筑挤占湿地和损毁植被、自然流场改造强烈、水环境质量差等;湖泊主要是人类活动强度大,农田、村落等严重侵占湖滨缓冲带生态用地,导致生境受损,生物多样性降低,环湖生态屏障功能衰减或丧失,水质污染严重等。根据高原湖泊流域生态地质环境分异特征、水循环及物质传输规律、资源与环境条件,从研究自然演替规律和内在机理出发,分区评价流域生态功能及适宜性,揭示主要生态问题,总结实践经验,探讨基于自然解决方案的思路与原则,构建适应高原湖泊流域资源与环境条件和社会现实的生态修复方案。山区以保护保育提升生态功能为主,丘陵区以人工辅助再生、生态重建提升生态与经济功能为主,平坝区以生态重建和转型利用以消除生态环境隐患、修复生态和恢复土地功能为主,湖泊主要开展水质修复和生态重建等。目前,高原湖泊内完成修复面积593 hm2,基本实现消除地质安全隐患、防治水土流失、恢复植被3大目标任务,稳定和改善云南省九湖流域生态系统功能,提升土地利用价值,维护区域生物多样性。

喀斯特地区不同植被类型土壤微生物量磷、碱性磷酸酶及植酸酶的变化特征

【目的】研究喀斯特地区不同植被类型下土壤微生物量磷(MBP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和植酸酶(PHY)的变化特征,以及土壤磷有效性变化,为改善喀斯特地区磷胁迫现状提供参考依据。【方法】以喀斯特地区的耕地、草地、园地、灌木和林地5种植被类型为研究对象,比较不同植被类型及不同土层(0~5 cm、5~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm和30~40 cm)的MBP含量及ALP和PHY活性,通过建立回归方程及冗余分析揭示三者与速效磷及土壤环境因子的相关性。【结果】不同植被类型土壤MBP含量、ALP和PHY活性均随土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低。灌木土壤0~5 cm土层MBP含量为25.08 mg/kg,显著高于除林地0~5 cm土层MBP含量(23.63 mg/kg)外的其他植被类型(P<0.05,下同);5种植被类型中林地土壤0~5 cm土层ALP活性最高,为101.96 mg/(g·d),各植被类型在20~40 cm土层间土壤ALP活性无显著差异(P>0.05);灌木、草地和园地土壤在0~5 cm和20~40 cm土层PHY活性有显著差异。不同植被类型影响下,土壤MBP、ALP和PHY均与土壤速效磷呈正相关。土壤MBP、ALP和PHY均与土壤全氮、有机质、碱解氮、全磷和砂粒呈极显著正相关(P<0.01,下同),其中有机质贡献率最高;与容重和黏粒呈显著或极显著负相关。【结论】喀斯特地区土壤MBP含量、ALP和PHY活性及分布受植被类型及土壤生态环境的影响,灌木和林地土壤磷素利用率高且磷素来源丰富,耕地磷素利用率较低且来源单一。MBP、ALP和PHY是表征土壤磷素有效性变化的敏感因子,喀斯特地区有机质是影响土壤MBP、ALP和PHY的关键环境因子。

隧道影响浅层泉点的量化方法

隧道开挖后会使隧道周围一定范围内地下水位下降,造成地表出露的泉点减流与疏干,这种环境负效应在岩溶地区尤其突出。本文对岩溶地区隧道影响浅层泉点的量化方法进行研究。首先,根据浅层岩溶水循环特征,将浅层岩溶泉点划分为接触型(Ⅰ)、侵蚀型(Ⅱ)和暗河型(Ⅲ),分析泉点泉域边界条件,确定了泉域圈闭原则。其次,总结归纳了隧道对于浅层泉点影响范围的预测方法。最后,提出了隧道影响泉点的4种模式,即无影响型(A)、减流影响型(B)、泉点疏干型(C)和泉域疏干型(D),以及不同模式泉点流量受影响程度的量化方法。以川东隔挡式构造某隧道为例,对提出的隧道影响浅层泉点的量化方法进行应用,预测隧道对5个地下水有疏干影响,对3个地下水点有不同程度的减流影响。