Risk prevention and control strategies for the severely affected areas of snow disaster in the Three Rivers Source Region(TRSR), China

Historically,frequent and heavy snow disaster(SD)has caused serious livestock death and casualties,resulting in a devastating impact on animal husbandry development in the Three Rivers Source Region(TRSR).From winter in 2018 to spring in 2019,the largest SD occurred in this area over the past 10 years,especially in core zones of the Lancang River Source Region.Field research results show that the main causes of the major SD include weak infrastructure(i.e.,roads,communications,warm sheds,and insufficient forage reserve),low rate of domestic animals for sale before the SD,and low loss settlement rate.SD occurrence could furtherly reduce the ability of disaster prevention,mitigation and relief of disaster loss.In the future,heavily affected SD areas should improve the forecasting ability of snowfall incidents,strengthen infrastructure construction,implement grass and livestock balance strategies,optimize livestock structure,improve loss settlement rate,and develop a modern compound model of animal husbandry development model that combines breeding,slaughtering and deep processing of animal product.

Investigation and Green Prevention and Control Strategies of Pseudostellaria heterophylla Diseases in Genuine Producing Area in Zherong County

Zherong County of Fujian Province is a genuine producing area of Pseudostellaria heterophylla,and disease has become a main factor restricting the healthy development of P.heterophylla industry in the county.In order to scientifically understand the occurrence status of agricultural diseases and serve the GAP of P.heterophylla,P.heterophylla diseases in Zherong County were investigated,and the information and regularity of diseases were summarized.P.heterophylla diseases in Zherong County were infectious,and caused by fungi and viruses.The diseases occurred frequently in spring and summer,and symptoms were manifested in pathological changes of leaf and tuber.Eventually,green prevention and control strategies of diseases were put forward:cultivating new disease-resistant varieties,scientifically administrating drugs according to symptoms,administrating drugs in optimum period,strengthening biological control,strictly requiring drug safety period and paying attention to green prevention and control during the planting process.The occurrence of P.heterophylla diseases in Zherong County was investigated and summarized,and the corresponding strategies were put forward,so as to scientifically serve the agricultural industry in P.heterophylla genuine producing area,and to provide a basis for the sustainable development of modern pollution-free planting industry of P.heterophylla.

Occurrence and Epidemic Dynamics and Accurate Prevention and Control of Important Sugarcane Pests and Diseases in the Sugarcane Areas of Yunnan

Based on investigation and research, according to the current actual production of sugarcane, the occurrence dynamics and outbreak causes of important pests and diseases that seriously affect sugarcane production were summarized, and accurate and efficient green prevention and control technology was put forward according to the occurrence and damage characteristics of important pests and diseases, such as strengthening sugarcane introduction and quarantine, breeding and selecting varieties resistant to diseases and pests, promoting the use of detoxified healthy seedlings vigorously, applying lamp trapping technology on a large scale, scientifically guiding and promoting biological prevention and control technology, practically promoting the precise and efficient application of slow-release long- acting and low toxic pesticides, strengthening field management, spraying pesticides in time at the early stage of a disease, and doing a good job of monitoring and emergency prevention and control of sudden pests.

Prevention and Control Mode of Desertification in China＇s State Energy Group Shendong Mining Area with Annual Coal Output of 200 Million Tons

According to the strategic goal of sustainable development,construction and management for the construction of Shendong mining area with ecological safety,the ecological restoration principle of ＂ control protects development and development promotes control＂ for desertification prevention and control was adopted,and engineering measures,plant greening measures,and enclosure management and protection measures were taken to prevent and control desertification in the mining area based on careful detailed investigation and accurate planning and design in the early period. After 32 years,the desertification ecological landscape environment of the mining area has undergone a qualitative change,and the vegetation coverage has increased from 3%-8% to above 60% after the development. The former desertification land has become a modern green energy base that has produced 200 million tons of coal every year. The construction and management mode of an ecologically safe and modernized green coal mining area built by Shendong in the desertification region of northwestern China shows that taking appropriate comprehensive ecological restoration construction technology and management measures that integrate engineering,plants and enclosure management and protection is an effective technical and management paradigm for the construction of a modernized green large-scale coal mining area in China＇s arid and semi-arid regions.

