Magneto-optical Kerr and Faraday effects in bilayer antiferromagnetic insulators

Control and detection of antiferromagnetic topological materials are challenging since the total magnetization vanishes.Here we investigate the magneto-optical Kerr and Faraday effects in bilayer antiferromagnetic insulator Mn Bi2Te4.We find that by breaking the combined mirror symmetries with either perpendicular electric field or external magnetic moment,Kerr and Faraday effects occur.Under perpendicular electric field,antiferromagnetic topological insulators(AFMTI)show sharp peaks at the interband transition threshold,whereas trivial insulators show small adjacent positive and negative peaks.Gate voltage and Fermi energy can be tuned to reveal the differences between AFMTI and trivial insulators.We find that AFMTI with large antiferromagnetic order can be proposed as a pure magneto-optical rotator due to sizable Kerr(Faraday)angles and vanishing ellipticity.Under external magnetic moment,AFMTI and trivial insulators are significantly different in the magnitude of Kerr and Faraday angles and ellipticity.For the qualitative behaviors,AFMTI shows distinct features of Kerr and Faraday angles when the spin configurations of the system change.These phenomena provide new possibilities to optically detect and manipulate the layered topological antiferromagnets.

Effects of Homogeneous Plasma on Strong Gravitational Lensing of Kerr Black Holes

Considering the Kerr black hole surrounded by a homogeneous unmagnetized plasma medium, we study the strong gravitational lensing on the equatorial plane of the Kerr black hole. It is found that the presence of the uniform plasma can increase the photon-sphere radius r_{／rm ps}, the coefficients ／bar{a} and ／bar{b}, the angular position of the relativistic images （／theta_{／infty}）, the deflection angle ／alpha（／theta） and the angular separation s. However, the relative magnitude r_{／rm m} decreases in the presence of the uniform plasma medium. It is also shown that the impact of the uniform plasma on the effect of strong gravitational lensing becomes smaller as the spin of the Kerr black hole increases in the prograde orbit （a〉0）. In particular, for the extreme black hole （a=0.5）, the effect of strong gravitational lensing in the homogeneous plasma medium is the same as the case in vacuum for the prograde orbit.

Giant enhancement of Kerr rotation in two-dimensional Bismuth iron garnet/Ag photonic crystals

Kerr effects of two-dimensional （2D） Bismuth iron garnet （BIG）/Ag photonic crystals （PCs） combined magnetic and plasmonic functionalities is investigated with the effective medium theory. An analytical expression of Kerr rotation angles is derived, in which the effects of the surface pasmons polaritons （SPP） on magneto--optical （MO） activities are reflected. The largest enhancement of Kerr rotation up to now is demonstrated, which is improved three orders of magnitude compared with that of BIG film. When λ 〈 750 nm all of the reflection are over 10% for the arbitrary filling ratio fl, in addition, the enhancement of Kerr rotation angles are at least one order of magnitude.

Determination of the magnetic anisotropy constant of Cu/Fe/SiO_2/Si by a magneto-optical Kerr effect susceptometer

The magneto-optical Kerr effect susceptometry technique is proposed to determine the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy （UMA） constant Ku. The magnetic properties of Cu/Fe/SiO2/Si grown by dc magnetron sputtering were investigated. The in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy was probed by the magneto-optical Kerr effect （MOKE）. The value of UMA, Ku = 2.5 x 103 J/m3, was simulated from the field dependence of ac susceptibility along the hard axis according to the Stoner-Wohlfarth （S-W） model, which is consistent with Ku = 2.7~ 103 J/m3 calculated from the magnetic hysteresis loops. Our results show that the magneto-optical Kerr effect susceptometry can be employed to determine the magnetic anisotropy constant owing to its high sensitivity.

