Three-dimensional discrete element numerical simulation of Paleogene salt structures in the western Kuqa foreland thrust belt

Taking the Paleogene salt strata in the west of Kuqa foreland thrust belt as study object, the deformation features of salt structure in the compression direction and perpendicular to the compression direction were examined to find out the control factors and formation mechanisms of the salt structures. By using the three-dimensional discrete element numerical simulation method, the formation mechanisms of typical salt structures of western Kuqa foreland thrust belt in Keshen and Dabei work areas were comprehensively analyzed. The simulation results show that the salt deformation in Keshen and Dabei work areas is of forward spread type, with deformation concentrated in the piedmont zone;the salt deformation is affected by the early uplift near the compression end, pre-existing basement faults, synsedimentary process and the initial salt depocenter;in the direction perpendicular to the compression direction, salt rocks near the compression end have strong lateral mobility with the velocity component moving towards the middle part, and the closer to the middle, the larger the velocity will be, so that salt rocks will aggregate towards the middle and deform intensely, forming complex folds and separation of salt structures from salt source, and local outcrop with thrust faults. Compared with 2 D simulation, 3 D simulation can analyze salt structures in the principal stress direction and direction perpendicular to the principal stress, give us a full view of the formation mechanisms of salt structures, and guide the exploration of oil and gas reservoirs related to salt structures.

Mechanisms of abnormal overpressure generation in Kuqa foreland thrust belt and their impacts on oil and gas reservoir formation

Based on overview for mechanism of abnormaloverpressure generation in sedimentary basins, an insightdiscussion is made by the authors for the distribution, fea-tures and generation mechanisms of abnormal overpressurein the Kuqa foreland thrust belt. The abnormal overpressurein the Kelasu structure zone west to the Kuqa forelandthrust belt was primarily distributed in Eogene to lowerCretaceous formations; structural compression and struc-tural emplacement as well as the containment of Eogenegyps-salt formation constituted the main mechanisms for thegeneration of abnormal overpressure. The abnormal over-pressure zone in the eastern Yiqikelike structure zone wasdistributed primarily in lower Jurassic Ahe Group, resultingfrom hydrocarbon generation as well as structural stressother than from under-compaction. Various distributionsand generating mechanisms have different impacts upon theformation of oil and gas reservoirs. K-E reservoir in the Ke-lasu zone is an allochthonous abnormal overpressure system.One of the conditions for reservoir accumulation is the mi-gration of hydrocarbon (T-J hydrocarbon source rock) alongthe fault up to K-E reservoir and accumulated into reservoir.And this migration process was controlled by the abnormaloverpressure system in K-E reservoir. The confined abnor-mal overpressure system in the Yiqikelike structure zoneconstituted the main cause for the poor developing of dis-solved porosity in T-J reservoir, resulting in poor physicalproperty of reservoir. The poor physical property of T-J res-ervoir of Yinan 2 structure was the main cause for the ab-sence of oil accumulation, but the presence of natural gasreservoir in the structure.

A Large-scale Tertiary Salt Nappe Complex in the Leading Edge of the Kuqa Foreland Fold-Thrust Belt, the Tarim Basin, Northwest China

The tectono-stratigraphic sequences of the Kuqa foreland fold-thrust belt in the northern Tarim basin, northwest China, can be divided into the Mesozoic sub-salt sequence, the Paleocene-Eocene salt sequence and the Oligocene-Quaternary supra-salt sequence. The salt sequence is composed mainly of light grey halite, gypsum, marl and brown elastics. A variety of salt-related structures have developed in the Kuqa foreland fold belt, in which the most fascinating structures are salt nappe complex. Based on field observation, seismic interpretation and drilling data, a large-scale salt nappe complex has been identified. It trends approximately east-west for over 200 km and occurs along the west Qiulitag Mountains. Its thrusting displacement is over 30 km. The salt nappe complex appears as an arcuate zone projecting southwestwards along the leading edge of the Kuqa foreland fold belt. The major thrust fault is developed along the Paleocene-Eocene salt beds. The allochthonous nappes comprise large north-dipping faulting monoclines which are made up of Paleocene-Pliocene sediments. Geological analysis and cross-section restoration revealed that the salt nappes were mainly formed at the late Himalayan stage (c.a. 1.64 Ma BP) and have been active until the present day. Because of inhomogeneous thrusting, a great difference may exist in thrust displacement, thrust occurrence, superimposition of allochthonous and autochthonous sequences and the development of the salt-related structures, which indicates the segmentation along the salt nappes. Regional compression, gravitational gliding and spreading controlled the formation and evolution of the salt nappe complex in the Kuqa foreland fold belt.