Occurrence and Damage Characteristics of Sugarcane Catastrophic Diseases and Pests in Menglian Sugarcane Area and Their Prevention and Control Strategies

In recent years,the conditions of continuous warm winter,more rain and high humidity are very beneficial to the breeding and survival of sugarcane diseases and pests.Coupled with the degradation of single varieties,more attention on new plants and less on ratoon cane and the unscientific and unreasonable use of chemical pesticides,the types of sugarcane diseases and pests in the Menglian sugarcane area are increasing day by day,and the damage is increasing year by year,resulting in a substantial reduction in production and sugar,and a serious disaster threat to sugarcane production.Based on the field survey and the current sugarcane production practice in Menglian,this paper systematically reviewed the occurrence and damage dynamics and outbreak reasons of catastrophic diseases and pests that seriously influence sugarcane production,and proposed corresponding prevention and control strategies and integrated prevention and control technology according to the occurrence and damage characteristics of catastrophic diseases and pests.

Dynamic Monitoring and Control Measures of Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smmith) in Low Latitude Plateau Sugarcane Areas

Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smmith) is one of the major migratory pests warned by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).It has been successfully invaded sugarcane and corn in Jinggu,Longchuan,Gengma,Menghai,Yingjiang,Lancang of Yunan Province,China.In view of the great variety of hosts,wide range of habitats and strong migration ability,S.frugiperda has the potential of causing catastrophic threats to sugarcane production.In this paper,we made a systematic introduction to the morphological and biological characteristics of S.frugiperda,analyzed its occurrence situations and occurrence trends in Yunnan of China and other countries around the world,and proposed the control strategies and measures of ecological regulation and control,natural enemies protection and utilization,biological control,pesticide control and adults trapping based on the outbreak characteristics of S.frugiperda and the actual sugarcane production in low latitude plateau areas.

Thoughts on Energy Solutions to Alleviation of Air Pollution during the Heating Period in Key Areas

Since the implementation of the Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control , all regions of China have steadily promoted the prevention and control of air pollution and achieved results continuously. However, the atmospheric environment in key areas such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta region, and Fenwei Plain is still severe, and especially during the heating period heavy pollution occurs frequently, which has become the focus and difficulty of improving the quality of the atmospheric environment and is also the weakest link of China s air pollution control at present. How to alleviate air pollution, how to win the battle of pollution prevention and control, how to hold the fruits of the blue sky defense war, energy consumption is key.

采空塌陷区隧道病害机理与防控研究现状与展望

我国是煤炭生产大国,煤炭开采造成了大量采空塌陷。随着公路铁路网不断加密,在山西等采煤大省,越来越多的交通隧道不得不穿越煤矿采空塌陷区。采空塌陷区岩层破坏剧烈、变形量大且持续时间长,是隧道工程建设与运营的重大安全隐患,系统研究采空塌陷区隧道灾变机理与防控技术是隧道工程建设与运营安全的重要保障。通过分析文献报道的工程案例,总结了采空塌陷区隧道的主要病害类型及其灾变机理,回顾了塌陷区采动岩体长期变形预测方法与隧道灾变预测方法,介绍了塌陷区采动岩体变形控制方法与穿越采空区隧道围岩处治方法。在此基础上,分析了采空塌陷区隧道灾变与防控技术研究中存在的突出问题,并对亟待研究的方向进行了展望。

秦汉新城渭河1#雨水出口系统优化方案研究与实践

针对西安市西咸新区秦汉新城渭河1#雨水出口流域面积过大,存在系统内涝安全风险的问题,研究1#雨水出口系统优化方案。依据陕西省省级城市内涝治理实施方案,分析1#雨水出口系统存在的一系列问题以及优化原则和目标,重点分析了大汇水分区下雨水系统安全以及雨污分流改造的思路,为解决城市水安全、水环境以及水资源利用提出了应对措施与建议。