An analytical model for cross-Kerr nonlinearity in a four-level N-type atomic system with Doppler broadening

We present an analytical model for cross-Kerr nonlinear coefficient in a four-level N-type atomic medium under Doppler broadening.The model is applied to87 Rb atoms to analyze the dependence of the cross-Kerr nonlinear coefficient on the external light field and the temperature of atomic vapor.The analysis shows that in the absence of electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT)the cross-Kerr nonlinear coefficient is zero,but it is significantly enhanced when the EIT is established.It means that the cross-Kerr effect can be turned on/off when the external light field is on or off.Simultaneously,the amplitude and the sign of the cross-Kerr nonlinear coefficient are easily changed according to the intensity and frequency of the external light field.The amplitude of the cross-Kerr nonlinear coefficient remarkably decreases when the temperature of atomic medium increases.The analytical model can be convenient to fit experimental observations and applied to photonic devices.

Resonant magneto-optical Kerr effect induced by hybrid plasma modes in ferromagnetic nanovoids

With nanovoids buried in Co films, resonant structures were observed in spectra of polar magneto-optical Kerr effect（MOKE）, where both a narrow bandwidth and high intensity were acquired. Through changing the thickness of Co films and the lattice of voids, different optical modes were introduced. For a very shallow array of voids, the resonant MOKE was induced by Ag plasma edge resonance, for deeper ones, hybrid plasma modes, such as void plasmons in the voids, surface lattice plasmons between the voids, and the co-action of them, etc. resulted in resonant MOKE. We found that resonant MOKE resulted from the void plasmons resonance which possesses the narrowest bandwidth for the lowest absorption of voids. The simulated electromagnetic field（EF） distribution consolidated different effects of these three optical modes on resonant MOKE modulation. Such resonant polar MOKE possesses high sensitivity, which might pave the way to on-chip MO devices.

The subwavelength tuned magneto-optical Kerr effect in L1_0-FePt films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

For L10-FePt films with strong perpendicular anisotropy covered by arrays of hexagonal close-packed polystyrene spheres （PSSs）, fine structures are observed in magneto-optical Kerr rotation spectra in the visible spectral range. The reflection minima are found to be located at the same wavelengths as the Kerr rotation peaks. The Kerr rotation enhancement is attributed to the excitation of both the surface plasmon polariton in the dielectric PSS/metal interface and the guide waves （guide mode） in the PSS array. The two-dimensional PSSs/SiO2/FePt system exhibiting a tunable magneto-optical Kerr effect and a high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy will be helpful for designing and fabricating magneto-optics devices.

Influences of decoherence on the generation of a macroscopic superposition state using weak cross-Kerr effect

Considering a system in which a single photon and a coherent field propagate through a Kerr medium, when the weak cross-Kerr interaction between the coherent state and the single photon under decoherence is involved, this paper derives analytically a macroscopic superposition state by the superoperator method and investigates the influences of decoherence on the coherence properties of the obtained state. It finds that the macroscopic superposition state will experience evolution from a pure superposltion state to a mixed state in a dissipative environment and the Kerr effect makes the field display a periodic revival from decoherence for a short time.

Ultrafast Optical Kerr Effect of ConjugatedSilver Phenylacetylide Complex Oligomer

Silver phenylacetylide oligomer was found to exhibit prominent third-order nonlinear optical property, with susceptibility chi((3)) of 2.4x10(-14) esu (10(-4) mol/L in 1:1 dimethyl sulfoxide/CHCl3 mixed solution) and second-order hyperpolarizability gamma of 5.18x10(-32) esu via heterodyned ultrafast optical Kerr effect measurement. It existed mainly as 1:1 complex oligomers and polymers as characterized by mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis etc.

Study of magnetization reversal and anisotropy of single crystalline ultrathin Fe/MgO (001) film by magneto-optic Kerr effect

The magnetization reversal process of Fe/MgO （001） thin film is investigated by combining transverse and longi- tudinal hysteresis loops. Owing to the competition between domain wall pinning energy and weak uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, the typical magnetization reversal process of Fe ultrathin film can take place via either an ＂l-jump＂ process near the easy axis, or a ＂2-jump＂ process near the hard axis, depending on the applied field orientation. Besides, the hysteresis loop presents strong asymmetry resulting from the variation of the detected light intensity due to the quadratic magneto-optic effect. Furthermore, we modify the detectable light intensity formula and simulate the hysteresis loops of the Kerr signal. The results show that they are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Kerr effect and Kerr constant enhancement in vertically aligned deformed helix ferroelectric liquid crystals

In this article,we review recently achieved Kerr effect progress in novel liquid crystal（LC） material：vertically aligned deformed helix ferroelectric liquid crystal（VADHFLC）.With an increasing applied electric field,the induced inplane birefringence of LCs shows quadratic nonlinearity.The theoretical calculations and experimental details are illustrated.With an enhanced Kerr constant to 130 nm/V2,this VADHFLC cell can achieve a 2π modulation by a small efficient electric field with a fast response around 100 μs and thus can be employed in both display and photonics devices.

