The triple-negative subtype of breast cancer(TNBC)has the bleakest prognosis,owing to its lack of either hormone receptor as well as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.Henceforth,immunotherapy has emerged as the...The triple-negative subtype of breast cancer(TNBC)has the bleakest prognosis,owing to its lack of either hormone receptor as well as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.Henceforth,immunotherapy has emerged as the front-runner for TNBC treatment,which avoids potentially damaging chemotherapeutics.However,despite its documented association with aggressive side effects and developed resistance,immune checkpoint blockade continues to dominate the TNBC immunotherapy scene.These immune checkpoint blockade drawbacks necessitate the exploration of other immunotherapeutic methods that would expand options for TNBC patients.One such method is the exploitation and recruitment of natural killer cells,which by harnessing the innate rather than adaptive immune system could potentially circumvent the downsides of immune checkpoint blockade.In this review,the authors will elucidate the advantageousness of natural killer cell-based immuno-oncology in TNBC as well as demonstrate the need to more extensively research such therapies in the future.展开更多
异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)后,供者来源的自然杀伤细胞(NK)可在保留移植物抗白血病(GVL)效应的同时发挥控制移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)作用。NK细胞表面的1磷酸鞘氨醇受体5(S1PR5)通过与胞外的第一信使1磷酸鞘氨醇(S1P)相互作用,调节N...异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)后,供者来源的自然杀伤细胞(NK)可在保留移植物抗白血病(GVL)效应的同时发挥控制移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)作用。NK细胞表面的1磷酸鞘氨醇受体5(S1PR5)通过与胞外的第一信使1磷酸鞘氨醇(S1P)相互作用,调节NK细胞的迁移和在外周血、脾、淋巴结等器官中的分布。本研究旨在探讨allo-HSCT后外周血NK细胞S1PR5表达变化及对GVHD的影响。分离纯化17例供者及相应受者移植后1个月外周血NK细胞,通过荧光探针实时定量PCR技术检测S1PR5 mRNA的表达情况,并结合患者临床资料和随访结果进行分析。结果表明,供者与allo-HSCT后患者外周血中NK细胞S1PR5表达变化(0.235±0.191 vs0.330±0.261,P>0.05)不具有统计学意义;急性GVHD(aGVHD)患者组移植后外周血NK细胞S1PR5表达水平较无aGVHD的患者组明显下降(0.973±0.834 vs 6.166±5.32,P<0.05);移植后患者与相应供者相比,外周血NK细胞S1PR5表达水平下降超过10%时易发生aGVHD;NK细胞S1PR5表达变化与慢性GVHD发生率无明显相关性(3.401±2.324 vs 2.762±1.972,P>0.05)。结论:NK细胞S1PR5表达水平下调与aGVHD发生有关,可能机制是由于S1PR5的低表达影响了NK细胞在体内的分布,从而影响到调控aGVHD的作用。展开更多
Breast and prostate cancer are the leading causes of death in females and males, respectively. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) does not express the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, or human epidermal gro...Breast and prostate cancer are the leading causes of death in females and males, respectively. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) does not express the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, resulting in limited treatment options. Androgen deprivation therapy is the standard care for prostate cancer patients;however, metastasis and recurrence are seen in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Both prostate and breast cancer show higher resistance after recurrence and metastasis, which increases the difficulty of treatment. Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role during innate immunity and tumor recognition and elimination. NK cell function is determined by a delicate balance of inhibitory signals and activation signals received through cell surface receptors. Lectin-like transcript 1 (LLT1, CLEC2D, OCIL) is a ligand of NK cell inhibitory receptor NKRP1A (CD161). Several studies have that reported higher expression of LLT1 is associated with the development of various tumors. Our studies revealed that TNBC and prostate cancer cells express higher levels of LLT1. In the presence of a monoclonal antibody against LLT1, NK cell-mediated killing of TNBC and prostate cancer cells were greatly enhanced. This review highlights the potential that using monoclonal antibodies to block LLT1 - NKRP1A interactions could be an effective immunotherapeutic approach to treat triple negative breast cancer and prostate cancer.展开更多
