江河源区高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草甸植物和土壤碳、氮储量对覆被变化的响应

以青海省果洛州藏族自治州甘德县青珍乡高山嵩草Kobresia pygmaea草甸轻度退化草地和重度退化草地为研究对象,通过植物地上部分主要功能群（禾草类、杂类草、莎草类）、植物根系和土壤碳、氮浓度及储量动态研究,结果表明：高寒小嵩草草甸轻度退化草地地上部分主要功能群碳、氮浓度和C∶N比值明显高于重度退化草地的浓度。同一草地类型主要功能群比较,碳、氮浓度依次为杂类草〉禾草类〉莎草类;植物地上部分的碳、氮浓度明显高于地下根系的碳、氮浓度。重度退化草地植物根系碳、氮浓度高于轻度退化草地植物根系碳、氮浓度。重度退化草地土壤总有机碳浓度显著低于轻度退化草地土壤总有机碳浓度,随着土层的加深碳、氮浓度有减少的趋势。江河源区高山嵩草草甸的土壤有机碳、氮储量最大,植物根系碳、氮储量居中,植物地上部分碳、氮储量最小。重度退化草地总有机碳储量（13554.3g/m^2）较轻度退化草地储量（14669.2g/m^2）下降7.60%。其中,0-40cm土壤层碳储量下降4.10%,植物根系碳储量下降59.97%,植物地上部分碳储量下降15.39%;重度退化草地总氮储量（3780.6g/m^2）较轻度退化草地储量（3352.7g/m^2）高12.76%,其中,0-40cm土壤中总氮储量高13.07%,植物根系全氮储量下降55.09%,植物地上部分全氮下降16.00%。由于草地退化损失有机碳11149kg/hm^2,而全氮增加4278kg/hm^2。

Comparison of Photosynthetic Adaptability Between Kobresia humilis and Polygonum viviparum on Qinghai Plateau

The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Kobresia humilis Serg. and Polygonum viviparum L. grown at two different altitudes (3?200 m, 3?980 m) were measured and the ultrastructure of chloroplasts were observed for studying the photosynthetic adaptability of plants to the influences of stress conditions in alpine environment. Rfd _values, the vitality index, in leaves of K. humilis and P.viviparum grown at 3?980 m were higher than those at 3?200 m. The higher ratio of F v/F o and F v/F m in leaves of K. humilis and P.viviparum indicated that the rate of photosynthetic conversion of light energy increased at higher altitude. Ratios of F v/F o and F v/F m and Rfd _values in K.humilis were higher than that in P.viviparum grown at the same altitude. There were more irregular chloroplasts in leaves of both species grown at higher altitude. Many irregular chloroplasts such as swollen thylakoid, deformed chloroplast envelope, were observed in P.viviparum grown at 3?980 m, but few in K. humilis . These results were discussed in relation to the photosynthetic adaptability of alpine plants and the different adaptive competence between K.humilis and P.viviparum .

氮肥添加对高寒藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica)沼泽化草甸和土壤微生物群落的影响

以藏嵩草沼泽化草甸为研究对象,利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)技术,研究连续6年N素添加对地上植被群落数量特征、土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明:①藏嵩草沼泽化草甸群落生物量、枯枝落叶对施肥处理无明显响应,且莎草科植物对土壤氮素的吸收和利用率较低。②施肥增加了0-10 cm土壤微生物类群PLFAs丰富度尤其细菌和革兰氏阳性菌PLFAs,降低了10-20 cm PLFAs丰富度;③磷脂脂肪酸饱和脂肪酸/单烯不饱和脂肪酸、细菌PLFAs/真菌PLFAs的比值随土壤层次增加而增加;④0-10 cm土层革兰氏阳性菌、真菌PLFAs含量与pH、土壤速效磷、速效氮、土壤有机质显著正相关(P<0.05或P<0.01);10-20 cm土层,细菌、革兰氏阳性菌、真菌和总PLFAs含量与土壤有机质含量显著正相关(P<0.05或P<0.01)。表明藏嵩草沼泽化草甸微生物PLFAs含量和丰富度对施肥的响应存在明显的土层梯度效应,土壤微生物PLFAs含量和丰富度主要受表层土壤初始养分含量的影响。

