Role of simulation in kidney stone disease:A systematic review of literature trends in the 26 years

BACKGROUND Minimally invasive techniques for treatment of urinary stones requires expertise,experience and endoscopic skills.Simulators provide a low-stress and low-risk environment while providing a realistic set-up and training opportunities.AIM To report the publication trend of‘simulation in urolithiasis’over the last 26 years.METHODS Research of all published papers on“Simulation in Urolithiasis”was performed through PubMed database over the last 26 years,from January 1997 to December 2022.Papers were labelled and divided in three subgroups:(1)Training papers;(2)Clinical simulation application or surgical procedures;and(3)Diagnostic radiology simulation.Each subgroup was then divided into two 13-year time periods to compare and identify the contrast of different decades:period-1(1997-2009)and period-2(2010-2022).RESULTS A total of 168 articles published on the application of simulation in urolithiasis over the last 26 years(training:n=94,surgical procedures:n=66,and radiology:n=8).The overall number of papers published in simulation in urolithiasis was 35 in Period-1 and 129 in Period-2,an increase of+269%(P=0.0002).Each subgroup shows a growing trend of publications from Period-1 to Period-2:training papers+279%(P=0.001),surgical simulations+264%(P=0.0180)and radiological simulations+200%(P=0.2105).CONCLUSION In the last decades there has been a step up of papers regarding training protocols with the aid of various simulation devices,with simulators now a part of training programs.With the development of 3D-printed and high-fidelity models,simulation for surgical procedure planning and patients counseling is also a growing field and this trend will continue to rise in the next few years.

Appropriate kidney stone size for ureteroscopic lithotripsy:When to switch to a percutaneous approach

Flexible ureteroscopy(f URS) has become a more effective and safer treatment for whole upper urinary tract stones. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PNL) is currently the first-line recommended treatment for large kidney stones ≥ 20 mm and it has an excellent stone-free rate for large kidney stones. However, its invasiveness is not negligible considering its major complication rates. Staged f URS is a practical treatmentfor such large kidney stones because f URS has a minimal blood transfusion risk, short hospitalization and few restrictions on daily routines. However, as the stone size becomes larger, the stone-free rate decreases, and the number of operations required increases. Therefore, in our opinion, staged f URS is a practical option for kidney stones 20 to 40 mm. Miniaturized PNL combined with f URS should be considered to be a preferred option for stones larger than 40 mm. Moreover, URS is an effective treatment for multiple upper urinary tract stones. Especially for patients with a stone burden < 20 mm, URS is a favorable option that promises a high stone-free rate after a single session either unilaterally or bilaterally. However, for patients with a stone burden ≥ 20 mm, a staged operation should be considered to achieve stone-free status.

Role of insulin resistance in uric acid nephrolithiasis

Metabolic syndrome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of uric acid stones.Although not completely understood,its role is supported by many studies demonstrating increased prevalence of uric acid stones in patients with metabolic syndrome and in particular insulin resistance,a major component of metabolic syndrome.This review presents epidemiologic studies demonstrating the association between metabolic syndrome and nephrolithiasis in general as well as the relationship between insulin resistance and uric acid stone formation,in particular.We also review studies that explore the pathophysiologic relationship between insulin resistance and uric acid nephrolithiasis.

Bilateral hematoma after tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy for unilateral horseshoe kidney stones:A case report

BACKGROUND Bilateral perirenal hematoma is rarely reported in endoscopic management of horseshoe kidney stones,and there are few studies reporting the formation of bilateral hematoma following tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)for unilateral horseshoe kidney calculi.CASE SUMMARY A 32-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of repeated intermittent hematuria for 10 years.Plain abdominal computed tomography(CT)scan revealed calculi in the horseshoe kidney;the largest being 2 cm in diameter.Tubeless PCNL was performed to remove the stones.Three days after the operation,the patient was discharged in a stable situation.Three days after discharge,the patient presented to our emergency department because of right low back pain and vomiting.Emergent CT scan revealed subcapsular and perirenal hematocele and exudates in both kidneys.Ultrasound-guided puncture and drainage of perirenal effusion were performed.After the temperature stabilized,the patient received low-pressure injection of urokinase 100000 U for 3 d.His routine blood indexes and the renal function returned to normal in 3 wk.CT re-examination 3 mo after lithotripsy showed that the subcapsular and perirenal hematoma and exudates in both kidneys were significantly absorbed as compared with those before.The patient was followed up for 1 year,during which no flank pain or hematuria recurred.CONCLUSION This is the first case report on the formation of bilateral hematoma following tubeless PCNL for unilateral horseshoe kidney calculi.

