Ecological Remediation Technology of Urban Landscape Water Body

Urban landscape water body is not only an important part of urban landscape construction,but also an important way to maintain landscape diversity and biodiversity,carrying the beautiful yearning of urban residents for natural life.A good state of urban landscape water body is crucial to the ecological environment of the city.However,due to the poor kinetic energy of urban landscape water body and the influence of various human factors,the quality of urban landscape water body often declines,and urban population is threatened by water security problems.Through the study of several water body ecological remediation technologies,relevant suggestions are put forward,in order to provide a reference for water pollution restoration and treatment in urban human settlement environment.

Pollution source identification methods and remediation technologies of groundwater: A review

Groundwater is an important source of drinking water.Groundwater pollution severely endangers drinking water safety and sustainable social development.In the case of groundwater pollution,the top priority is to identify pollution sources,and accurate information on pollution sources is the premise of efficient remediation.Then,an appropriate pollution remediation scheme should be developed according to information on pollution sources,site conditions,and economic costs.The methods for identifying pollution sources mainly include geophysical exploration,geochemistry,isotopic tracing,and numerical modeling.Among these identification methods,only the numerical modeling can recognize various information on pollution sources,while other methods can only identify a certain aspect of pollution sources.The remediation technologies of groundwater can be divided into in-situ and ex-situ remediation technologies according to the remediation location.The in-situ remediation technologies enjoy low costs and a wide remediation range,but their remediation performance is prone to be affected by environmental conditions and cause secondary pollution.The ex-situ remediation technologies boast high remediation efficiency,high processing capacity,and high treatment concentration but suffer high costs.Different methods for pollution source identification and remediation technologies are applicable to different conditions.To achieve the expected identification and remediation results,it is feasible to combine several methods and technologies according to the actual hydrogeological conditions of contaminated sites and the nature of pollutants.Additionally,detailed knowledge about the hydrogeological conditions and stratigraphic structure of the contaminated site is the basis of all work regardless of the adopted identification methods or remediation technologies.

Feasibility Evaluation of Using Biochar-based Permeable Reactive Barrier for the Remediation of Mercury and Arsenic Composite Polluted Water Bodies

This study employed a modified biochar material to construct a permeable reactive barrier(PRB)for the treatment of water bodies polluted with mercury and arsenic.The experimental results demonstrated that the addition of goethite-modified biochar significantly enhanced the remediation efficiency of As(III),achieving a maximum removal rate of 100%.Conversely,pure biochar exhibited high efficiency in the removal of Hg(II),with a maximum removal rate approaching 100%.Furthermore,the pH level of the water significantly influenced the adsorption efficiency of heavy metal ions,with the optimal removal performance observed at a pH of 6.0.The PRB system demonstrated excellent removal rates under low concentrations of heavy metals.However,as the concentration increased,the remediation efficiency exhibited a slight decrease.In summary,the findings of this study provide compelling evidence for the use of modified biochar in the construction of PRBs for the remediation of mercury and arsenic-polluted water bodies.Furthermore,the study reveals the mechanism by which pH and heavy metal concentration influence remediation efficiency.

Electrospun Semiconductor-Based Nano-Heterostructures for Photocatalytic Energy Conversion and Environmental Remediation:Opportunities and Challenges

Harvesting solar energy to drive the semiconductor photocatalysis offers a promising tactic to address ever-growing challenges of both energy shortage and environmental pollution.Design and synthesis of nano-heterostructure photocatalysts with controllable components and morphologies are the key factors for achieving highly efficient photocatalytic processes.Onedimensional(1D)semiconductor nanofibers produced by electrospinning possess a large ratio of length to diameter,high ratio of surface to volume,small grain sizes,and high porosity,which are ideally suited for photocatalytic reactions from the viewpoint of structure advantage.After the secondary treatment of these nanofibers through the solvothermal,gas reduction,in situ doping,or assembly methods,the multi-component nanofibers with hierarchical nano-heterostructures can be obtained to further enhance their light absorption and charge carrier separation during the photocatalytic processes.In recent years,the electrospun semiconductorbased nano-heterostructures have become a“hot topic”in the fields of photocatalytic energy conversion and environmental remediation.This review article summarizes the recent progress in electrospinning synthesis of various kinds of high-performance semiconductor-based nano-heterostructure photocatalysts for H2 production,CO_(2) reduction,and decomposition of pollutants.The future perspectives of these materials are also discussed.