元谋干热河谷区红火蚁药剂防控研究

红火蚁是元谋干热河谷区一种具有重大危害的危险性入侵生物,为了筛选出适用于干热河谷区的红火蚁防治药剂,开展了7种杀虫剂对红火蚁的防效试验。结果表明:对蚁巢的防控效果,药后7 d以8%高效氯氰菊酯可湿性粉剂的最好,其次是0.73%氟蚁腙饵剂,平均防效分别为100.00%和93.75%,药后14和21 d时,8%高效氯氰菊酯可湿性粉剂和2.05%氟蚁腙吡虫啉杀虫饵剂的防效均达100.00%,其他药剂处理的防效均为93.75%;8%高效氯氰菊酯可湿性粉剂在施药后1 d时单个蚁巢工蚁的虫口减退率达100.00%,且显著高于除0.1%呋虫胺饵剂处理以外的其他处理,施药后7 d供试药剂的虫口减退率均在90%以上,但在施药后21 d时其虫口减退率均出现下降。因此,可交替使用7种供试药剂进行红火蚁的防控,建议先撒施0.2%高效氯氰菊酯粉剂、0.73%氟蚁腙饵剂、2.05%氟蚁腙吡虫啉杀虫饵剂等控制红火蚁,然后用8%高效氯氰菊酯可湿性粉剂灌巢彻底铲除红火蚁。

利用长时序卫星影像评估防沙治沙区植被变化

为了探究西北荒漠区防沙治沙成效定量评估的技术方法,本文以古浪县北部防沙治沙区为研究范围,基于2000—2021年的11期Landsat影像,利用像元二分模型反演植被覆盖度、趋势分析法等对研究区的植被覆盖度变化趋势与空间特征进行了分析,并从自然因素与人为因素两方面对引起植被覆盖度变化的因素进行了探究。结果表明:①2000—2021年,古浪县北部防沙治沙区植被覆盖度呈现波动上升趋势,在2019年达到监测期内的最大值。不同类型沙地的植被覆盖度呈现明显的差异,平均植被覆盖度由大到小分别为:固定沙地>半流动沙地>盐碱地>半固定沙地>流动沙地。②植被覆盖度明显改善的区域主要位于沙漠与绿洲的交界地带;在沙漠南部边缘存在由于人类开发建设产生的植被退化区域;在沙漠北部,植被覆盖基本稳定区域、轻微退化区域、中度改善区域、轻微改善区域呈南北方向的条带状间错分布。③防沙治沙区植被覆盖度变化除受降水影响外,还与当地政府实施的许多重大防沙治沙工程有关。

国道219温泉至霍尔果斯越岭段公路雪害选线研究

基于横穿西天山山脉的G219线温泉至霍尔果斯公路建设项目,通过沿线气象资料的收集分析,得到气温、降水、风速的时空分布情况;采用积雪环境信息遥感调查的方法,分析影响路线及路基设计的积雪类型、分布范围、厚度和成因,模拟分析雪崩堆积区的形态、面积、位置、堆积体特征、雪崩量、雪崩裂点位置,并对风吹雪灾害进行分级评估。根据雪害分布及发育情况,结合地形地质条件,对克孜勒隧道两处进口和两处出口方案进行组合比选,推荐采用路线绕避、抬高路基、设置挡雪墙、明洞、防雪棚洞等处置措施,在雪害整体可控、预留升级改造条件、造价合理的前提下,推荐采用K线方案。

县域慢病管理的探索

随着人口老龄化、国民生活方式的改变,慢性病(如高血压、糖尿病)患病率及死亡率呈现明显上升趋势。慢性病已经逐渐成为一项重大公共卫生问题,标准化的慢病防控可以明显减少慢性疾病的发生率和病死率,具有巨大的社会价值和经济价值。笔者研究县域内依托医共体构建慢性病的闭环管理模式,以提高慢性病管理的效果,为探索“医防融合”的慢性病管理模式提供参考,改善慢性病患者的生命质量,提高人民健康水平,为实现健康中国目标作出贡献。

城市火灾风险因素分析及防控对策——以郑州市为例

城市是区域的社会、经济和文化中心。如果发生严重火灾事故,引起的损失难以估量。以郑州市为例,以2020—2022年发生的火灾事故统计数据为基础,分析城市火灾的总体特点、火灾风险因素及问题短板,提出五维度城市火灾风险应对策略,为降低城市火灾发生率、增强城市应对火灾风险的能力提供经验借鉴和理论支撑。

岩溶区地下水数值模拟分析及开采方案比选

数值模拟是解决地下水开采评价问题的有效途径之一。为安全高效开发岩溶塌陷区地下水资源,以山东省临沂市岩溶区为例,根据水文地质调查分析,充分掌握了岩溶区地下水补给规律、运移规律、分布规律,在此基础上,选取合理模拟范围,建立数值模型,开展多方案地下水动态演化数值预测分析,据此来分析评价最优开采方案。研究结果表明:方案一岩溶塌陷危险性较高,数值观测孔水位在第1279 d、第1644 d、第2019 d和第3105 d时,水位降至灰岩顶板标高39.9 m以下,将引发岩溶塌陷风险;方案二则较安全,数值观测枯水期水位接近灰岩顶板标高,既达到地下水开发利用潜力的标准,又可保证生态地质环境安全,因此,建议采用方案二。开采过程中预警区水位应位于基岩顶板标高以下,以避免岩溶塌陷发生。本文研究结果可为类似塌陷区的科学开采提供参考。