Quantum Fisher Information of Two-Level Atomic System under the Influence of Thermal Field, Intrinsic Decoherence, Stark Effect and Kerr-Like Medium

In this paper, we have proposed the numerical calculations to study the quantum entanglement (QE) of moving two-level atom interacting with a coherent and the thermal field influenced by intrinsic decoherence (ID), Kerr medium (non-linear) and the Stark effect. The wave function of the complete system interacting with a coherent and the thermal field is calculated numerically affected by ID, Kerr (non-linear) and Stark effects. It has been seen that the Stark, Kerr, ID and the thermal environment have a significant effect during the time evolution of the quantum system. Quantum Fisher information (QFI) and QE decrease as the value of the ID parameter is increased in the thermal field without the atomic movement. It is seen that QFI and von Neumann entropy (VNE) show an opposite and periodic response in the presence of atomic motion. The non-linear Kerr medium has a more prominent and significant effect on the QE as the value of the Kerr parameter is decreased. At smaller values of the non-linear Kerr parameter, the VNE increases, however, QFI decreases, so QFI and VNE have a monotonic connection with one another. As the value of the Kerr parameter is increased, the effect of non-linear Kerr doesn’t stay critical on both QFI and QE. However, a periodic response of QE is seen because of the atomic movement which becomes modest under natural impacts. Moreover, it has been seen that QFI and QE rot soon at the smaller values of the Stark parameter. However, as the value of the Stark parameter is increased, the QFI and QE show periodic response even when the atomic movement is absent.

Influence of Kerr Effect on Second-Order Nonlinearity Induced Transparency

We theoretically study the effect of Kerr effect on the second-order nonlinearity induced transparency in a double-resonant optical cavity system.We show that in the presence of the Kerr effect,as the strength of the Kerr effect increases,the absorption curve exhibits an asymmetric-symmetric-asymmetric transition,and the zero absorption point shifts with the increase of the Kerr effect.Furthermore,by changing the strength of the Kerr effect,we can control the width of the transparent window,and the position of the zero-absorption point and meanwhile change the left and right width of the absorption peak.The asymmetry absorption curve can be employed to improve the quality factor of the cavity when the frequency detuning is tuned to be around the right peak.The simple dependence of the zeroabsorption point on the strength of Kerr effect suggests that the strength of Kerr effect can be measured by measuring the position of the zero-absorption point in a possible application.

On the nonclassical dynamics of cavity-assisted four-channel nonlinear coupler

The non-classical properties of light propagating in four-channel Kerr waveguides, confined in an optical cavity, are studied. The solution to the Hamiltonian of field operators is obtained semi-analytically by using symmetrically ordered phase-space representation. Full quantum analysis of the input coherent fields displays a strong transition of photon property between the super-Poissonian and sub-Poissonian statistics. It is found that the cavity-assisted multichannel system exhibits enhanced squeezing both in single-and compound-mode. This multichannel system may be utilized as an efficient quantumlight generator.

Role of the aperture in Z-scan experiments: A parametric study

In close-aperture Z-scan experiments, a small aperture is conventionally located in the far-field thereby enabling the detection of slight changes in the laser beam profile due to the Kerr-lensing effect. In this work, by numerically solving the Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction integrals, the amount of transmitted power through apertures has been evaluated and a parametric study on the role of the various parameters that can influence this transmitted power has been done. In order to perform a comprehensive analysis, we have used a nonlinear phase shift optimized for nonlocal nonlinear media in our calculations. Our results show that apertures will result in the formation of symmetrical fluctuations on the wings of Z-scan transmittance curves. It is further shown that the appearance of these fluctuations can be ascribed to the natural diffraction of the Gaussian beam as it propagates up to the aperture plane. Our calculations reveal that the nonlocal parameter variations can shift the position of fluctuations along the optical axis, whereas their magnitude depends on the largeness of the induced nonlinear phase shift. It is concluded that since the mentioned fluctuations are produced by the natural diffraction of the Gaussian beam itself, one must take care not to mistakenly interpret them as noise and should not expect to eliminate them from experimental Z-scan transmittance curves by using apertures with different sizes.