Advances in percutaneous stone surgery

Treatment of large renal stones has changed considerably in recent years.The increasing prevalence of nephrolithiasis has mandated that urologists perform more surgeries for large renal calculi than before,and this has been met with improvements in percutaneous stone surgery.In this review paper,we examine recent developments in percutaneous stone surgery,including advances in diagnosis and preoperative planning,renal access,patient position,tract dilation,nephroscopes,lithotripsy,exit strategies,and post-operative antibiotic prophylaxis.

Education and training evolution in urolithiasis:A perspective from European School of Urology

Objective:With the worldwide increase in urolithiasis prevalence,the present study aimed to delineate and summarise recent evolutions in training for the management of urolithiasis.Methods:A PubMed search using the key words“simulation”,“training”,“ureteroscopy”,“RIRS”,“URS”,“percutaneous nephrolithotomy”,“PCNL”,“virtual reality”,“augmented reality”,“artificial intelligence”,“healthcare”,“curriculum”,and“assessment”was used to examine how education and training in urolithiasis have adapted over recent years.Focus was placed on the role of high-and low-fidelity simulation models,virtual reality and artificial intelligence,and standardised assessment and curriculum.Results:This review supports the necessity to incorporate technology,simulation,and other skill enhancement training modalities into surgical training.However,these cannot solely replace mentored training with an experienced professional supervisor.Whilst technological and simulation advancements are likely to prove increasingly important in urolithiasis training,it is just as important for stratification of robust curricula with validated assessment.We also propose a pathway for future training.Conclusion:Endourology subspeciality training programmes have successfully incorporated simulation model-based training for skill acquisition,refinement,and improving operative outcomes.Success is achieved by maintaining a delicate balance between machine and in person mentor-based training.A trainee-centred model that follows the proposed curriculum could aid this balance for the future generation of trainees.

RIRS与PCNL治疗肾盂输尿管交界处结石伴高度肾积水的安全性比较

[目的]探讨标准经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)和逆行肾内输尿管软镜碎石术(RIRS)治疗肾盂输尿管交界处结石伴高度肾积水的安全性.[方法]回顾性分析2018年12月至2021年12月本院收治的100例肾盂输尿管交界处结石伴高度肾积水患者的临床资料,根据手术方法的不同将其分为观察组(行PCNL术治疗)与对照组(行RIRS术治疗),每组50例.比较两组手术操作时间、结石清除率、住院时间、术后血红蛋白流失量、麻醉镇痛使用率、术后尿毒症及并发症发生率、二次手术率.[结果]观察组手术时间短于对照组,住院时间长于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者术后结石清除率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).观察组术后尿毒症发生率、二次手术率低于对照组,术后血红蛋白丢失高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组麻醉镇痛使用率、术后并发症Clavien系统分级比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).[结论]RIRS、PCNL是治疗肾盂输尿管交界处结石伴高度肾积水的安全、有效的方法,PCNL在降低术后尿毒症发生率和二次手术率方面更具优势.

A pilot clinical study of developing an External Assist Targeting Device for rapid and precise renal calyx access during percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Objective:To design a device to increase the accuracy of the targeting process and reduce the radiation exposure to both the patients and the medical staff.Methods:We analyzed the inherent problem and designed the External Assist Targeting Device(EATD)to assist in the alignment of needle targeting on the desired renal calyx under fluoroscopic guidance.The EATD was designed to allow rapid and precise access to calyces at all angles,with a simple two-step puncture protocol developed for puncturing a target renal calyx.We then tested the device in a pilot human trial with four patients.Results:In experiments with phantom models,the time for successful targeting was reduced by 31%using the device.The mean fluoroscopic time was reduced by 40%.In initial human trial,the puncture time was shortened by 66%and the radiation dose was decreased by 65%compared to free-hand technique.No complication was observed during the trial.Conclusion:The EATD was found to be cost effective,portable,simple to set up,and safe to operate for assisting in the percutaneous nephrolithotomy procedures.Our preliminary tests showed high degree of accuracy in gaining precise access to a targeted renal calyx with much shorter time and lesser radiation dose.The EATD also has the potential to be used to access other organs with precision under fluoroscopic guidance.