基于RAPD标记的15种嵩草属(Kobresia Willd．)植物遗传关系

嵩草属(Kobresia Willd.)植物由于其形态结构的多样性及种内变异式样的复杂性,至今仍被认为是分类学上的"困难属".因此,对于该属系统学其他方面的证据,尤其分子方面的研究则显得极为重要和迫切。本文选用21个RAPD随机引物调查了15种嵩草属植物的遗传关系。结果表明:15种嵩草属植物聚为3类,认为嵩草组和异穗嵩草组的建立是比较自然的,而单穗嵩草组的划分并不自然.此外,分子结论并不支持前人发表的K.maquensis为独立新种,建议降为K.setschwanensis的异名.

矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸主要植物含水量及需水程度的初步研究

本项工作测定了高寒矮嵩草草甸10种主要植物不同物候期的水分含量、自然饱和亏、临界饱和亏和需水程度,分析了植物含水量及其季节性动态规律,了解了植物不同发育阶段的水分亏缺状况和抗旱性,并根据植物需水程度和水分饱和亏,初步提出不同时期灌溉对矮嵩草草甸生长的影响。

Soil Erosion and Vegetation Succession in Alpine Kobresia Steppe Meadow Caused by Plateau Pika——A Case Study of Nagqu County, Tibet

This paper evaluated the impacts of mounds created by the plateau pika （Ochotona curzoniae） on the vegetation composition, structure, and species diversity of an alpine Kobresia steppe meadow in Nagqu County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Based on mound height or the depth of erosion pit, we defined five stages of erosion and compared the floristic features of communities at these stages with those in undisturbed sites. In the study area, the mounds and pits covered up to 7% of the total area. Lancea tibetica, Lamiophlomis rotata, and Potentilla biflarca were the dominant species in erosion pits, and Kobresia pygmaea, the dominant species in undisturbed sites, became a companion species in eroded areas. In the process of erosion, the original vegetation was covered by soil ejected by the pika, then the mounds were gradually eroded by wind and rain, and finally erosion pits formed. The vegetation coverage increased with increasing erosion stages but remained significantly lower than that in undisturbed sites. Improved coverage eventually reduced soil erosion, and pit depth eventually stabilized at around 20cm. Aboveground biomass increased with increasing erosion stage, but the proportion of low-quality forage reached more than 94%. The richness index and Shannon-Wiener index increased significantly with increasing erosion stage, but the richness index in mound and pit areas was significantly lower than that in undisturbed sites.

不同地区矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)种子解剖特征和萌发特性的研究

对不同地区矮嵩草种子解剖特征和萌发特性进行了探讨。结果表明低海拔海北地区采集的矮嵩草果实较高海拔果洛地区为大 ,其活力百分率与发芽率均明显高于高海拔果洛地区采集的矮嵩草 ( P<0 .0 1)。嵩草果实的大小决定了其种子发芽的能力。

Changes in plant species composition and diversity of alpine Kobresia (Kobresia pygmaea) steppe meadow at different stages of desertification in the North Tibetan plateau

The impacts of desertification on the vegetation composition, structure, and species diversity of alpine Kobresia steppe meadow were evaluated in an area of severe desertification in Anduo County, Tibet Autonomous Region, northern China. We investigated and analyzed the floristic features of communities at four different stages of desertification (slight desertification [SLD], moderate desertification [MD], severe desertification [SD], and very severe desertification [VSD]). The composition and structure of the alpine Kobresia steppe meadow at the SLD site differed significantly from that at the MD, SD, and VSD sites. Species that were more drought resistant and inedible by livestock were the dominant species at the SD site. No plants were found in the shifting dunes of the VSD site. Species diversity also decreased with increasing desertification. The SLD site had the largest mean number of species and individuals and the largest richness index; the MD grassland had the largest Shannon-Wiener index and evenness index, but the smallest Simpson’s index. The vegetation cover declined from 91.8% to 34.8% as desertification increased from SLD to SD, and reached 0% in VSD areas with shifting dunes.