Bio-capped and green synthesis of ZnO/g-C_(3)N_(4) nanocomposites and its improved antibiotic and photocatalytic activities: An exceptional approach towards environmental remediation

In this research study, we have synthesized the bio-capped ZnO/g-C_(3)N_(4) nanocomposites by employing lemon juice(Citrus limon) as a stabilizer and mediator. Fruitfully, lemon juice which contains various acidic functional groups and citric acid has the capability to block the surface of g-C_(3)N_(4) from chemical reactivity and activated the surface of g-C_(3)N_(4) for various reactions. Consequently, the agglomeration behavior and controlled shape of g-C_(3)N_(4) has also been achieved. Our experimental results i.e. XRD,TEM, HRTEM, PL, FS, XPS, and PEC have confirmed that the lemon juice mediated and green g-C_(3)N_(4)(L-CN) have good performances and remarkable visible light photocatalytic activities as compared to the chemically synthesized g-C_(3)N_(4)(CN). Furthermore, the small surface area and low charge separation of g-C_(3)N_(4) is upgraded by coupling with Zn O nanoparticles. It is proved that the coupling of Zn O worked as a facilitator and photoelectron modulator to enhance the charge separation of g-C_(3)N_(4). Compared to pristine lemon-mediated green g-C_(3)N_(4)(L-CN), the most active sample 5Zn O/L-CN showed ~ 5-fold improvement in activities for ciprofloxacin(CIP) and methylene blue(MB) degradation. More specifically,the mineralization process and degradation pathways, and the mineralization process of ciprofloxacin(CIP) and methylene blue(MB) are suggested. Finally, our present novel research work will provide new access to synthesize the eco-friendly and bio-caped green g-C_(3)N_(4)nanomaterials and their employment for pollutants degradation and environmental purification.

PFAS: Ecological Implications, Remedial Actions and Ethical Considerations

The C-F bond is one of the strongest in organic chemistry. It is responsible for the great stability of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, commonly referred to as “PFAS”, a group of man-made chemicals that include perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Thermal stability, surface activity, dielectric characteristics, chemical resistance, and inertness are just a few of the technical advantages that this group has over hydrocarbons, and since the 1950s, these chemicals have been largely utilized in a variety of domestic and industrial endeavors. The hydrophilic and lipophilic nature of this class of chemicals accounts for its uniqueness. Up until today, the chemistry and ecotoxicology of these chemicals continue to emerge. Issues concerning the destructive power of ignorance expedited by an ineffective regulatory institution continue to show that manufacturing chemicals are insufficient without giving serious thought to issues of openness and humanity’s awareness of its own safety. When discussing the nature of humanity and how it can be defined or redefined, it is important to allude to the significance of integrating business with ethics in its various forms. This paper highlights the importance of holding polluters accountable for PFAS contamination cleanup costs while emphasizing the need for chemical manufacturers to test and disclose the health and environmental effects of PFAS compounds. In addition, the sources, types, properties, applications, distribution, toxicological implications, regulations, and analytical methods associated with PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are explored. The effectiveness of the remedial methods described in this paper needs to be progressively tested while exploring other sustainable approaches.

Two-Way ANOVA for Comparison of Remedial Nutrient Solution and Enhanced Natural Attenuation Using SPSS for Treating Petroleum Contaminated Soils

Statistical comparison of two remediation methods: Remedial nutrient solution and enhanced natural attenuation were analyzed in terms of TPH of different soil samples collected from Khana Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria at different locations and placed inside sample bottles labelled A to D and replicated into two, one for each of the above treatment technique. The TPH of the soil was determined using GC analyzer after solvent extraction was carried out using hexane/dichloromethane mixture. Three batches of treatment were performed on the samples at every interval of eight weeks for a duration of six months. The result obtained was analyzed using a two-way ANOVA factorial experimental design to test the significance of the various sources of variation. From the result obtained, source of variation for sample and interactions were non-significantly different from each other which means that irrespective of the number of samples analyzed or the combination of both samples and batches of treatment, they will still not be significantly different from each other. The source of variation for batch and replications were significantly different from each other and this means that irrespective of the batches of treatment applied or the number of replications (methods of treatment used), they will always be significantly different from each other. The individual comparison of each sample showed that the efficiency of the Remedial Nutrient Solution method was better than Enhanced Natural Attenuation method.

