Quantification of the adulteration concentration of palm kernel oil in virgin coconut oil using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging

The adulteration concentration of palm kernel oil(PKO)in virgin coconut oil(VCO)was quantified using near-infrared(NIR)hyperspectral imaging.Nowadays,some VCO is adulterated with lower-priced PKO to reduce production costs,which diminishes the quality of the VCO.This study used NIR hyperspectral imaging in the wavelength region 900-1,650 nm to create a quantitative model for the detection of PKO contaminants(0-100%)in VCO and to develop predictive mapping.The prediction equation for the adulteration of VCO with PKO was constructed using the partial least squares regression method.The best predictive model was pre-processed using the standard normal variate method,and the coefficient of determination of prediction was 0.991,the root mean square error of prediction was 2.93%,and the residual prediction deviation was 10.37.The results showed that this model could be applied for quantifying the adulteration concentration of PKO in VCO.The prediction adulteration concentration mapping of VCO with PKO was created from a calibration model that showed the color level according to the adulteration concentration in the range of 0-100%.NIR hyperspectral imaging could be clearly used to quantify the adulteration of VCO with a color level map that provides a quick,accurate,and non-destructive detection method.

Cameroon Green Energy Potentials: Field Survey of Production, Physico-Chemical Analyses of Palm Kernel Oil for Industrial Applications

This paper reports a field survey undertaken to determine the availability of raw material for palm kernel oil commercial production for industrial applications. Both industrial and artisanal wastes from palm kernel oil production were also surveyed as raw material (palm kernel seeds) for green energy production. Results of the field study show that 22% of palm kernel seeds (which represents tons of waste) resulting from palm oil processing plants are dumped while at the artisanal level, 80% of palm kernel seed waste is dumped. Analysis of field study data shows that large amounts of waste palm kernel seeds are available to enable large scale production of palm kernel oil (PKO) for desirable industrial applications in green energy production. The paper also reports on the physical and chemical properties of Cameroon palm kernel oil (PKO). Palm kernel oil was extracted using mechanical press and solvent extraction. The palm kernel oil (PKO) from Cameroon was analyzed by standard physico-chemical methods. Results of the physical measurements show a specific gravity of PKO of 0.92 kg/L, viscosity of 26.03 cSt and at 5.93 cSt at 40°C and 100°C respectively, viscosity index of 185, pour point of 20°C, cloud point of 29°C, flash point of 200°C, aniline point of 105°F, diesel index of 23, cetane number of 27 and ASTM (American Standards for Testing and Materials) color of less than 2.5. Results of chemical analyses showed an acid value of 17.95 mg KOH/g, free fatty acid (FFA) content of 8.98 mg KOH/g, iodine value of 2.10 mg I2/g, peroxide value of 2.10 meq/kg, ester value of 123.0 mg KOH/g, hydroxyl value of 93.4 mg OH/g, saponification value of 140.95 mg KOH/g and a sulfur content of 0.016% w/v, signifying low sulfur content. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the palm kernel oil to be predominantly made up of glycerides of various fatty acids with higher proportions of C12 to C16 fatty acid residues. Cameroon PKO therefore has a broad spectrum of industrial applications by virtue of its rich physical and chemical properties.

Fractionation of Palm Kernel Oil by Short Path Distillation

Fractionation of palm kernel oil （PKO） by short path distillation （SPD） at two feed flow rates （135 g/h and 195 g/h） and six distillation temperatures, TD,s （200, 210, 220, 230, 240 and 250 ℃） was investigated. Other distillation parameters, such as vacuum pressure （0.001 mbar）, blade rotation speed （400 rpm） and temperature of the feed material （60 ℃） were kept constant. The fractionated products, known as residue and distillate, were analysed for physico-chemical properties including fatty acid composition （FAC）, triacylglycerol （TAG） composition, slip melting point （SMP）, thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and solid fat content （SFC）. Product yield was measured as well. Crystallisation behaviour of PKO and the fractionated products were studied by measurement of isothermal crystallisation, Tc,. at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ℃. The distillates, collected at all fractionation temperatures, were enriched with caprylic, capric and lauric acids. These fractions were also concentrated with low molecular weight and C36 TAGs. Distillates obtained at higher TDis （230-250 ℃） exhibited higher in SMP and SFC. On the other hand, the residual oils collected at all fractionation temperatures contained higher amount of long-chain fatty acid and palmitic acid. These fractions were enriched with high molecular weight TAGs. Residues obtained at lower Tois （200-220 ℃） were low in SMP and comparable SFC with PKO. Changes in fatty acid and TAG composition resulted in different crystallisation behaviour of the fractions. Distillates collected at all fractionation temperatures crystallised in a sharper peak while residues obtained at higher T Dis （230-250 ℃） showed broader crystallisation peaks, as shown by the DSC thermograms.