Tumor immunity proceeds through multiple processes, which consist of antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells(APCs) to educate effector cells and destruction by the effector cytotoxic cells. However, tumor imm...Tumor immunity proceeds through multiple processes, which consist of antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells(APCs) to educate effector cells and destruction by the effector cytotoxic cells. However, tumor immunity is frequently repressed at tumor sites. Malignantly transformed cells rarely survive the attack by the immune system, but cells that do survive change their phenotypes to reduce their immunogenicity. The resultant cells evade the attack by the immune system and form clinically discernible tumors. Tumor microenvironments simultaneously contain a wide variety of immune suppressive molecules and cells to dampen tumor immunity. Moreover, the liver microenvironment exhibits immune tolerance to reduce aberrant immune responses to massively-exposed antigens via the portal vein, and immune dysfunction is frequently associated with liver cirrhosis, which is widespread in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) patients. Immune therapy aims to reduce tumor burden, but it is also expected to prevent non-cancerous liver lesions from progressing to HCC, because HCC develops or recurs from noncancerous liver lesions with chronic inflammatory states and/or cirrhosis and these lesions cannot be cured and/or eradicated by local and/or systemic therapies. Nevertheless, cancer immune therapy should augment specific tumor immunity by using two distinct measures: enhancing the effector cell functions such as antigen presentation capacity of APCs and tumor cell killing capacity of cytotoxic cells, and reactivating the immune system in immune-suppressive tumor microenvironments. Here, we will summarize the current status and discuss the future perspective on immune therapy for HCC.展开更多
Helper-type innate lymphoid cells(ILC)play an important role in intestinal homeostasis.Members of the NKR-P1 gene family are expressed in various innate immune cells,including natural killer(NK)cells,and their cognate...Helper-type innate lymphoid cells(ILC)play an important role in intestinal homeostasis.Members of the NKR-P1 gene family are expressed in various innate immune cells,including natural killer(NK)cells,and their cognate Clr ligand family members are expressed in various specialized tissues,including the intestinal epithelium,where they may play an important role in mucosalassociated innate immune responses.In this study,we show that the inhibitory NKR-P1B receptor,but not the Ly49 receptor,is expressed in gut-resident NK cells,ILC,and a subset ofγδT cells in a tissue-specific manner.ILC3 cells constitute the predominant cell subset expressing NKR-P1B in the gut lamina propria.The known NKR-P1B ligand Clr-b is broadly expressed in gut-associated cells of hematopoietic origin.The genetic deletion of NKR-P1B results in a higher frequency and number of ILC3 andγδT cells in the gut lamina propria.However,the function of gut-resident ILC3,NK,andγδT cells in NKR-P1B-deficient mice is impaired during gastrointestinal tract infection by Citrobacter rodentium or Salmonella typhimurium,resulting in increased systemic bacterial dissemination in NKR-P1B-deficient mice.Our findings highlight the role of the NKR-P1B:Clr-b recognition system in the modulation of intestinal innate immune cell functions.展开更多
文摘The triple-negative subtype of breast cancer(TNBC)has the bleakest prognosis,owing to its lack of either hormone receptor as well as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.Henceforth,immunotherapy has emerged as the front-runner for TNBC treatment,which avoids potentially damaging chemotherapeutics.However,despite its documented association with aggressive side effects and developed resistance,immune checkpoint blockade continues to dominate the TNBC immunotherapy scene.These immune checkpoint blockade drawbacks necessitate the exploration of other immunotherapeutic methods that would expand options for TNBC patients.One such method is the exploitation and recruitment of natural killer cells,which by harnessing the innate rather than adaptive immune system could potentially circumvent the downsides of immune checkpoint blockade.In this review,the authors will elucidate the advantageousness of natural killer cell-based immuno-oncology in TNBC as well as demonstrate the need to more extensively research such therapies in the future.