PFAS: Ecological Implications, Remedial Actions and Ethical Considerations

The C-F bond is one of the strongest in organic chemistry. It is responsible for the great stability of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, commonly referred to as “PFAS”, a group of man-made chemicals that include perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Thermal stability, surface activity, dielectric characteristics, chemical resistance, and inertness are just a few of the technical advantages that this group has over hydrocarbons, and since the 1950s, these chemicals have been largely utilized in a variety of domestic and industrial endeavors. The hydrophilic and lipophilic nature of this class of chemicals accounts for its uniqueness. Up until today, the chemistry and ecotoxicology of these chemicals continue to emerge. Issues concerning the destructive power of ignorance expedited by an ineffective regulatory institution continue to show that manufacturing chemicals are insufficient without giving serious thought to issues of openness and humanity’s awareness of its own safety. When discussing the nature of humanity and how it can be defined or redefined, it is important to allude to the significance of integrating business with ethics in its various forms. This paper highlights the importance of holding polluters accountable for PFAS contamination cleanup costs while emphasizing the need for chemical manufacturers to test and disclose the health and environmental effects of PFAS compounds. In addition, the sources, types, properties, applications, distribution, toxicological implications, regulations, and analytical methods associated with PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are explored. The effectiveness of the remedial methods described in this paper needs to be progressively tested while exploring other sustainable approaches.

Accessible and low-to zero-cost remedy:Traditional medicine use during pregnancy and labor

Traditional medicine(TM)has played an essential part in maternity services around the world,which has led to increased utilization among pregnant women.Herbs,herbal preparations,and completed herbal products are examples of TMs that contain active substances such as plant parts or other plant components that are thought to have therapeutic advantages.This study review aimed to identify the herbs commonly used,reasons for use,and effect of use,to make adequate recommendations on herbal medicine use as a remedy for pregnancy and labor.Incorporating evidence from reviews,personal correspondence,and diaries,this study demonstrates that about 80%of people used TM such as herbal remedies for sickness diagnosis,prevention,treatment,and promotion of general well‑being.Due to its accessibility,cost,and availability,TM is usually used by expectant mothers.Examples of TM used in pregnancy and labor include honey,aloe,raspberry,jute mallow,and hibiscus leaves.It is important to note that its use in pregnancy and labor can be beneficial or harmful to both mother and child.Lack of standardization,financial risk,lack of safety,and effectiveness are challenges to TM.There is a need of creating awareness of the safe use and effects of TM in pregnancy and labor through the provision of health education programs for women in the community.

Assessing the effectiveness of nanoscale zero-valent iron particles produced by green tea for Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater remediation

Nanoscale zero-valent iron particles(NZVI) produced by using green tea(GT) extract as a reductant can remove Cr(Ⅵ) from water effectively,which can be utilized in groundwater remediation.In order to define the reaction mechanism and removal effect in the aquifer,in this study,GT-NZVI particles were prepared and measured by some characterization methods to define their surface performance,and then batch and one-dimensional experiments were carried out to reveal the reaction properties of GT-NZVI and Cr(Ⅵ) in groundwater.The results showed that the prepared GT-NZVI particles were regular spherical with a diameter of 10-20 nm,which could disperse in water stably.The main component of GT-NZVI wasα-Fe with superficial polyphenols as a stabilizer.GT-NZVI suspension had good ability to reduce the Cr(Ⅵ) to Cr(Ⅲ) in water.When the concentration of GT-NZVI was 1 g/L,the removal efficiency of Cr(Ⅵ)with an initial concentration of 100 mg/L reached 92.8% in 1 h reaction.In column tests,GT-NZVI passed through the natural sand column successfully with an average outflow percentage of 71.2%.The simulated in-situ reaction zone(IRZ) with GT-NZVI was used to remediate Cr(Ⅵ) contaminated groundwater.The oufflow concentration of Cr(Ⅵ) kept in 0.14-0.32 mg/L corresponding to the outflow rate below 0.32%within 15 days,and the removal efficiency of Cr(Ⅵ) by IRZ with GT-NZVI decreased with the increase of aquifer medium particle size,groundwater flow rate and ionic strength.Most of Cr(Ⅲ) as reduzate was adsorbed or immobilized on the surface or in the lattice of GT-NZVI,which indicated effective immobilization for chromium.