库车前陆冲断带构造分层变形特征

库车前陆冲断带地震资料信噪比低,具有多解性。利用高分辨率三维地震、钻井、油气分析化验等资料,对库车前陆冲断带地层组合进行系统描述,精细解释构造模型,深入剖析油气成藏体系,认为库车前陆冲断带发育古近系和新近系膏盐岩层及三叠系和侏罗系煤层2套滑脱层,具有分层滑脱、垂向叠置、多期变形的特征,浅层构造发育盖层滑脱褶皱,深层发育基底卷入式叠瓦状逆冲构造,膏盐岩层和煤层发生滑脱塑性变形,发育加里东运动期、海西运动晚期—印支运动期和燕山运动期—喜马拉雅运动期3期断裂,海西运动晚期—印支运动期构造控制中生界沉积,由北向南具有超覆减薄的特征。库车前陆冲断带分层构造变形控制油气分层运聚,煤层以上的油气主要来自侏罗系烃源岩,煤层之下的油气主要来自三叠系,三叠系烃源岩生烃量占60%,大量油气仍保存在煤层之下。

Oil and gas source and accumulation of Zhongqiu 1 trap in Qiulitage structural belt, Tarim Basin, NW China

Well Zhongqiu 1 obtained highly productive oil-gas stream in the footwall of Zhongqiu structure, marking the strategic breakthrough of Qiulitag structural belt in the Tarim Basin. However, the oil and gas sources in Zhongqiu structural belt and the reservoir formation process in Zhongqiu 1 trap remain unclear, so study on these issues may provide important basis for the next step of oil and gas exploration and deployment in Qiulitage structural belt. In this study, a systematic correlation of oil and gas source in Well Zhongqiu 1 has been carried out. The oil in Well Zhongqiu 1 is derived from Triassic lacustrine mudstone, while the gas is a typical coal-derived gas and mainly from Jurassic coal measures. The oil charging in Well Zhongqiu 1 mainly took place during the sedimentary period from Jidike Formation to Kangcun Formation in Neogene, and the oil was mainly contributed by Triassic source rock;large-scale natural gas charging occurred in the sedimentary period of Kuqa Formation in Neogene, and the coal-derived gas generated in the late Jurassic caused large-scale gas invasion to the early Triassic crude oil reservoirs. The Zhongqiu 1 trap was formed earlier than or at the same period as the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion period of Triassic-Jurassic source rocks. Active faults provided paths for hydrocarbon migration. The source rocks-faults-traps matched well in time and space. Traps in the footwall of the Zhongqiu structural fault have similar reservoir-forming conditions with the Zhongqiu 1 trap, so they are favorable targets in the next step of exploration.

库车再生前陆逆冲带的构造特征与成因

库车再生前陆逆冲带自北而南分为以下５个构造带：①北部边缘冲断──隐伏构造楔；②斯的克背斜带；③北部线 性背斜带；④拜城背驮凹陷；⑤丘里塔格前缘带。全体形成前锋向南的冲断变形楔。各构造带中发耷多种型式的断坪／断坡 台阶状逆断层相关褶皱：断层转折褶皱、断层传播褶皱、滑脱褶皱、断层传播──滑脱混生褶皱、双重逆冲构造。在不同构 造带发育不同时代的生长地层，指示了各构造带不同的构造变形年代。斯的克背斜带变形时期最早，始于中新世 （２４．５Ｍａ），北部线性为形始于中新世中期（１６．９Ｍａ），拜城凹陷的大宛其背变形始于上新世中期（３．９Ｍａ），丘里塔格前锋 带的亚肯背斜变形始于更新世早期（１．８Ｍａ）．可见构造变形自北向南自中新世至第四纪逐渐变新。这一道冲带是印－藏板 块陆－陆碰撞远距离构造效应的内陆变形产物。