Effect of liver transplantation with primary hyperoxaluria type 1:Five case reports and review of literature

BACKGROUND Primary hyperoxaluria type 1(PH1)is a rare autosomal recessive disease stemming from a deficiency in liver-specific alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase,resulting in increased endogenous oxalate deposition and end-stage renal disease.Organ transplantation is the only effective treatment.However,its approach and timing remain controversial.CASE SUMMARY We retrospectively analyzed 5 patients diagnosed with PH1 from the Liver Transplant Center of the Beijing Friendship Hospital from March 2017 to December 2020.Our cohort included 4 males and 1 female.The median age at onset was 4.0 years(range:1.0-5.0),age at diagnosis was 12.2 years(range:6.7-23.5),age at liver transplantation(LT)was 12.2 years(range:7.0-25.1),and the follow-up time was 26.3 mo(range:12.8-40.1).All patients had delayed diagnosis,and 3patients had progressed to end-stage renal disease by the time they were diagnosed.Two patients received preemptive LT;their estimated glomerular filtration rate was maintained at>120 mL/min/1.73 m2,indicating a better prognosis.Three patients received sequential liver and kidney transplantation.After transplantation,serum and urinary oxalate decreased,and liver function recovered.At the last follow-up,the estimated glomerular filtration rates of the latter 3 patients were 179,52 and 21 mL/min/1.73 m2.CONCLUSION Different transplantation strategies should be adopted for patients based on their renal function stage.Preemptive-LT offers a good therapeutic approach for PH1.

球囊扩张联合气压弹道超声碎石术用于肾结石PCNL术的价值

【目的】探讨球囊扩张联合气压弹道超声碎石术用于肾结石经皮肾镜取石(PCNL)术的价值。【方法】回顾性分析2020年3月至2022年3月宝鸡市人民医院收治的90例肾结石行PCNL术治疗的患者的临床资料,根据治疗方法的不同将其分为观察组和对照组,每组45例。观察组采用球囊扩张联合气压弹道超声碎石术,对照组采用筋膜扩张联合钬激光碎石术,比较两组围术期指标(手术时间、术中出血量、结石清除率、住院时间);比较两组手术前后血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、血红蛋白(Hb)、白细胞计数(WBC)水平;比较两组术后并发症发生情况。【结果】观察组手术时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后,两组血清SOD、Hb水平低于术前,MDA、WBC水平高于术前,且观察组SOD、Hb水平高于对照组,MDA、WBC水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组术后并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。【结论】球囊扩张联合气压弹道超声碎石用于肾结石PCNL的治疗中,有利于缩短手术时间,减轻应激反应,降低术后并发症发生率,具有推广价值。

Role of virtual reality in improving the spatial perception of the kidney during flexible ureteroscopy:A feasibility study using virtual reality simulators and 3D models

Background:The aims were to describe a software-based reconstruction of the patient-specific kidney cavity intraluminal appearance via a head-mounted device and to estimate its feasibility for training novices.Materials and methods:In total,15 novices were recruited.Each novice was shown a three-dimensional reconstruction of a patient's computed tomography scan,whose kidney was printed.They then joined the surgeon in the operating room and assisted them in detecting the stone during flexible ureteroscopy on the printed model.Then,each participant did a 7-day virtual reality(VR)study followed by virtual navigation of the printed kidney model and came to the operating room to help the surgeon with ureteroscope navigation.The length of the procedure and the number of attempts to find the targeted calyx were compared.Results:With VR training,the length of the procedure(p=0.0001)and the number of small calyces that were incorrectly identified as containing stones were significantly reduced(p=0.0001).All the novices become highly motivated to improve their endourological skills further.Participants noticed minimal values for nausea and for disorientation.However,oculomotor-related side effects were defined as significant.Five specialists noticed a good similarity between the VR kidney cavity representation and the real picture,strengthening the potential for the novice's education via VR training.Conclusions:Virtual reality simulation allowed for improved spatial orientation within the kidney cavity by the novices and could be a valuable option for future endourological training and curricula.