高寒草甸矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)生殖生长特性观测

通过对矮嵩草不同时期花序生长发育的研究 ,观察到矮嵩草在 5月中旬已完成抽穗 ,6月上旬进入盛花期 ,6月中旬和 7月初形成果实雏形 ,7月底和 8月上旬果实成熟。平均每穗结实 3～ 7粒 ,约 4 8%的雌蕊发育成果实。矮嵩草花序长9.5～ 1 1 .9mm,小穗数 7.2～ 1 0 .2个 /花序 ,小穗长 4 .1～ 5 .1 mm,雌花数 6 .2～ 1 3.7个 /花序 ,雌蕊数为 0 .71～ 1 .6 0个 /小穗 ,果实数 3.0～ 6 .6粒

矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸内架设开顶式增温小室对微气候的影响

矮嵩草 (Kobresiahumilis)草甸内架设开顶式增温小室后 ,在牧草生长季节 ,增温小室内的气温平均提高 1 .47℃ ,土温平均提高 1 .0 0℃ ,地表温度平均提高 1 .5 4℃ ;增温小室外的湿度略高于其内部 ;增温小室外的风速明显高于其内部 ;增温小室内外的太阳水平总辐射、反射系数和极端温度差异不显著 ,但变化趋势各有异同 ;增温小室的修建对地温与湿度间、气温与空气湿度间的相关显著性有影响 。

添加氮肥对高寒嵩草(Kobresia)草甸群落植物N、P生态化学计量特征的影响

为了探讨尿素对高寒嵩草(Kobresia)草甸植物和土壤N、P养分生态化学计量特征及生物量的影响,试验测定了高寒草甸生物量和植物全氮、全磷、全钾及土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、硝态氮含量。结果表明:在施肥量为450 kg/hm2时,牧草鲜重和干重分别为877.87,341.07 g/m2,显著高于其他处理(P<0.05);在施肥量为400 kg/hm2时植物全氮含量最高,为56.53 g/kg,与施肥量为450 kg/hm2时相比差异不显著(P>0.05),显著高于其他处理(P<0.05);对照处理的植物全磷含量最高;在施肥量为400 kg/hm2时土壤硝态氮含量最高,与施肥量为450,350 kg/hm2相比差异不显著(P>0.05),显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),对照处理的土壤硝态氮含量最低(0.036 g/kg);与对照相比,各施肥处理下植物氮磷比呈不同程度增加的趋势。说明高寒嵩草草甸植被主要受氮限制,施氮肥能促进植被对氮的吸收,抑制对磷的吸收,提高植物氮磷比。

Study on Soil Respiration Characteristics and Carbon Balance of <i>Kobresia pygmaea</i>Meadow in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

Although soil respiration is the largest contributor to C flux from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere, our understanding of its characteristics and carbon budget in alpine meadow is rather limited because of extremely geographic situation. This study was designed to examine soil CO2 efflux characteristics of diurnal and seasonal variation, thus obtaining estimates of carbon balance of Kobresia pygmaea meadow in Qinghai-Tibet plateau. The results showed that the soil respiration of diurnal and seasonal rate changed little in growing season and was mainly affected by temperature, and single peak curve that showed afternoon appeared. Composite model which was set by soil respiration rate, soil moisture content and temperature (atmospheric temperature and soil temperature) could explain better the variations of soil respiration rate. The variation range of Q10 ranged from 1.28 to 2.34, which was sensitive to temperature in green-up period and late growth stage, and decreased in growth peak period. Meanwhile, during the growing seasons the observed amount of annual carbon fixation via primary production for Kobresia pygmaea meadow ecosystem was about 120.21 g C·m-2·a-1. The carbon dioxide output via soil heterotrophic respiration was about 37.54 g C·m-2·a-1. So carbon budget had more input than output. The Kobresia pygmaea meadow ecosystem has stronger potential to absorb carbon dioxide, it was a sink of atmospheric CO2, and the plant community had a net carbon gain of 82.67 g C·m-2·a-1.