库车前陆冲断带深层大气区形成条件与地质特征

针对库车深层构造,开展"宽线+大组合"山地地震采集、高陡构造叠前深度偏移处理、深层构造建模等一系列地震勘探技术攻关,初步落实了盐下深层构造,发现并落实了一批大型构造圈闭。研究发现,库车前陆冲断带深层具有形成构造大气区的有利条件:大型叠瓦冲断构造为大油气区的形成奠定了良好的圈闭基础;优越的烃源条件与晚期强充注为大气区的形成提供了充足的烃源;深层发育大规模有效砂岩储集层,为大气区的形成提供了良好的储集空间;巨厚膏盐岩为深层大气区的形成提供了优越的盖层条件。盐下深层构造大气区油气地质特征主要表现为:油气分布受构造圈闭控制,以构造气藏为主;冲断带深层储集层物性总体较差,裂缝对油气富集高产有重要控制作用;油气分布具源-盖共控、叠置连片、整体含气的特点;储量规模较大,单井产能较高。

库车前陆冲断带深层盐下大气田的勘探和发现

克拉2气田发现之后,库车前陆冲断带油气勘探一度陷入低谷,油气勘探陷入两难:中浅层除克拉2气藏外,没有新的可钻探圈闭发现,失去方向;构想进攻深层,又面临勘探遭遇复杂、地质认识不清、圈闭落实困难、技术储备不足等困境。针对上述难题,一是重新认识库车含盐前陆冲断带,坚定勘探信心,锁定克拉苏构造带盐下深层勘探主攻领域;二是开展宽线大组合、三维采集处理、盐相关构造建模、相控速度建场等地震、地质一体化技术攻关,发现克深—大北区带,新发现、落实一大批可钻探圈闭;三是强化钻井技术攻关,成功实现盐下超深高压高温气藏高效快速钻进。十年来,克拉苏构造带勘探深度从4000m拓深至8000m,发现了克深2、博孜1等多个大型气田,克深区带万亿立方米天然气资源逐渐明朗。克拉苏深层盐下大气田勘探突破得益于地质认识的创新、勘探技术的进步和锲而不舍的勘探实践。

库车前陆褶皱—冲断带前缘大型盐推覆构造

塔里木盆地北部库车前陆褶皱-冲断带构造-地层层序可划分为中生界盐下层序、古新统一始新统盐层层序和渐新统一第四系盐上层序。盐岩层序的岩性主要为灰白色、浅灰色盐岩、膏岩、泥灰岩和紫红色碎屑岩,厚110～3000 m。盐岩层的存在使库车前陆褶皱-冲断带发育-系列盐相关构造,其中最引人注目的是盐推覆构造。野外地质调查、地震资料解释、遥感资料和钻井资料揭示,沿库车前陆褶皱-冲断带前缘西秋立塔克山发育大型盐推覆构造,总体呈近东西走向,并略呈往西南凸出的弧形展布,沿走向延伸超过200km,由北往南逆冲推覆距离达30km以上。主断层沿古新统-始新统盐岩层发育,外来推覆体由古新统-始新统盐层层序和渐新统-第四系盐上层序组成,表现为受断层控制的单面山,逆冲推覆在原地中生代-新生代地层之上。地质分析和剖面复原结果表明,盐推覆构造主要形成于新近纪末期以来的喜马拉雅晚期阶段,现今仍具有强烈的活动性。由于不均匀推覆作用,在盐推覆构造的不同地段,逆冲推覆距离、冲断层产状、外来岩系和原地岩系的叠置关系以及盐相关构造的发育都有较大差异,显示出走向上分段性特点。库车前陆褶皱-冲断带前缘盐推覆构造的形成演化受区域挤压作用、重力滑动和重力扩展作用控制。

