This paper considers perceptions of children’s learning and classroom practice to support learning in the Pakistani early years educational context.In Pakistan,there is a growing focus on quality provision of early c...This paper considers perceptions of children’s learning and classroom practice to support learning in the Pakistani early years educational context.In Pakistan,there is a growing focus on quality provision of early childhood education and building early childhood education teacher capacity.Over the course of one academic year,data were collected from kindergarten teachers in a Pakistani urban school through interviews and classroom observations as part of a larger study.Findings presented in this paper are based on the interview data of two teachers in the sample,a novice and an experienced teacher.Data analysis examined their perceptions of kindergarten children’s learning and of their practice to support kindergarten children’s learning,taking into consideration the gender perspective.The results showed tensions in the teachers’perceptions which contrasted between a constructivist approach and a teacher-directed skills approach.Perceptions of their practice reflected a formal,teacher-directed approach rather than a constructivist approach and a teacher-directed skills approach to teaching.Several factors,including deep-rooted perceptions as well as curriculum structure,time,number of staff and resources,contributed to this.展开更多
Objective：To study the Cryptosporidium infection among young children in Anhui province, and to explore the best way to diagnose the disease. Methods： Stool specimens of 1 204 children were collected; oocysts of Cry...Objective：To study the Cryptosporidium infection among young children in Anhui province, and to explore the best way to diagnose the disease. Methods： Stool specimens of 1 204 children were collected; oocysts of Cryptosporidium were identified with auramine O- modified staining, acid-fast staining, safranine T and methylene blue staining, and auramine O-modified acid-fast staining. Results： The detectable rate of Cryptosporidium in four stainings were respectively 2.46%, 1.50%, 1.98% and 3.46%, and there was a higher significant difference in the rate between auramine O-modified acid-fast staining and the others（P 〈 0.005）. The detectable rate was significantly lower in urban children（2.14%, 15/684） than in rural ones（5,19%, 27/520）. Boys and girls had similar detectable rate （1.99%, 24/1 204 vs. 1.50%, 18/1 204）. Cryptosporidium infection was usually subclinical, and its major clinical features included benign diarrhea, mild abdominal pain and nausea. Conclusion：Cryptosporidium infection was relatively common in kindergartens and a higher infection rate was found in rural children. As the majority of the Cryptosporidium infections were subclinical, diagnosis is important although difficult.展开更多
为了提升黑猩猩优化算法开发精度和全局搜索能力,通过观察、总结4~6岁幼儿园小朋友行为特点,建立数学模型,提出一种新的元启发式算法:幼儿园小朋友优化算法(kindergarten children optimization algorithm,KCOA)。在算法设计上,幼儿园...为了提升黑猩猩优化算法开发精度和全局搜索能力,通过观察、总结4~6岁幼儿园小朋友行为特点,建立数学模型,提出一种新的元启发式算法:幼儿园小朋友优化算法(kindergarten children optimization algorithm,KCOA)。在算法设计上,幼儿园小朋友拥有玩具吸引、找伙伴、小红花三种社会行为。玩具吸引策略体现最优个体的引领作用。找伙伴策略增加普通小朋友间相互交流、提升普通小朋友个体自主探索种群空间能力,避免因最优个体错误判断让整个种群陷入局部极值点、搜索停滞。小红花策略实时评估当前小朋友位置状态,及时更新劣解、提升算法收敛速度和寻优精度。通过对23个基准测试函数的寻优对比分析、Wilcoxon秩和统计检验、Friedman排名以及部分CEC2014测试函数寻优结果对比,KCOA算法相比黑猩猩、两种改进黑猩猩、粒子群等优化算法在开发精度和寻优稳定性上都具有显著优势。最后,通过两个工程问题证实了该算法的有效性。KCOA算法求解弹簧、减速器设计问题对比黑猩猩优化算法最优开销分别减少0.85%、2.13%。展开更多
文摘This paper considers perceptions of children’s learning and classroom practice to support learning in the Pakistani early years educational context.In Pakistan,there is a growing focus on quality provision of early childhood education and building early childhood education teacher capacity.Over the course of one academic year,data were collected from kindergarten teachers in a Pakistani urban school through interviews and classroom observations as part of a larger study.Findings presented in this paper are based on the interview data of two teachers in the sample,a novice and an experienced teacher.Data analysis examined their perceptions of kindergarten children’s learning and of their practice to support kindergarten children’s learning,taking into consideration the gender perspective.The results showed tensions in the teachers’perceptions which contrasted between a constructivist approach and a teacher-directed skills approach.Perceptions of their practice reflected a formal,teacher-directed approach rather than a constructivist approach and a teacher-directed skills approach to teaching.Several factors,including deep-rooted perceptions as well as curriculum structure,time,number of staff and resources,contributed to this.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Youth of Anhui University of Science & Technology(1999-21)
文摘Objective：To study the Cryptosporidium infection among young children in Anhui province, and to explore the best way to diagnose the disease. Methods： Stool specimens of 1 204 children were collected; oocysts of Cryptosporidium were identified with auramine O- modified staining, acid-fast staining, safranine T and methylene blue staining, and auramine O-modified acid-fast staining. Results： The detectable rate of Cryptosporidium in four stainings were respectively 2.46%, 1.50%, 1.98% and 3.46%, and there was a higher significant difference in the rate between auramine O-modified acid-fast staining and the others（P 〈 0.005）. The detectable rate was significantly lower in urban children（2.14%, 15/684） than in rural ones（5,19%, 27/520）. Boys and girls had similar detectable rate （1.99%, 24/1 204 vs. 1.50%, 18/1 204）. Cryptosporidium infection was usually subclinical, and its major clinical features included benign diarrhea, mild abdominal pain and nausea. Conclusion：Cryptosporidium infection was relatively common in kindergartens and a higher infection rate was found in rural children. As the majority of the Cryptosporidium infections were subclinical, diagnosis is important although difficult.
文摘为了提升黑猩猩优化算法开发精度和全局搜索能力,通过观察、总结4~6岁幼儿园小朋友行为特点,建立数学模型,提出一种新的元启发式算法:幼儿园小朋友优化算法(kindergarten children optimization algorithm,KCOA)。在算法设计上,幼儿园小朋友拥有玩具吸引、找伙伴、小红花三种社会行为。玩具吸引策略体现最优个体的引领作用。找伙伴策略增加普通小朋友间相互交流、提升普通小朋友个体自主探索种群空间能力,避免因最优个体错误判断让整个种群陷入局部极值点、搜索停滞。小红花策略实时评估当前小朋友位置状态,及时更新劣解、提升算法收敛速度和寻优精度。通过对23个基准测试函数的寻优对比分析、Wilcoxon秩和统计检验、Friedman排名以及部分CEC2014测试函数寻优结果对比,KCOA算法相比黑猩猩、两种改进黑猩猩、粒子群等优化算法在开发精度和寻优稳定性上都具有显著优势。最后,通过两个工程问题证实了该算法的有效性。KCOA算法求解弹簧、减速器设计问题对比黑猩猩优化算法最优开销分别减少0.85%、2.13%。