可视化超微通道经皮肾镜碎石术治疗儿童无积水肾结石的疗效分析

目的探讨可视化超微通道经皮肾镜碎石术治疗儿童无积水肾结石的安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院小儿泌尿外科2018年8月至2019年11月采用可视化超微通道经皮肾镜碎石术治疗的14例无积水肾结石患儿的临床资料。其中男童8例,女童6例;手术时中位年龄60.77个月,年龄范围7~190个月;左侧6例,右侧7例,双侧1例;单发肾结石3例,多发性肾结石11例,结石平均直径(14.47±6.52)mm,范围8~30 mm,术前结石的平均CT值为(1031.80±341.35)HU,范围498~1951 HU。所有患儿膀胱截石位留置输尿管导管制造人工肾积水,俯卧位B超引导下应用可视化穿刺系统穿刺目标肾盏,根据结石大小和盏颈情况选择扩张至F12超微通道。结果14例患儿共进行15侧次碎石手术,共建立15个工作通道,1侧次辅助F4.8极微通道辅助碎石,一次穿刺成功率100%,平均手术时间(107.00±18.25)min,范围80~145 min,术后血红蛋白下降(13.60±10.93)g/L,无输血及栓塞止血病例。术后发热2例,无集合系统穿孔、腹腔脏器损伤及胸膜损伤。其中2例鹿角形结石患儿因结石负荷大,需要分期手术,另有1例术后残留一个8 mm大小的结石,辅助体外冲击波碎石术(extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy,ESWL)治疗,一期结石清除率80.0%(12/15),二期结石清除率93.3%(14/15)。术后平均随访时间(12.58±4.87)个月,范围6~22个月,仅有1例胱氨酸结石复发。结论可视化穿刺系统可安全、快速地建立皮肾工作通道,配合超微通道经皮肾镜碎石术治疗儿童无积水肾结石具有较高的结石清除率和安全性。

腹腔镜联合输尿管软镜治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻合并肾结石患儿的疗效分析

目的探讨腹腔镜联合输尿管软镜治疗儿童肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(ureteropelvic junction obstruction,UPJO)合并肾结石的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2016年3月至2020年3月由湖南省儿童医院泌尿外科收治的13例UPJO合并肾结石的临床资料。所有病例均为多发结石,5例肾盂结石合并肾盏多发结石,其余8例为肾盏多发结石。其中左侧9例,右侧4例,均为单侧,结石直径为0.3~0.9 cm。术前均经泌尿系统B超和CT确诊。手术均采用三孔经腹腔途径入路,先按肾积水常规置入腹腔镜,显露扩张的肾盂后于肾盂近输尿管处做一小切口,通过腹腔镜Trocar置入输尿管软镜完成结石探查及碎石取石,最后腹腔镜下完成肾盂输尿管离断吻合术。观察手术时间、结石清除率、术中及术后并发症、手术效果,术后通过B超及CT检查进行随访。结果13例均一期完全清除结石及完成肾盂输尿管离断吻合术,无中转开放手术。手术时间90~118 min;术中出血量3~30 mL,无手术输血者。手术第2天进流食,术后住院时间5~7 d,平均6 d。术后随访8~18个月,平均12个月。术中及术后均未发生严重并发症,无结石残留,肾积水均有明显恢复甚至消退。结论腹腔镜联合输尿管镜治疗UPJO合并肾结石在不影响肾积水手术效果的前提下,明显增加了结石清除率。该手术方式具有创伤小、安全、恢复快、难度小等优点,且临床疗效满意。