库车前陆褶皱—冲断带盐构造差异变形和分段性特征探讨

通过野外地质调查、GIS分析、三维可视化分析、盐相关构造变形样式的探讨、平衡剖面分析以及缩短量和缩短率的估算,表明库车前陆褶皱—冲断带盐构造具有明显的差异变形和分段性特征。差异变形主要表现为纵向上不同层次变形的差异性以及平面上构造变形的分带性与分段性。段与段的分界一般为走滑断层,在野外可见大量断层三角面、擦痕、阶步、错断的山脊和河谷等现象,地貌GIS分析可以揭示一些构造分段的细节特征,三维可视化反映了隐伏的残留盐枕的分段性。不同的段具有迥然不同的构造变形样式,平衡剖面分析可以估算出不同段落缩短量和缩短率的明显差异。盐构造差异变形和分段性的形成一方面受控于天山造山带的分段性活动过程,还和盐岩层本身的沉积学特征及盐体展布格局有关,同时还明显受到基底构造的控制,与基底古隆起、基底断裂及古构造断坡的发育密切相关。

天山南缘与北缘前陆冲断带构造地质特征对比及油气勘探建议

在区域构造、盆地演化与沉积充填特征分析的基础上,对天山南、北缘地震大剖面进行了精细构造变形几何学与年代学的解析。揭示出中—新生代以来天山南、北缘虽然具有相似的构造演化过程、沉积充填特征和油气地质条件,但是受沉积地层介质的力学性质差异和印—藏碰撞远距离效应的空间位置差异的影响,天山南、北缘新生代构造变形启动的时间与构造变形样式存在明显的差异,并在一定程度上导致油气聚集的不同。新生代天山隆升并向两侧扩展,冲断构造沿滑脱层向克拉通盆地内传播,构造形成的时间从造山带向克拉通方向依次变晚。库车前陆冲断带的构造变形时间早于准南,因此库车冲断带内构造圈闭的油气充注时间长、充满程度高,容易形成高丰度大型气藏。库车冲断带盐下发育多个切过中生界煤系烃源岩的逆冲断层,它们不仅控制了多个褶皱侧向上台阶状叠置,形成盐下堆垛的构造样式,而且成为深部中生界油气向浅层运移聚集的通道;膏盐岩保证了盐下构造圈闭的完整性和封盖条件。准南冲断带主要的构造变形样式是层间滑脱与构造位移量反向冲断的楔形构造,水平滑脱断层封隔了上、下含油气系统,限制深部油气向中浅层运移;大型背斜内部发育多个小型叠置的楔形构造,破坏了构造圈闭的完整性。因此准南山前东端隐伏的燕山期古构造与二、三排新生代构造核部以及库车秋里塔格西段中生界印支期古构造和克拉苏—依奇克里克新生代较早形成的构造带是成藏的有利部位;库车盐下储盖组合是油气富集的有效构造层,准南深层中生界中的大型、完整的构造圈闭是油气勘探大突破的场所。

库车前陆褶皱冲断带中段第三系盐枕构造

本文旨在探讨库车前陆褶皱冲断带盐枕构造的类型、分布、成因机制及其与油气聚集的关系。通过地震反射剖面的解释和石油地质条件综合分析 ,认为库车前陆褶皱冲断带由北而南依次发育残留盐枕、非稳态盐枕和稳态盐枕等 3类盐枕构造 ,沿克拉苏构造带和西秋立塔克构造带呈长条形带状分布 ,其成因受重力滑动、重力扩展、区域挤压和塑性流动作用的联合控制。从盐枕构造的演化序列和分布特征看 ,该区盐枕构造的主要特点表现为 :北部盐枕形成较早 ,稳定性差 ,出现残留盐枕 ,盐枕规模较小 ;南部盐枕形成较晚 ,稳定性较强 ,形态相对完整 ,规模较大。库车前陆褶皱冲断带盐枕构造与油气聚集密切相关 ,伴随盐枕构造的形成 ,发育大量盐相关油气圈闭构造 ,沿盐枕构造成带状分布 ,同时盐枕构造巨厚的盐岩层为油气聚集提供了良好的封闭条件。