Physicochemical Properties and Nutritional Ingredients of Kernel Oil of <i>Carya cathayensis</i>Sarg

Carya cathayensis Sarg is distributed near Tianmu mountain areas in Zhejiang Province and Anhui Province, China. Kernel of Carya cathayensis Sarg, which is well-known for the daintiness and nutritional content, is popular and very delicious food in eastern China. In this paper, we investigated the physiochemical properties and nutrient gradients of the kernel oil of Carya cathayensis Sarg. The results showed that the kernel oil of Carya cathayensis Sarg contained 63% of fat, 9.1% of proteins, 3.6% of starch and 4.6% of soluble proteins (based ration of weight). The compositions of the fatty acids were very similar to olive oil, and the total unsaturated fatty acids were 94%. Meanwhile, the kernel oil of Carya cathayensis Sarg also contained some polyphenols such as vanillic acid, ferulic acid, 3-methoxybenzoic acid and quercetin. The content of total polyphenols was 9.7 μg/g. Furthermore, the kernel oil of Carya cathayensis Sarg also contained some trace amount of squalene, β-Sitosterol, Vitamin E.

Chemical Analyses of Palm Kernel Oil-Based Polyurethane Prepolymer

Polyurethane (PU) was prepared from palm kernel oil-based monoester polyol (PKO-p) via prepolymerization method at NCO/OH ratio of 200/100, 150/100, 100/100, and 75/100 at ambient temperature under nitrogen gas atmosphere. The structure of the synthesized prepolymerized PKO-p PU was determined using FTIR and 13C NMR. The disapperance of NCO peak in the FTIR spectrum at 2270 cm–1 - 2250 cm–1 cm showed that MDI has completely reacted to form PU. The appearance of C=O peak at 1700 cm–1 indicated that hydrogen bonding was formed between the soft segmented chain of the PKO-p and the hard segmented MDI. Hence, urethane bond was the main polymeric chain in the PU.

Clay Characterization and Optimisation of Bleaching Parameters for Palm Kernel Oil Using Alkaline Activated Clays

The optimum bleaching parameters (clay dose and bleaching time) for palm kernel oil were determined using alkaline activated clay locally sourced in Nigerian. Activation was carried out using NaOH and KOH. The raw and activated clay samples were characterized using XRD and XRF. Bleached oil was analyzed for % colour reduction (%CR) and percentage free fatty acid (FFA) content before and after bleaching. Alkaline activation resulted to total dissolution of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions in the octahedral sheet. The activation also affected the tetrahedral sheet by reducing the % composition of the silica and alumina ion after the modification. The results showed that alkaline activation had significant effect on mineralogical and chemical composition of the clay samples. The optimum bleaching conditions (clay dosage and bleaching time) of 3%/weight of oil and 30 mins resulted in 33.3% CR and %FFA of 2.2. It was discovered that NaOH activated clay resulted to higher %CR while KOH activated clay shows affinity for reduced %FFA but at higher concentration of 5 M. This research has further established that alkaline activated clays are feasible alternative for acid activated clays in vegetable oil bleaching.

Crystallization Behavior of Palm Kernel Oil Monitored by <i>In-Situ</i>Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement (FBRM) and Particles Video Microscope (PVM) during Suspension Crystallization

Crystallization behavior and kinetics study of palm kernel oil (PKO) were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) by controlling cooling and reheating rate within a certain range of temperature. The evolution of morphology and particle counts was analyzed by focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) and particles video microscope (PVM) at the nucleation stage during suspension crystallization. The particle counts and morphological evolution from needle-like aggregations to amorphous form from PVM were observed during the initial crystallization stage, which meant that a phase transition was likely to occur. This work can give a better understanding of complicated fat system crystallization behavior and provide some critical instructions to control fractionation process.

The Empiric Use of Palm Kernel Oil in Neonatal Skin Care:Justifiable or Not?