Edible Plants:The Magic Wand for Inhibition of Oxidation of Organic Compounds,Remediators of TNT and Adsorbents for Heavy Metals

Phytoremediation is a viable,effective,and economically attractive technology that uses plants to remove chemical contaminants from soil and groundwater.A major munitions contaminant,TNT(2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene)can be remediated by several plants such as Myriophyllum aquaticum(Parrot Feather),and Catharanthus roseus.This study focuses on screening plants that have natural antioxidant phytochemicals for their ability to remediate TNT,and heavy metals from contaminated water sources,groundwater and soil.Three kinds of bell peppers,Capsicum frutescens(green,red,and yellow),which contain both the antioxidant phytochemicals(carotene and vitamin C)and tomato,which also contains vitamin C,were tested to confirm their antioxidizing and remediation abilities respectively.Results for remediation abilities were analyzed by HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromatography).Results also suggested that plants which had antioxidant properties were also able to remediate TNT and heavy metals effectively,thereby suggesting a possible correlation between antioxidant and phytoremediation abilities of the plants studied.

Preparation of Biomanganese Oxide-biochar Composite and Its Remediation of Arsenic Contamination

[Objectives]To prepare biomanganese oxide/biochar composite(BMO-BC)and examine its remediation performance on arsenic contamination.[Methods]The BMO-BC was prepared by cultivating Pseudomonas putida MnB1 in the presence of Mn 2+and biochar.[Results]The initial concentration of Mn 2+in the culture system had no significant effect on the growth rate and domestication cycle of Pseudomonas putida MnB1.The results of SEM-EDS and XRD analysis confirm that the adsorbent prepared in this experiment was a composite of biomanganese oxide and biochar particles.The results of arsenic pollution removal test in simulated environment showed that the in-situ formed BMO-BC composite had certain removal effect on As(III)and the presence of biochar particles and manganese dioxide in the reaction system and the manganese oxidation ability of microbial strain MnB1 affect its remediation performance to As(III).[Conclusions]When the initial concentration is in the range of 0-10.0 mg/L,the isothermal adsorption data of BMO-BC on As(III)conforms to the Langmuir model.

Remediation Technologies for Cadmium Contamination in Greenhouse Vegetable Fields

Based on the literature and experimental results, three kinds of soil amendments, namely rice biochar, hydroxyapatite and potassium dihydrogen phosphate(KH2PO4), and deeper ploughing were selected to evaluate the field application effect of soil amendments and agronomic measures on the remediation of Cd contamination in greenhouse vegetable fields. Cd-contaminated greenhouse screening was conducted from 2015 to 2017. In September 2017, comparative tests of eight treatments were performed, and a preferred test was performed in September 2018. The screening results of the contaminated areas indicated that the distribution of over-standard sites was uneven, and Cd content was significantly different. Over-standard rate of No.4 greenhouse was 83.33% and was the highest, and the average content of Cd in soil was 0.535 mg/kg. It was used as a comparative test greenhouse for eight treatments. No.1 greenhouse was selected as the preferred test greenhouse, with three over-standard plots having average Cd concentrations of 0.530, 0.568 and 0.792 mg/kg. The comparative test results showed that after 8 months of remediation, the content of available Cd in the treatment of hydroxyapatite+rice biochar+deeper ploughing(T6) was reduced by 32.55% compared with CK(the control) and 24.96% than 2 months of remediation. The content of available Cd using the treatment of potassium dihydrogen phosphate+rice biochar+deeper ploughing(T7) decreased by 47.88% compared with CK and 31.00% than 2 months of remediation. The preferred remediation test results showed that in the treatment of hydroxyapatite+rice biochar+deeper ploughing: the mean Cd content decreased from 0.489 to 0.372 mg/kg, reducing by 23.86%, and the mean did not exceed the standard. Compared with CK, the mean content of available Cd decreased by 10.71% after 8 months, and the lowest content of available Cd in three treatments was 0.133 mg/kg. In addition, the Cd content, bioconcentration factor(BCF) and translocation coefficient(TF) of bean aboveground plants were decreased by 15.86%, 23.68% and 25.77%, respectively when compared with CK. Rice biochar+hydroxyapatite +deeper ploughing is a favoured technology for the remediation of Cd-contaminated greenhouse vegetable fields.