腹腔镜胆总管探查取石与内镜ERCP/EST联合LC治疗胆囊疾病合并胆总管结石的临床对比研究

【目的】评价腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术(LCBDE)与内镜逆行胆管造影、括约肌切开取石术(ER CP/EST)联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)治疗胆囊疾病合并胆总管结石的临床效果,探讨胆石症的微创外科治疗策略。【方法】回顾性分析152例胆囊疾病合并胆总管结石病人分别采用LC+LCBDE术(68例)、内镜EST联合LC术(84例)治疗的临床资料, 进行胆总管内径、结石大小、手术时间、手术费用、并发症发生率、术后住院日等方面的统计学对比分析。【结果】两种术式的术后住院日差异无显著性(P>0. 05),手术时间、手术费用、并发症发生率等方面比较差异有显著性(P<0. 01 ), 且两者的胆总管内径、结石大小相比较有差别。【结论】胆总管直径小于1. 0cm,尤其胆总管下端结石嵌顿时宜采用内镜、腹腔镜联合手术治疗;胆总管直径大于1. 0cm或多发结石,尤其并存二级支肝管结石者(无胆管狭窄),腹腔镜下一期手术LC+LCBDE是治疗胆囊疾病合并胆总管结石的最佳选择。

标准单通道、双通道PCNL对肾结石患者肾血流动力学的影响

【目的】比较标准单通道经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）和标准双通道PCNL对肾脏血流动力学的影响。【方法】选择2012年6月至2015年6月本院收治的159例肾结石患者，将其随机分成标准双通道组（n=77）和标准单通道组（n=82）。标准单通道组采用单通道PCNL术，双通道组采用双通道PCNL术，观察两组患者术前、术后30d肾脏血流动力学的变化。【结果】标准双通道组的手术时间显著高于标准单通道组（P〈0．05），标准双通道组的术中出血量及术中补液量显著低于标准单通道组（P〈0．05）；术后30d两组患者肾主动脉、段间动脉、叶间动脉的收缩期峰值流速（Vmax）、S／D显著高于术前，血流阻力指数（RI）显著低于术前（P〈0．05），标准双通道组肾主动脉、段间动脉、叶间动脉的Vmax、S／D显著高于单通道组，RI显著低于单通道组（P〈0．05）；两组患者术后肾小球滤过率（GFR）均显著低于术前（P〈0．05），两组术后GFR无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。[结论]PCNL术对患者肾血流动力学会产生一定的影响，双通道PCNL术中出血及术中补液均较少，清石效果好，值得临床推广。

微创经皮肾镜上盏入路取石术治疗复杂性肾结石

【目的】探讨经上盏入路微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石取石术（mPCNL）治疗复杂性肾结石的可行性与效果。【方法】经上盏入路行mPCNI。治疗153例复杂性肾结石患者，采用单通道取石132例（86．3％），采用双通道取石21例（13．7％）。【结果】结石取净141例（92．2％），其中一期取净结石121例（79．1％，121／153）；32例残石患者30例二期取石，其中18例取净（60％，18／30）；余12例残石患者9例三期取石（5．8％，9／153），2例取净（22．2％），最后有12例结石残留（7．8％，12／153）。1例出现轻微液气胸，自愈。手术时间为30～173min，术中出血量约10～300mL，无输血、肾切除、感染性休克等并发症。【结论】采用经上盏入路行PCNL术治疗复杂性肾结石具有创伤小、穿刺扩张容易、出血少、视野广、结石取出率高、恢复快等优点。