榆神矿区隆德煤矿侏罗系岩层微观孔隙结构及分形特征研究

岩层的微观孔隙结构决定其自身的渗透性,并影响着矿井涌水量的大小,提前研究岩层的微观孔隙结构对矿井水害防治具有重要意义。以隆德煤矿侏罗系岩层为研究对象,通过现场采样、X-射线衍射、CT扫描、压汞试验等方法,研究了岩层的微观孔隙结构;基于分形理论、系统聚类分析等方法,划分了孔隙结构类型。结果表明:隆德煤矿侏罗系岩层矿物成分主要包括石英、长石、碳酸盐,含量44.1%~90.9%,构成了主体骨架,胶结物含量6.1%~34.3%;岩层的平均粒径101.80~203.82μm,连通孔隙度3.41%~20.60%,顶部以及底部的孔隙度较大,中间部分的孔隙度小,孔隙结构的复杂程度一般。根据系统聚类法将侏罗系岩层的微观孔隙结构划分为三类,从Ⅰ~Ⅲ类,孔喉半径、孔隙度、渗透率及分选系数依次减小;排驱压力、相对分选系数及中值压力依次增大;储存地下水的能力依次减小,富水性依次减弱。研究成果从微观角度上为矿井疏放水工程施工靶区的圈定提供了理论依据,对矿井水害防治具有积极的指导意义。

甘肃省甘南州牛羊焦虫病综合防控技术

牛羊焦虫病是一种常见的具有地方流行性和蜱传性的寄生虫病,对甘南州部分县市牛羊养殖业危害严重。通过对流行区域进行系统的流行病学调查及血涂片镜检,摸清并掌握牛羊焦虫病的感染情况和发病流行规律。该文就牛羊焦虫病的病原特点、临床症状、诊断、预防和治疗作以论述,旨在指导养殖户根据本地养殖特点,建立焦虫病综合防治方案,有效降低该病的发病率和死亡率。

北天山干线泥石流发育特征与防治措施研究

北天山干线穿越多种地貌类型、地质构造复杂、灾害种类及数量均偏多,制约着新疆地区公路、铁路等基础建设的发展。以北天山G577线精河至伊宁县公路沿线泥石流为研究对象,对泥石流的发育特征、防治措施、选线及通过形式进行系统研究,提出北天山干线泥石流避让方式及防治措施。

宁镇低山丘陵区降雨型滑坡致灾机理与防治措施研究

宁镇低山丘陵区是突发性滑坡灾害的高易发区和重点防治区。本文以江宁开发区盘山公路降雨型堆积层滑坡为例,根据滑坡灾害调绘和详细勘查,掌握了滑坡的孕灾条件、灾害特征和成因机理。利用Geo-Studio和理正岩土软件定量分析了不同工况下滑坡稳定性和拟设支挡结构受力特征。结果表明:滑坡正处在蠕动变形阶段,罕遇强降雨和人为切坡扰动是诱发滑坡的主要因素,滑坡在天然、降雨和地震工况皆处于不稳定状态,并求取滑坡推力设计值和拟设抗滑桩桩身内力及分布。提出了以抗滑桩板墙+拱形锚杆格构+系统截排水为主的综合治理方案,为宁镇地区同类型滑坡灾害防治提供参考。

新疆阜康抽水蓄能电站库区泥石流危险性评价与防治措施

根据新疆阜康抽蓄库区泥石流形成条件及发育特征,通过现场调查、遥感解译、现场试验等方法确定了影响较大的4条沟谷泥石流静力、动力特征值,选取泥石流多因子综合模型评价了泥石流的危险性,并从两方面分析了泥石流对工程安全的影响,提出了“稳坡、拦挡、停淤”的综合防治体系。结果表明:西岔沟泥石流危险度最大,值为0.43,属于中度危险;库区泥石流沟的影响主要表现为淤泥作用和冲击作用;“稳、拦、停”的立体综合防治体系具有良好的防治效果,值得推广采用。