Research of Genetic Diversity in Seven Kobresia by AFLP in Tibetan Plateau

This work analyzed the genetic diversity of Kobresia accessions at the molecular level, and further obtained the necessary information for breeding and germplasm evaluation. Genomic DNA of Kobresia was amplified with four E＋3 and M＋3 primer combinations with AFLP （amplified fragment length polymorphism）. AFLP analysis produced 164 scorable bands, of which 154 （93.96%） were polymorphic. The mean Nei＇s gene diversity index （H） was 0.2430, and the Shannon＇s information index （I） was 0.4012, indicating the abundant genetic diversity of Kobresia. The 11 Kobresia accessions from Tibetan Plateau, China, can be classified into five groups after cluster analysis based on the UPGMA （unweigbted pair group method arithmetic average） method. In general, there was abundant genetic diversity among Kobresia accessions resources, and the genetic coefficient was unrelated to their geographic latitude. Natural habitats influenced genetic differentiation of Kobresia.

Effects of Grassland Caterpillars on Plant Community Structure of Alpine Kobresia Meadows and Soil Properties

[Objective] To investigate the relationship between the grassland caterpillar with different grades and the structure of alpine Kobresia meadow or soil feature. [Method] A total of 10 plots （20.00 m × 20.00 m） were chosen. In each plot, five smaller plots （5.00 m × 5.00 m） were randomly selected and six sample plots （0.25 m × 0.25 m） were then selected in each smaller plot. The biomass, vegetation height, grasslayer thickness, bare land area, soil moisture and total vegetation cover degree were determined. Data were analyzed statistically by Excel 2003 and SPSS 13.0 software. [ Result] There was a significant difference （P 〈 0.05） between the grassland caterpillars at different hazard grades and the structure of alpine Kobresia meadow or soil properties. [ Conclusion] With the increase of grassland caterpillar density, the plant community structure of alpine Kobresia meadows changes from sedge family-dominant community to the forbs-dominant community.

Characteristics of Kobresia humilis Community Structure at Different Degraded Levels in Northern Qinghai

[ Objective] To reveal structure and function of alpine meadow ecosystem and thus to provide a scientific basis for development, utilization and scientific management of alpine meadow pasture as well as sustainable development of grassland agriculture. [ Method] Charactedstics of Kobresia humilis communities with primary vegetation （community I） and degraded vegetation （community II） were analyzed. [Result] Species richness, biodiversity index and biomass of the community I were respectively 42, 3. 531 and 3 553.1 g/m^2, which were respectively higher than those of the community II （37, 2.270 and 3 391.1 g/m^2）. Correlation analysis shows that community biomass was correlated positively with the dchness index （ P 〈 0.01 ）, and biodiversity index was correlated positively with the aboveground biomass and dchness index （ P 〈 0.01 ）. [ Conclusion] The Kobresia humilis community I has reasonable structure and large coverage of ground vegetation, which play an important role in maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function.

多年生人工草地矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)种群空间格局与种内关联性

植物种群空间分布格局不仅反映植物的空间分布特点,还有助于研究者了解植物利用资源的现状和生存能力。本研究以矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)为研究对象,按株丛斑块面积将矮生嵩草分为小斑块级株丛(0~30 cm^(2))、中斑块级株丛(30~80 cm^(2))和大斑块级株丛(>80 cm^(2))3个株丛级,采用点格局分析的g函数统计方法,分析了矮生嵩草各级株丛的空间格局及关联性。结果表明:矮生嵩草种群中小斑块级株丛占比高于中斑块、大斑块级株丛占比,种群中幼苗充足,正处于稳定的增长阶段;矮生嵩草小斑块、中斑块、大斑块级株丛在小尺度范围内表现为聚集分布,随着尺度的增大,所有株丛斑块的聚集程度减弱,逐渐趋向于随机分布;小斑块与中斑块、大斑块的矮生嵩草株丛在小尺度内表现为正关联。斑块聚集分布和相互共存是矮生嵩草的一种生存策略。

不同海拔高度矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)克隆生长的研究

分别在果洛州大武乡3700m、3800m、3900m、4000m、4100m的海拔上对矮嵩草克隆生长特征进行了定株观测研究,研究结果显示:在海拔3700m处5～6月份矮嵩草增加的分蘖数最多,其他处理6～7月份最多;在处理间随着海拔的升高分蘖数逐渐增多;矮嵩草的平均生物量随着海拔的升高逐渐增大。