Exploring the medicinal heritage: traditional applications of vertebrates and their by-products in human and veterinary remedies in India

Indigenous peoples are the custodians of traditional knowledge,encompassing their ideas,innovations,and methods.Throughout history,both plants and animals have served as valuable sources for medicinal remedies,capable of treating or preventing illnesses.This article aims to offer a concise overview of the traditional medical uses of vertebrates and the derived products in both human and veterinary medicine.Animal species are utilized as raw materials,and the resulting products are employed to cure a wide array of ailments.In different regions of India,indigenous peoples have diverse traditional applications for vertebrates and their by-products,which are utilized to treat human and animal illnesses.In various parts of India,medical practices involve the use of forty percent mammals,seven percent birds,eleven percent reptiles,eight percent fish,and two percent amphibians.Kerala employs around 69 different animal species and their by-products for the treatment of human and veterinary ailments.Similarly,the Theni district of Tamil Nadu utilizes 69 animals,the state of Madhya Pradesh employs 18 animals,the state of Tripura utilizes 25 animals,and the state of Assam employs 44 animals for the treatment of human and veterinary illnesses.Consequently,the main objective of this review is to provide a summary of the traditional therapeutic applications of animals and the resulting products.

Source,migration,distribution,toxicological effects and remediation technologies of arsenic in groundwater in China

Groundwater with high arsenic(As) content seriously threatens human life and health. Drinking high-As groundwater for a long time will lead to various pathological changes such as skin cancer, liver cancer,and kidney cancer. High-As groundwater has become one of the most serious environmental geological problems in China and even internationally. This paper aims to systematically summarize the sources,migration, distribution, toxicological effects, and treatment techniques of As in natural groundwater in China based on a large number of literature surveys. High-As groundwater in China is mainly distributed in the inland basins in arid and semi-arid environments and the alluvial and lacustrine aquifers in river deltas in humid environments, which are in neutral to weakly alkaline and strongly reducing environments.The content of As in groundwater varies widely, and As(Ⅲ) is the main form. The main mechanism of the formation of high-As groundwater in China is the reduced dissolution of Fe and Mn oxides under the action of organic matter and primary microorganisms, alkaline environment, intense evaporation and concentration, long-term water-rock interaction, and slow groundwater velocity, which promote the continuous migration and enrichment of As in groundwater. There are obvious differences in the toxicity of different forms of As. The toxic of As(Ⅲ) is far more than As(V), which is considered to be more toxic than methyl arsenate(MMA) and dimethyl arsenate(DMA). Inorganic As entering the body is metabolized through a combination of methylation(detoxification) and reduction(activation) and catalyzed by a series of methyltransferases and reductases. At present, remediation methods for high-As groundwater mainly include ion exchange technology, membrane filtration technology, biological treatment technology, nanocomposite adsorption technology, electrochemical technology, and so on. All the above remediation methods still have certain limitations, and it is urgent to develop treatment materials and technical means with stronger As removal performance and sustainability. With the joint efforts of scientists and governments of various countries in the future, this worldwide problem of drinking-water As poisoning will be solved as soon as possible. This paper systematically summarizes and discusses the hot research results of natural high-As groundwater, which could provide a reference for the related research of high-As groundwater in China and even the world.

作为反垄断救济措施的数字平台互操作义务

作为反垄断救济措施的数字平台互操作义务,是解决当前数字平台封禁行为的重要方式,既能维持现有符合市场特征的市场结构,又能将数字平台内部的网络效应外部化,允许市场竞争者公平共享网络效应产生的效率。通过降低市场进入壁垒恢复市场的有效竞争,避免用户、数据等价值要素聚集于少数数字平台。不论是作为反垄断事前监管措施,还是作为反垄断事后救济措施,数字平台互操作义务都有较好的适用基础和空间。结合我国目前肯定性调整方法规定不足的现实情况,数字平台互操作义务可能适用的情形也比较清晰,主要是针对数字平台既有反竞争性的互操作安排。实施时应当明确以基线标准作为实施的限度,严格秉持依法、审慎、积极和协同的理念。以公平原则、比例原则为义务设计的基本原则,对互操作义务的范围、标准以及监管等各方面内容予以科学设定。