文摘异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)后,供者来源的自然杀伤细胞(NK)可在保留移植物抗白血病(GVL)效应的同时发挥控制移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)作用。NK细胞表面的1磷酸鞘氨醇受体5(S1PR5)通过与胞外的第一信使1磷酸鞘氨醇(S1P)相互作用,调节NK细胞的迁移和在外周血、脾、淋巴结等器官中的分布。本研究旨在探讨allo-HSCT后外周血NK细胞S1PR5表达变化及对GVHD的影响。分离纯化17例供者及相应受者移植后1个月外周血NK细胞,通过荧光探针实时定量PCR技术检测S1PR5 mRNA的表达情况,并结合患者临床资料和随访结果进行分析。结果表明,供者与allo-HSCT后患者外周血中NK细胞S1PR5表达变化(0.235±0.191 vs0.330±0.261,P>0.05)不具有统计学意义;急性GVHD(aGVHD)患者组移植后外周血NK细胞S1PR5表达水平较无aGVHD的患者组明显下降(0.973±0.834 vs 6.166±5.32,P<0.05);移植后患者与相应供者相比,外周血NK细胞S1PR5表达水平下降超过10%时易发生aGVHD;NK细胞S1PR5表达变化与慢性GVHD发生率无明显相关性(3.401±2.324 vs 2.762±1.972,P>0.05)。结论:NK细胞S1PR5表达水平下调与aGVHD发生有关,可能机制是由于S1PR5的低表达影响了NK细胞在体内的分布,从而影响到调控aGVHD的作用。
文摘Breast and prostate cancer are the leading causes of death in females and males, respectively. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) does not express the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, resulting in limited treatment options. Androgen deprivation therapy is the standard care for prostate cancer patients;however, metastasis and recurrence are seen in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Both prostate and breast cancer show higher resistance after recurrence and metastasis, which increases the difficulty of treatment. Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role during innate immunity and tumor recognition and elimination. NK cell function is determined by a delicate balance of inhibitory signals and activation signals received through cell surface receptors. Lectin-like transcript 1 (LLT1, CLEC2D, OCIL) is a ligand of NK cell inhibitory receptor NKRP1A (CD161). Several studies have that reported higher expression of LLT1 is associated with the development of various tumors. Our studies revealed that TNBC and prostate cancer cells express higher levels of LLT1. In the presence of a monoclonal antibody against LLT1, NK cell-mediated killing of TNBC and prostate cancer cells were greatly enhanced. This review highlights the potential that using monoclonal antibodies to block LLT1 - NKRP1A interactions could be an effective immunotherapeutic approach to treat triple negative breast cancer and prostate cancer.
基金Supported by(in part)Research Programs on the Innovative Development and Application for New Drugs for Hepatitis B(No.17fk0310116h0001) from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development(AMED)Extramural Collaborative Research Grant of Cancer Research Institute,Kanazawa University
文摘Tumor immunity proceeds through multiple processes, which consist of antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells(APCs) to educate effector cells and destruction by the effector cytotoxic cells. However, tumor immunity is frequently repressed at tumor sites. Malignantly transformed cells rarely survive the attack by the immune system, but cells that do survive change their phenotypes to reduce their immunogenicity. The resultant cells evade the attack by the immune system and form clinically discernible tumors. Tumor microenvironments simultaneously contain a wide variety of immune suppressive molecules and cells to dampen tumor immunity. Moreover, the liver microenvironment exhibits immune tolerance to reduce aberrant immune responses to massively-exposed antigens via the portal vein, and immune dysfunction is frequently associated with liver cirrhosis, which is widespread in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) patients. Immune therapy aims to reduce tumor burden, but it is also expected to prevent non-cancerous liver lesions from progressing to HCC, because HCC develops or recurs from noncancerous liver lesions with chronic inflammatory states and/or cirrhosis and these lesions cannot be cured and/or eradicated by local and/or systemic therapies. Nevertheless, cancer immune therapy should augment specific tumor immunity by using two distinct measures: enhancing the effector cell functions such as antigen presentation capacity of APCs and tumor cell killing capacity of cytotoxic cells, and reactivating the immune system in immune-suppressive tumor microenvironments. Here, we will summarize the current status and discuss the future perspective on immune therapy for HCC.
基金supported by Operating Grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research(CIHR 86630 to A.P.M.and J.R.C.and CIHR 388337 to A.M.).
文摘Helper-type innate lymphoid cells(ILC)play an important role in intestinal homeostasis.Members of the NKR-P1 gene family are expressed in various innate immune cells,including natural killer(NK)cells,and their cognate Clr ligand family members are expressed in various specialized tissues,including the intestinal epithelium,where they may play an important role in mucosalassociated innate immune responses.In this study,we show that the inhibitory NKR-P1B receptor,but not the Ly49 receptor,is expressed in gut-resident NK cells,ILC,and a subset ofγδT cells in a tissue-specific manner.ILC3 cells constitute the predominant cell subset expressing NKR-P1B in the gut lamina propria.The known NKR-P1B ligand Clr-b is broadly expressed in gut-associated cells of hematopoietic origin.The genetic deletion of NKR-P1B results in a higher frequency and number of ILC3 andγδT cells in the gut lamina propria.However,the function of gut-resident ILC3,NK,andγδT cells in NKR-P1B-deficient mice is impaired during gastrointestinal tract infection by Citrobacter rodentium or Salmonella typhimurium,resulting in increased systemic bacterial dissemination in NKR-P1B-deficient mice.Our findings highlight the role of the NKR-P1B:Clr-b recognition system in the modulation of intestinal innate immune cell functions.