嵩草属（Kobresia）牧草繁殖器官解剖特征初步研究

对青藏高原高寒草甸嵩草属线叶嵩草（ＫｏｂｒｅｓｉａＣａｐｉｌｉｆｏｌｉａ）、高山嵩草（Ｋ．Ｐｑｙｍｎｕｃａ）、窄果嵩草（Ｋ．Ｓｔｅｎｏｃａｒｐａ）的果实进行了电镜扫描的初步观察研究。研究结果发现，嵩草属牧草具有保护组织机械性强，腔隙组织发达，胚包埋于胚乳之中等解剖学结构特征。这些特征使得嵩草属的牧草能适应高寒生态环境，同时也是形成这些种类的牧草发芽率极低的原因之一。

划破草皮技术对退化高寒小嵩草草甸土壤及植被恢复的影响

【目的】明确不同土壤草皮划破技术对高寒小嵩草草甸土壤理化性质和植物群落地上生产力恢复的影响。【方法】以退化小嵩草草甸的不同土层深度(0~10、10~20、20~30、30~40 cm)土壤养分、水分、紧实度等特征及植物群落生长繁殖特性为评判指标,分析划破草皮(C_(1))、划破草皮+补播(C_(2))、划破草皮+施肥(C_(3))、划破草皮+补播+施肥(C_(4))4种草皮划破技术处理对土壤理化性质和植物群落地上生产力恢复的影响。【结果】4种草皮划破技术处理下土壤湿度分别比对照增加了0.09%、4.80%、3.58%和4.05%,对土壤碳、氮、磷和钾含量亦具有一定程度的提升效果。双因素方差分析结果表明,处理方式、土壤深度及两者的交互作用对土壤全碳和全氮含量存在极显著影响(P<0.01)。不同处理方式对植物群落及实生苗数量特征存在不同程度的提升效应(P<0.01),其中,C_(2)处理植物群落密度比对照增加了68.77株/m^(2)(P<0.05);双子叶植物数量与土壤无机碳含量存在极显著负相关关系(P<0.01),相关系数为-0.37。基于不同处理的土壤物理性质(土壤湿度、土壤温度、土壤紧实度)、全量养分(全氮、全碳)和速效养分(有效磷、速效钾、铵态氮)含量的标准化多维数据分析结果表明,单一划破草皮处理(C_(1))在短期内对土壤物理和化学性质的综合改善能力较弱,而在划破草皮之上辅以补播或施肥处理对土壤理化性质的改善和限制性养分的活化效果更优。【结论】采用划破草皮配合外源种库和外源养分添加的生态恢复措施可以在短期内提高退化小嵩草草甸生产能力和土壤限制性养分含量,在生态恢复实践中具有一定的应用前景。

高寒藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica)草甸植物对土壤氮素利用的多元化特征

论文以藏嵩草草甸为研究对象，利用^15N同位素标记技术，野外原位定量研究高寒藏嵩草草甸7个主要植物种对土壤有机氮（甘氨酸）和无机氮（铵态氮、硝态氮）的吸收，以证明不同植物对土壤氮素吸收的生态位分化特征。结果表明：①高寒藏嵩草草甸7种植物δ^15N天然丰度值为0．840％0～5．015％。，变异范围为4．175％。，地上组织氮浓度为14．38～23．31g·kg^-1；②从7种植物吸收土壤甘氨酸、铵态氮和硝态氮的比例看，草地早熟禾偏好吸收土壤有机态氮，其体内氮的36％来源于土壤甘氨酸。冷地早熟禾和雅毛茛吸收土壤无机氮的能力最强，其体内氮的41％～43％来源于铵态氮。浴草偏好吸收土壤硝态氮，其体内氮的35％来自于硝态氮。③优势植物藏嵩草、华扁穗草和黑褐苔草对^15N-Gly、^15N-NO3和^15N-NH4^＋的吸收均较低，仅为0．085～0．475μmol^15N·g^-1DW，表明这3种莎草科植物不能有效吸收土壤中的甘氨酸和无机氮源。④高寒沼泽湿地生态系统中，不同植物种对土壤氮素的吸收存在差异和多元化的特点，其中莎草科植物对土壤氮的利用较低，而早熟禾、浴草禾本科牧草及双子叶植物雅毛茛以土壤无机氮和可溶性有机氮作为氮源。