湖南耕地土壤和稻米重金属污染防控实践与思考

湖南省是我国主要产粮区之一。由于矿产经济活动及其他人类活动,大面积耕地土壤受到重金属污染,从而一些地方的稻米重金属含量超过国家食品卫生标准。本研究对湖南省耕地土壤与稻米重金属污染现状和成因进行剖析。结果表明:湖南耕地土壤重金属污染特征是复合污染为主,污染程度逐年上升,主要分布在湘江流域和工矿区,并逐渐蔓延至养殖区,稻米重金属污染主要以Cd为主,其次是As和Pb。针对湖南稻米重金属污染的各种防控措施,阐述其工作原理、应用实例和优缺点,然后对湖南省开展的土壤重金属污染修复措施和研究进行总结与思考,提出应当构建一种基于土壤组成的原味钝化材料耦合易操作农艺措施的经济、绿色、高效的综合性技术方案,以期来修复耕地土壤重金属污染和降低稻米重金属含量,保障粮食安全生产。

好氧颗粒污泥的解体机制及修复策略研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)技术被誉为有望替代活性污泥法的下一代污水生物法处理技术,但其存在长期运行下颗粒易解体而造成系统失稳的瓶颈问题,未能大规模化工程应用.通过文献分析和整理,系统归纳了造成AGS解体的各类不利因素及其危害阈值与作用机制,梳理了解体AGS的现有修复策略,成效及其再颗粒化机理,并基于现有研究的局限性对未来的研究方向进行展望,以期实现AGS系统a解体-再颗粒化”的动态稳定运行,推动污水厂采纳AGS技术而低碳化转型.

真菌电化学修复除草剂污染土壤:降解动力学探索

【目的】微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)在去除污染物的同时产出电能,是一种颇有前景的生态修复手段。构建真菌强化MFC装置,比较电动力(EK)、真菌、MFC修复除草剂污染土壤效果及优缺点,探索MFC在有机污染物修复中的应用潜力。【方法】设计了一种添加真菌进行生物强化的MFC,并用EK、真菌、MFC三种方法修复两种除草剂污染的灭菌土壤。经筛选和驯化的疣孢漆斑菌和踝节菌菌株用于后两种方法,研究真菌强化对MFC去除除草剂的影响。测量土壤pH、电导率、除草剂去除率,MFC产电性能,用气相色谱-质谱鉴定两种除草剂的降解产物。【结果】EK修复中,添加模拟电解液、碳纤维条、加电10 V的处理组7 d后氯氟吡啶酯(F)和高效氟吡甲禾灵(H)去除率分别为71%和38%。真菌、MFC处理F的最大去除率达到100%。对比踝节菌,疣孢漆斑菌对两种除草剂的降解性能更好,疣孢漆斑菌、踝节菌单菌构建的MFC对H的去除率分别为62.5%和24.1%。F降解产物为氟氯吡啶酸,H降解产物为乙酸大茴香酯,推测了降解路径和降解动力学。三种方法降解F以及EK降解H均符合动力学一级反应,而真菌和MFC降解H符合二级反应。【结论】对比EK、真菌修复,MFC修复效果更好,该方法可以较快地修复土壤又无需额外供电,是一种经济有效的自持式修复策略。

黏土矿物-微生物相互作用机理以及在环境领域中的应用

黏土矿物与微生物在自然环境中广泛共存。二者之间的相互作用影响着环境中的能量流动与元素循环。黏土矿物能够给微生物提供物理或化学保护,提高微生物对外界胁迫和干扰的抵抗能力。黏土矿物同时还能给微生物提供营养元素,促进其新陈代谢过程。黏土矿物中的结构铁是微生物铁氧化还原循环的重要电子供/受体。在氧化还原的环境中,多种铁还原/铁氧化细菌可以通过还原氧化黏土矿物中的结构Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ),进而获得能量进行生长。在氧化还原过程中,微生物也可以通过溶解、转化、沉淀等作用改变黏土矿物的晶格结构及物相,或是产生新的次生矿物。黏土矿物-微生物相互作用在碳、氮、硅、磷等重要生命元素的地球化学循环中扮演着重要角色。黏土矿物可以通过吸附有机碳,降低有机碳的生物可利用性,减缓其矿化速率。在氧化还原波动的环境中,黏土矿物还可以通过活化分子氧,产生强氧化性自由基氧化降解有机质,提高其生物可利用性。黏土矿物还会吸附生物胞外酶,影响胞外酶降解有机质的效率。微生物通过耦合黏土矿物中铁氧化与硝酸盐还原,铁还原与氨氧化等过程影响氮循环。黏土矿物对磷的吸附以及风化过程中硅的释放影响着微生物的代谢活性。黏土矿物-微生物相互作用在重金属固化稳定、有机污染物降解、杀死病原菌等方面也有广泛的应用。