塔里木盆地秋里塔格构造带中秋1圈闭油气来源与成藏

塔里木盆地秋里塔格构造带勘探程度低,近年来在中秋构造下盘部署的中秋1井获高产油气流,实现了秋里塔格构造带的战略突破。然而,中秋构造带油气来源和油气成藏尚不明确,开展中秋1井油气来源和中秋1圈闭成藏研究有望为秋里塔格构造带下步油气勘探部署提供重要依据。针对中秋1井开展了系统的油气源对比研究,认为中秋1井原油主要来源于三叠系湖相泥岩,天然气为煤型气,主要来源于侏罗系煤系。油气成藏研究显示,中秋1井原油充注主要发生在新近纪吉迪克组—康村组沉积时期,以三叠系生烃贡献为主;天然气大规模充注发生在新近纪库车组沉积时期,晚期侏罗系生成的煤型气对早期形成的三叠系原油构成大规模气侵;中秋1圈闭形成时期早于或等于三叠系—侏罗系烃源岩生排烃期,活动断裂为油气运移提供输导条件,烃源岩-断裂-圏闭时空有效匹配,中秋构造断层下盘一系列圈闭与中秋1圈闭成藏条件相似,有望成为下步有利勘探方向。

库车前陆褶皱冲断带前缘滑脱层内部变形特征

古近系库姆格列木组和新近系吉迪克组膏盐层构成了库车前陆褶皱冲断带的区域滑脱层。在褶皱冲断带前缘,膏盐层发生塑性流动,其内部形成多种构造样式。根据野外考察、地震剖面解释和钻井资料识别出的膏盐层内部构造变形样式主要包括盐枕、盐墙、盐推覆、鱼尾构造、盐焊接(断层焊接)、盐缩颈、透镜状增厚和盐垛等盐构造。盐构造在形成时间上具有一定的演化序列,库车前陆褶皱冲断带总体表现为由北向南迁移,前缘秋里塔格构造带则是从西往东迁移,盐推覆、盐焊接、盐枕等构造形成时间较早,盐墙形成较晚,东秋地区的盐构造形成时间整体较西段和中段晚,规模也较小。

库车前陆冲断带克拉苏构造带变形影响因素分析--基于离散元数值模拟研究

在解释库车前陆冲断带克拉苏构造带三维地震剖面的基础上,采用离散元数值模拟手段、单因素变量控制方法,通过六组模拟对比实验,探讨挤压背景下应变速率大小和作用时间、盐岩展布形态、先存盐底辟、基底先存断裂以及基底古隆起等因素,对库车前陆冲断带克拉苏构造带变形的影响。离散元数值模拟结果表明:相比于应变速率大小,应力作用时间对冲断带变形的影响更为显著,变形缩短率相同时导致挤压隆升幅度更大,可达70.25%,向前传播距离均更远,横向上变形范围可达73.82%,盐下层叠瓦状逆冲断裂倾角更小。先存底辟主要影响挤压端垂向变形规模,使得隆升幅度更大。先存断裂主要影响挤压端水平方向变形范围,挤压变形水平传播更远。基底古隆起和盐岩展布形态对克拉苏构造带变形也具有重要影响,基底隆起前沿形成应力集中带,盐岩在此聚集形成构造三角带。由于盐岩的分隔作用,盐上层变形相对较弱,靠近挤压端发育背斜和冲断构造,向盆地方向逐渐变为宽缓的向斜构造。