Magnetization reversal of ultrathin Fe film grown on Si（111） using iron silicide template

Ultrathin Fe films were epitaxially grown on Si（lll） by using an ultrathin iron silicide film with p（2 × 2） surface reconstruction as a template. The surface structure and magnetic properties were investigated in situ by low energy electron diffraction （LEED）, scanning tunnelling microscopy （STM）, and surface magneto-optical effect （SMOKE）. Polar SMOKE hysteresis loops demonstrate that the Fe ultrathin films with thickness t 〈 6 ML （monolayers） exhibit perpen-dicular magnetic anisotropy. The characters of M-H loops with the external magnetic field at difference angles and the angular dependence of coercivity suggest that the domain-wall pinning plays a dominant role in the magnetization reversal process.

Magnetization reversal of Fe ultrathin film on Cu(100)

The magnetization reversal of Fe/Cu（100） ultrathin films grown at room temperature is investigated by using an in situ magneto-optical Kerr effect polarimeter with a magnet that can rotate in a plane of incidence. There occur spin reorientation transitions from out-of-plane to in-plane magnetizations in 8 and 12 monolayers （ML） thick iron films. The coercive fields are observed to be proportional to the reciprocal of the cosine with respect to the easy axis, suggesting that the domain-wall displacement plays a main role in the magnetization reversal process.

Modulated spatial transmission signals in the photonic bandgap

This paper describes the spatial transmission of electromagnetically induced transparency and four-wave mixing signals in the photonic bandgap structure,which are modulated using the adjustable parameters of light fields.The spatial transmission patterns of the relevant signals are experimentally investigated with respect to the optical nonlinear Kerr effect that occurs in the modulation process.The experimental results reveal the spatial transmission patterns of the probe transmission and the four-wave mixing signals,such as focusing,defocusing,shifting,and spatial splitting.This study explains how the tunable parameters of light fields and their interactions with each other can regulate the spatial transmission of the light fields by changing the refractive indices of media,which provides a new research perspective and a degree of experimental technology support for more efficient all-optical communications.

A review of some new perspectives on the theory of superconducting Sr_(2)RuO_(4)

The nature of the Cooper pairing in the paradigmatic unconventional superconductor Sr_(2)RuO_(4) is an outstanding puzzle in condensed matter physics.Despite the tremendous efforts made in the past twenty-seven years,neither the pairing symmetry nor the underlying pairing mechanism in this material has been understood with clear consensus.This is largely due to the lack of a superconducting order that is capable of interpreting in a coherent manner the numerous essential experimental observations.At this stage,it may be desirable to reexamine our existing theoretical descriptions of superconducting Sr_(2)RuO_(4).This review focuses on several recent developments that may provide some clues for future study.We highlight three separate aspects:1)any pairing in the Eu symmetry channel,with which the widely discussed chiral p-wave is associated,shall acquire a 3D structure due to spin-orbit entanglement;2)if the reported Kerr effect is a superconductivity-induced intrinsic bulk response,the superconductivity must either exhibit a chiral character,or be complex mixtures of certain set of helical p-wave pairings;3)when expressed in a multiorbital basis,the Cooper pairing could acquire numerous exotic forms that are inaccessible in single-orbital descriptions.The implications of each of these new perspectives are briefly discussed in connection with selected experimental phenomena.

Multi-component optical azimuthons of four-wave mixing

We report the multi-component optical azimuthons of four-wave mixing （FWM） composed of several modulated vortex beams, the so-called azimuthons, in V-type three-level and two-level atomic systems. We analyze the formation mechanisms of the FWM azimuthons theoretically and experimentally. In addition, we illustrate the interactions between the co-propagating azimuthon components. Finally, we also compare the stabilities of azimuthons in V-type three-level and two-level atomic systems.