Palm kernel oil is a vegetable oil derived from Elaeis guineensis and widely used in neonatal settings for skin care. It is a good emollient with a beneficial effect in moisturizing the skin and preventing transdermal heat and water loss. However, it＇s putative roles in the prevention or treatment of fatty acid deficiency is still controversial. So is its function in the improvement of neurological development from its long- chain polyunsaturated fatty acids？ We set out in this review to verify whether its empiric use in this context has any scientific justification and is recommendable. Although there is evidence that it has emollient and moisturizing properties necessary for softening the skin and restoring elasticity, controversy subsists on its other nutritional and neurodevelopmental properties.

Synthesis and Characterisation of a Biolubricant from Cameroon Palm Kernel Seed Oil Using a Locally Produced Base Catalyst from Plantain Peelings

Biolubricant was synthesized from Cameroon palm kernel oil (PKO) by double transesterification, producing methyl esters in the first stage which were then transesterified with trimethylolpropane (TMP) to give the PKO biolubricant in the presence of a base catalyst obtained from plantain peelings (municipal waste). The yields from both catalysts were significantly similar (48% for the locally produced and 51% for the conventional) showing that the locally produced catalyst could be valorized. The synthesized biolubricant was characterized by measuring its physical and chemical properties. The specific gravity of 1.2, ASTM color of 1.5, cloud point of 0°C, pour point of -9°C, viscosities at 40°C of 509.80 cSt and at 100°C of 30.80 cSt, viscosity index of 120, flash point greater than 210°C and a fire point greater than 220°C were obtained. This synthesized biolubricant was found to be comparable to commercial T-46 petroleum lubricant sample produced industrially from mineral sources. We have therefore used local materials to produce a biolubricant using a cheap base catalyst produced from municipal waste.

Synthesis and Characterization of Bio-Glycerol from Cameroon Palm Kernel Seed Oil

Bio-glycerol was synthesized from Cameroon palm kernel oil (PKO) through the transesterification procedure. Palm kernel oil extracted from palm kernel seeds using mechanical expression and solvent extraction was purified and characterized by physico-chemical methods and used in the transesterification process to give biodiesel and bio-glycerol. The biodiesel was purified and characterized as reported in previous articles. Our focus in this article is on glycerol, an important by-product of the transesterification process which has potential pharmaceutical, cosmetic and engineering applications. The bio-glycerol was purified by acidification and the purified glycerol was subjected to physical and chemical characterization. The specific gravity of glycerol was obtained as 1.2 kg/L, viscosity at 40&degC gave 1500 cSt and 500 cSt at 100&degC;pH was 7.4;the flash point was 160&degC, and the ASTM color was 2.0 before purification and zero after purification. The sulfur content was 0.016%w/v. This sulfur content is low thus posing no environment threat. The chemical composition of the synthesized bio-glycerol determined using IR spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) confirmed the known chemical structure of glycerol. The purification and analysis of bio-glycerol is important as it can find applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries inter alia.

酸枣仁油的超临界CO_(2)萃取工艺及其抗氧化性研究

采用超临界CO_(2)萃取技术对酸枣仁进行油脂萃取。利用单因素实验方法考查了孔径、萃取温度、萃取压力、萃取时间四个因素对酸枣仁出油率的影响,最佳萃取条件下对酸枣仁油脂样品进行GC-MS组分分析及DPPH清除能力测定。结果表明:超临界CO_(2)萃取酸枣仁油的最佳工艺为过筛目数80目,温度为45℃,萃取压力40 MPa,时间30 min,在最佳萃取工艺条件下,出油率为29.40%。GC-MS检测结果表明酸枣仁油含有27种化合物,DPPH的清除率IC_(50)值为29.12 mg/mL。

基于关键气象因子的油茶种仁含油率预测模型构建

含油率是油茶重要的经济性状,构建油茶含油率预测模型对于茶油产量预报有重要的意义。本研究以普通油茶为研究对象,通过分析油茶种仁含油率与不同气象因子的关系,确定影响油茶种仁含油率的关键气象因子,然后用回归分析法构建基于关键气象因子的油茶含油率预测模型,并用独立资料检验预测模型效果。结果表明:8月平均气温、8月最高气温、9月最高气温、油脂转化积累高峰期最高气温与含油率呈显著的负相关关系。通过逐步回归分析法拟合得到了3个油茶含油率预测模型,用独立资料检验后,发现基于9月降水量(x_(1))、9月最高气温(x_(2))和油脂转化积累高峰期最长连续无降水天数(x3)的油茶种仁含油率(y)预测模型(y=79.46-0.03x_(1)-0.86x_(2)-0.30x3)效果好,平均相对误差为4.6%,可应用于普通油茶种仁含油率预测。

