喜马拉雅条款效力的扩张——评美国2004年Kirby案

在2004年Kirby案中,美国最高法院在一张提单中的喜马拉雅条款能否赋予"铁路公司"责任限制权利的问题上,沿用了第三人利益合同理论,但确立了比以往判例宽松的解释标准。而在另一张提单中的喜马拉雅条款能否约束"Kirby公司"的问题上,美国最高法院创设了"有限代理理论",进而同样得出肯定结论。美国最高法院扩张喜马拉雅条款效力的实用主义态度,有利于鼓励海运业及多式联运业的发展,为我国立法和司法在处理类似问题上提供了有益的启示。

湖南地区7所医院革兰阴性细菌分布及耐药情况分析

目的 了解湖南地区临床分离革兰阴性菌的耐药情况。方法 2 0 0 2年 5月～ 7月湖南 7家医院临床分离的革兰阴性菌用Kirby-bauer法进行药敏试验。结果 2 6 9株革兰阴性菌中 ,痰标本送检阳性率最高占 5 3.16 % ,湖南地区革兰阴性菌占前几位的分别是大肠埃希菌 (2 3.0 5 % ) ,铜绿假单胞菌 (2 0 .4 5 % ) ,肺炎克雷伯菌 (14 .5 0 % ) ,鲍曼不动杆菌 (11.15 % ) ,阴沟肠杆菌 (9.2 9% )。细菌药敏结果显示湖南地区阿莫西林、氨苄西林的耐药率已经超过 90 % ,三代头孢的耐药率为 2 6 .0 2 %～ 31.6 0 %不等 ,酶复合制剂如头孢哌酮 /舒巴坦、哌拉西林 /三唑巴坦的耐药率分别为 5 .5 8%和 15 .99% ,碳青霉烯类仍是湖南地区敏感率最高的抗菌药物。结论 细菌耐药性是临床上的严重问题 ,需要各有关部门的共同协作 ,商讨有效对策。

Assessment of Antifungal Activity of Some Himalayan Foliose Lichens Against Plant Pathogenic Fungi

In vitro antifungal activity of the acetone, methanol and chloroform extracts of four lichen species viz, Bulbothirx setschwanensis, Everniastrum nepalense, Heterodermia diademata, Parmelaria thomsonii were investigated against seven plant pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, F. roseum and Penicillium citrinum) with reference to commercially available synthetic antifungal drug Ketoconazole (positive control). Lichen secondary metabolites were extracted using Soxhlet extractor and were further recovered through gentle evaporation of solvents in rotatory evaporator. Antifungal activity was analysed employing BauerKirby disc diffusion assay. Acetone and methanol extracts of lichenized fungi were found more effective against tested plant pathogenic fungi. Principal component analysis concluded that though, Ketoconazole was effective against four of the tested plant pathogenic fungi, acetone and methanol extracts of lichens were comparatively more effective against some broad spectrum plant pathogenic fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, F. roseum).