库车前陆褶皱—冲断带前缘盐构造分段差异变形特征

库车前陆褶皱-冲断带前缘秋里塔格构造带发育大量盐构造,其类型丰富多样。根据野外露头、钻井和地震资料识别出的盐构造样式主要有盐推覆、盐枕、盐墙、盐焊接、鱼尾构造、盐撤凹陷、突发构造、断层传播褶皱、断层转折褶皱和三角带构造等。秋里塔格构造带盐构造变形表现出明显的分段差异变形特征,其中西段却勒地区以古隆起(盐下)—盐枕(盐层)—逆冲推覆构造(盐上)为主;中段西秋地区以构造斜坡(盐下)—盐墙(盐层)—断层传播褶皱、向斜(盐上)为主;东段东秋地区则以断层转折褶皱(盐下)—盐推覆(盐层)—断层传播褶皱(盐上)为主。造成这种盐构造分段差异变形的主要控制因素包括基底断裂、含盐层系、构造转换带和变形空间等方面的差异性,其中基底构造和含盐层系的差异性起主导作用。

塔里木盆地北缘库车前陆褶皱──冲断构造分析

库车前陆褶皱－冲断带是以断坪－断坡式的台阶状逆断层作为滑动机制的盖层薄皮推覆构造，它们在剖面上形成一个向南变薄尖灭的推覆构造楔，底部沿脱面在北侧深南侧浅，推覆变形也是自北向南传递。依据其构造形态和变形特点可分为五个构造亚带：（1）南天山前缘楔状构造带；（2）库姆格列木－依奇克里克断层扩展褶皱构造带：（3）吐格尔明－吉迪克断层弯曲褶皱构造带：（4）秋里塔格断层扩展褶皱与断层弯曲褶皱叠加构造带；（5）库车－亚肯生长断层弯曲褶皱构造带。

库车克拉苏构造带地下盐岩变形特征分析

基于三维地震解释,对克拉苏构造带地下盐岩的空间展布形态进行分析,通过井震结合,建立盐内地震相模式,探讨研究区盐内变形特征和对高压盐水层分布的影响。研究表明,克拉苏构造带克深和大北工区地下盐岩的空间展布存在较大差异,先存的底辟构造、古隆起和盐岩的原始沉积边界导致不同区域的盐岩分布存在差异。研究区盐内可识别出的地震相模式可分为沉积型、流动型、褶皱型和断层型4类,不同类型的地震相指示了盐内不同的流变状态。纺锤型地震相是研究区最常见的、发育高压盐水的地震相,鞘褶皱的核部及平卧褶皱和断层共同封闭的空间也容易发育高压盐水。在钻遇上述地震相时,需要谨慎操作,可减少甚至避免钻井事故的发生。

库车前陆冲断带博孜—大北万亿方大气区的形成机制

库车前陆盆地克拉苏构造带博孜—大北地区超深层是塔里木油田目前油气勘探的重点领域,评价天然气资源量超万亿方。基于岩心、薄片、分析化验、测井及生产资料,对博孜—大北地区的油气源、储层、盖层特征进行分析,系统研究了该地区油气输导与充注特征,深入分析了博孜—大北地区油气成藏条件和油气聚集过程,明确了博孜—大北万亿方大气区的形成原因。研究结果表明:油气成藏具有“早期聚油,晚期聚气,超压充注,垂向输导、高效聚集”的总体特征。“早期浅埋、晚期快速深埋”使烃源岩具备持续生烃能力;良好的储、盖配置关系和断裂体系的垂向输导为油气的运聚提供了先决条件。成熟—过成熟的烃源岩,平面成排成带、垂向叠置分布的圈闭群,优质储层相带以及巨厚膏盐岩盖层在博孜—大北地区有效叠合,形成高丰度、超高压的大气藏群。

库车褶皱冲断带克拉苏三角带及其油气潜力

塔里木盆地库车褶皱冲断带克拉苏构造带在古近系膏盐岩之下发育克拉苏三角带 .克拉苏三角带发育时代约在中新世中期 ,位于古近系膏盐岩和侏罗系煤系之间 ,为Ⅱ类三角带 .上新世时 ,该三角带底部被突破 ,库车褶皱冲断带前缘扩展至秋里塔格构造 .克拉苏三角带的发展与超压封套的发生有关 ;突破层位在伊 -蒙混层向伊利石的转换边界 .克拉苏三角带深层是有利的油气勘探目标 .