樟树籽仁油的90 d亚慢性经口毒性评价

为评价樟树籽仁油的食用安全性,以4.0、2.0、1.0、0.0 mL/kg剂量的樟树籽仁油对4组SPF级SD大鼠(20只/组、雌雄各半)连续灌胃90 d,研究樟树籽仁油的亚慢性经口毒性,探明其剂量-反应关系,毒作用靶器官和可逆性。结果表明:90 d经口毒性试验期间,大鼠的活动和生长均正常;除高剂量组雌、雄性大鼠的血糖显著低于对照组外(p<0.05),各剂量组雌、雄性大鼠的体质量及其增量、进食量及食物利用率、脏体比、血常规、血生化、血电解质和尿液等指标与对照组均无显著性差异(p>0.05);病理检查未见樟树籽仁油对大鼠的作用靶器官产生有意义的病理变化。综上,樟树籽仁油对大鼠生长和生理的影响无剂量-反应关系,对大鼠的作用靶器官无毒害作用且无剂量-反应关系,樟树籽仁油无亚慢性经口毒性,其未观察到毒效应的剂量(NOAEL)大于4.0 mL/kg,食用安全性高。

樟树籽仁油的遗传毒性评价

为评价樟树籽仁油的食用安全性,通过细菌回复突变试验、体外哺乳类细胞TK基因突变试验及哺乳动物红细胞微核试验探究樟树籽仁油的致突变和潜在致癌作用。结果表明:樟树籽仁油对组氨酸缺陷型鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA1535、TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102均无致突变作用;樟树籽仁油未抑制L5178Y小鼠淋巴瘤细胞的生长,对体外哺乳类细胞TK基因无致突变作用;樟树籽仁油未导致小鼠细胞微核率上升,对哺乳动物红细胞无致突变作用,无遗传毒性。综上,樟树籽仁油无细胞致突变和潜在致癌作用,没有遗传毒性,具有一定的食用安全性。

樟树籽仁油的急性及42d高剂量经口毒性评价

为评价樟树籽仁油的食用安全性,以ICR小鼠为试验动物,通过急性经口毒性试验确定樟树籽仁油的急性毒性剂量和分级;以SD大鼠为试验动物,进行42 d高剂量(4.0 mL/kg)经口毒性试验评价樟树籽仁油的亚慢性经口毒性。结果表明:ICR小鼠生理和活动均正常,无中毒和死亡现象,其组织器官均没有肉眼可见病变且无剂量-反应关系,樟树籽仁油对ICR小鼠急性经口毒性半数致死量(LD50)大于21.5 g/kg,根据急性毒性剂量分级标准判定樟树籽仁油无急性经口毒性,属实际无毒级;樟树籽仁油对SD大鼠的生长和生理没有影响,对SD大鼠的作用靶器官无毒害作用,表明樟树籽仁油在连续42 d饲喂期内没有呈现出亚慢性经口毒性。综上,樟树籽仁油无急性经口毒性,也无42 d高剂量经口毒性,食用安全性高。

微波辅助低液固比水剂法提取青梅核仁油

探索青梅核仁油的新型提取方法对拓展该新资源油脂的用途具有重要意义。通过探究液固比(加入水的体积与固体质量的比值)、NaCl质量浓度(NaCl溶解在水中的质量与溶液总体积之比)、微波预处理的功率和时间对青梅核仁油提取率的影响;以有机溶剂提取法作为参照,研究微波辅助低液固比水剂法对青梅核仁油的提取率以及理化指标的影响。结果表明,在低液固比(mL∶g)0.14时青梅核仁油提取率最高,比高液固比(mL∶g)1(传统水剂法)时增加了21.28%;与无预处理相比,微波(420 W,80 s)预处理显著提高了青梅核仁油的提取率(增加了11.34%)。此外,与有机溶剂提取法相比,微波辅助低液固比水剂法获得的青梅核仁油具有更低的酸价(2.22 mg/g)、硫代巴比妥酸值(0.014 mg/kg)、过氧化值(0.17 mmol/kg)和更高的皂化价(179.82 mg/g);且这2种方法对青梅核仁油的脂肪酸组成、色泽和DPPH自由基清除率无显著差异。研究表明,微波辅助低液固比水剂法可以有效提取青梅核仁油,且提取率和油脂品质表现良好,这为提高青梅核仁的附加值打下了基础。