逆行输尿管软镜碎石术治疗儿童肾及输尿管上段结石的疗效与安全性探讨

目的探讨逆行输尿管软镜碎石术(flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy,FURS)治疗儿童肾及输尿管上段结石的疗效与安全性。方法回顾性分析湖南省儿童医院2015年3月至2021年3月行逆行输尿管软镜碎石术的215例肾及(或)输尿管上段结石患儿临床资料,其中男141例,女74例;平均年龄4.6岁(1.2~14.4岁)。左侧结石104例,右侧结石87例,双侧结石24例。肾结石179例,其中双侧结石19例;输尿管上段结石36例,其中双侧结石5例。结石直径5~28 mm。患儿均经泌尿系B超、静脉尿路造影(intravenous urography,IVU)及腹部平片(abdominal X-ray,KUB)或CT确诊,排除其他泌尿系严重畸形。收集所有患儿手术及住院时间、结石清除以及术后并发症等情况。结果215例患儿的239侧结石中,共228侧成功完成逆行输尿管软镜碎石术,其中19侧一期在超滑导丝引导下置入输尿管软镜至肾盂,209侧经双J管扩张输尿管4周后置入输尿管软镜碎石。余11侧结石因输尿管软镜不能达到结石位置或不能探及结石而改行微创经皮肾镜碎石术(minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL)。除5例因结石较小,术后未留置双J管外,其余患儿术后均留置双J管2~4周。术后4周复查B超或CT,148侧结石全部排尽,一期清石率64.9%(148/228);75侧进行了2~3次碎石术。术后3个月复查总清石率为89.9%(205/228);如将直径≤4 mm无临床意义的残石计算在内,则清石率为93.4%(213/228)。平均手术时间55 min(25~115 min),术后平均住院时间3.5 d(2~5 d)。术后早期出现肾脏血肿1例,输尿管下口撕裂5例,肾盂输尿管交界处损伤3例(其中肾盂输尿管交界处穿孔1例),均经留置双J管4周后治愈。随访期间,1例出现肾盂输尿管交界处狭窄,术后6个月时经肾盏输尿管吻合术治愈。随访至2022年3月,成功获得清石的患儿中,共10例出现结石复发。结论逆行输尿管软镜碎石术治疗儿童肾及输尿管上段结石清石效果好,并发症少,安全有效。

输尿管镜下钬激光碎石与经皮肾镜取石术治疗直径≤3cm肾结石的临床效果比较

[目的]比较输尿管镜下钬激光碎石与经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）治疗直径≤3cm肾结石的临床效果。[方法]选取2013年1月至2015年10月在本院诊治的肾结石患者124例，根据手术方法随机分为两组，各62例：A组患者应用输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗，B组患者应用PCNL术进行治疗。主要观察两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、尿液转清时间、住院时间及结石残留、并发症等。[结果]A组患者手术时间、术中出血量、尿液转清时间、肠功能恢复时间及术后住院时间均低于B组，差异均具有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）；B组残石率为4．83％（3／62），A组为8．06％（5／62），两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；B组术后并发症为12．90oA（8／62），高于A组的6．45％（4／62），差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。[结论]应用输尿管镜下钬激光碎石与PCNL术治疗肾结石≤3cm均可取得较好效果，而前者具有创伤小，术后恢复较好，术后并发症较低的特点。

不同微创术式治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床研究

[目的]探讨四微创方式治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的疗效.[方法]选择2009年1月至2011年1月微创方式治疗治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的患者246例,分为腹腔镜胆道T管引流探查组92例（A组）,腹腔镜胆道探查一期缝合组42例（B组）,经胆囊管途径腹腔镜胆道探查术46例（C组）,腹腔镜胆囊切除加十二指肠乳头切开取石组66例（D组）,比较四组患者的手术并发症、术后住院天数、住院总天数、住院费用等.[结果]A组腹腔引流时间、术后住院日、恢复正常工作时间、术后平均输液量、住院费用显著长于或高于其他三组（P〈0.05）,C组手术时间显著短于其他三组（P〈0.05）;D组术中出血量显著短于其他三组（P0.05）.[结论]经胆囊管途径腹腔镜胆道探查术（C组）安全可靠,手术创伤小,体现出微创外科技术的优越性,值得临床推广,腹腔镜胆道T管引流探查术,腹腔镜胆道探查一期缝合组术,腹腔镜胆囊切除加十二指肠乳头切开取石组术式作为必要的补充方式,四种术式各有优缺点,应根据患者具体情况,个性化治疗.

肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄合并肾结石的后腹腔镜手术治疗

【目的】探讨后腹腔镜手术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻（UPJO）合并肾结石的手术技巧和临床效果。【方法】回顾性分析2010年7月至2011年10月采用后腹腔镜手术治疗UPJO合并肾结石10例的临床资料。10例采用离断式肾孟成形术，其中6例肾盂铸形结石直接行肾孟切开取石术，2例经导管肾孟内冲洗取石，2例联合膀胱软镜取石。【结果】所有患者手术均顺利完成。术后复查无结石残留，盂管交界处吻合通畅。【结论】后腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术是治疗UPJO合并肾结石可行的手术方法。