不同品种核桃仁成分及烘烤对其油脂品质和内源性蛋白酶活性的影响

旨在为工业去衣核桃仁的烘烤处理条件提供参考,选择我国4个品种核桃仁作为研究对象,比较了4种核桃仁的蛋白质和脂肪含量,分析了其氨基酸和脂肪酸组成,并考察了烘烤(60~140℃烘烤1~3 h使水分含量降至5%以下)对这4种去衣核桃仁油脂品质及内源性蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明:核桃仁蛋白质(13.73%~17.54%)、脂肪(69.10%~72.77%)含量及其油脂亚麻酸含量(8.77%~13.23%)在品种间存在显著性差异(p<0.05),而氨基酸组成未表现出明显差异;随着烘烤温度的升高,4种去衣核桃仁油脂的酸值及过氧化值均呈现不断上升的趋势,但均未超过国家标准要求;未烘烤核桃仁内源性蛋白酶活性在品种间也存在显著性差异(p<0.05);烘烤温度对核桃仁内源性蛋白酶活性有显著影响,60~80℃烘烤尚且保留了大部分的内源性蛋白酶活性,而100~140℃烘烤核桃仁内源性蛋白酶活性大幅度下降甚至丧失。综上,烘烤对去衣核桃仁油脂及内源性蛋白酶的影响并不因核桃品种的不同而产生差异,60~80℃的烘烤适合生产高内源性蛋白酶活性的去衣核桃仁(坚果类产品)。

酸枣仁油微乳体系的构建及其性质探析

为改善酸枣仁油的水溶性和稳定性,采用滴加水法制备酸枣仁油微乳。通过考察不同表面活性剂、助表面活性剂等因素对酸枣仁油微乳体系的影响,确定酸枣仁油微乳制备工艺,并研究其稳定性。酸枣仁油微乳的最佳制备工艺为:以RH40为表面活性剂,PEG400为助表面活性剂,Km=2。以最佳制备工艺制得的酸枣仁油与混合表面活性剂的质量比为3:7时,可制备得到淡黄色澄清透明的微乳。稳定性试验表明:该微乳具有良好的稳定性,适宜在不高于80℃的条件下使用和储存;酸枣仁油微乳制备工艺可行。

焙炒工艺对葵花籽仁油风味及微观结构的影响

以葵花籽仁为原料制备葵花籽仁油。在单因素试验的基础上通过正交试验优化葵花籽仁油的焙炒工艺,并对其挥发性物质和微观结构进行分析。结果表明:最佳焙炒工艺为焙炒温度150℃、焙炒时间30 min、入榨水分含量3.5%,在此条件下制备的葵花籽仁油含有56种挥发性物质,其中吡嗪、醛类物质含量较高。微观结构分析表明,焙炒过程中细胞结构完整性被破坏,结晶度降低,蛋白质类和糖类物质含量增加。

Development of high-oil maize haploid inducer with a novel phenotyping strategy

Doubled haploid(DH) technology is important in modern maize breeding. Haploid inducers determine the efficiency of both haploid induction and identification. It has taken decades to improve the efficiency,haploid induction rate(HIR), from the ~2% of the ancestor haploid inducer, stock6, to the ~10% of modern haploid inducers. Improvement of kernel oil content(KOC) would further enhance haploid identification efficiency. Using molecular marker-assisted selection, in combine with the number of haploids per ear as phenotypic criterion, we developed a new high-oil haploid inducer line, CHOI4, with a mean HIR of 15.8%and mean KOC of 11%. High KOC of CHOI4 can achieve a mean accuracy greater than 90% in identification of haploids of different backgrounds, with reduced false discovery rates and false negative rates in comparison with the previous high-oil haploid inducer line, CHOI3. Comparison of phenotypic selection strategies suggested that the number of haploids per ear can be used as a phenotyping criterion during haploid inducer line development. CHOI4 could further increase the efficiency of large-scale DH breeding programs with lower cost.