槐树(Sophora japonica L.)种质资源现状及研究进展

对槐树种质资源在我国的分布和现状,以及山东、山西、河北和河南等地的资源调查收集情况进行了综述;从表型、细胞和生理生化、分子水平3个方面,对槐树种质资源评价的研究进展进行了归纳;以选择育种、人工杂交授粉和现代生物技术育种为例,对种质资源创新利用情况进行了总结,并对工作中存在的问题和发展前景进行了分析。

Comparison on the Origin and Development of Sophora flavescens in China and Japan

Sophora flavescens , which was first recorded in Shen Nong s Herbal Classic , has the functions of clearing away heat, drying dampness, killing parasites and promoting urination. In its long-term application, traditional Chinese medicine has gradually deepened its understanding of the origin and efficacy of S. flavescens . In order to explore changes in the origin and efficacy of traditional Chinese herb S. flavescens in the history of China and Japan, in this paper, the origin and development of S. flavescens in China and Japan were compared from three aspects: the origin, medicinal efficacy, and processing methods of S. flavescens in China and Japan, hoping to provide clear understanding of the medicinal plant S. flavescens .

Analysis of Lavandulyl Flavonoids from Sophora flavescens with Antiinflammatory Activity Based on Molecular Network Technology

[Objectives]This study was conducted to screen lavandulyl flavonoids with anti-inflammatory activity from Sophora flavescens.[Methods]35 compounds were screened from traditional Chinese medicine S.flavescens using the nitric oxide(NO)anti-inflammatory activity model.[Results]Five components,8(xanthohumol),13(kurarinol),27(4-methoxysalicylic acid),28(b-resorcic acid)and 30(b-resorcic acid),exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity,with IC 50 values of 5.99,4.76,6.96,3.41 and 5.22μM,respectively.Especially,8(xanthohumol)and 13(kurarinol)were typical lavandulyl flavonoids in S.flavescens,which were worth further exploration.Furthermore,UPLC-Q-Exactive and GNPS molecular networking technique were used for rapid analysis of lavandulyl flavonoids from S.flavescens.A total of 15 components were identified.[Conclusions]This work lays a theoretical foundation for further separation and analysis of lavandulyl flavonoids with anti-inflammatory activity from S.flavescens.

Optimization of extraction process for total flavonoids of Sophorae Flos for the treatment of hyperlipidemia based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of action of Sophora Flos(SF)in the treatment of hyperlipidemia(HLP)using network pharmacology and molecular docking methods,and to optimize the extraction process of the predicted active components.The STRING database was used for protein interaction analysis and PPI network construction via Cytoscape 3.9.1.Pymol was employed for docking and visualization.An extensive review of SF identifi ed 6 active ingredients,297 related objectives,84 disease objectives,and 57 total objectives.After protein interaction and topology analysis,18 core targets were identified.These included 146 gene function entries(P<0.05).Active compounds,mainly flavonoids,can modulate the expression of various proteins such as TNF,IL-6,IL-1β,PPARG,and TGFB1 to achieve therapeutic effects on HLP.The network pharmacology and molecular docking results suggested that the active fl avonoids component in SF may be related to the treatment of hyperlipidemia.Therefore,the orthogonal experiment method was used to optimize the extraction process of total fl avonoid from SF using ethanol refl ux extraction,based on a single factor experiment.The effects of refl ux time,solid-liquid ratio,ethanol concentration,and other factors on the extraction of total fl avonoid from SF were investigated.The optimum process conditions were refl ux time of 1.25 h,solid-liquid ratio of 1:15 g/mL and ethanol concentration of 60%.Using these conditions,the purity of total fl avonoid extracted from SF was 70.33±0.22%.

Mechanisms of Sophora flavescens in the treatment of cervical squamous cell carcinoma based on comprehensive biological analysis,network pharmacology,and experimental verification

Objective:This study used comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and network pharmacology analysis to investigate the potentially relevant mechanisms of Sophora flavescens against cervical squamous cell carcinoma.Methods:Consistently altered genes involved in cervical squamous cell cancerization were analyzed in the GEO database.The chemical ingredients and target genes of Sophora flavescens were explored using the TCMSP database.We obtained the potential therapeutic targets of Sophora flavescens by intersecting the above genesets and validated them in the GEPIA database.The interaction between Sophora flavescens and target genes was predicted by molecular docking.RT-qPCR was used to verify the changes of target genes in HeLa cells treated with Sophora flavescens.Single-gene GSEA functional analysis were performed to determine the molecular mechanisms.Results:Fifteen genes related to the transformation of cervical squamous cell carcinoma were identified,among which AR and ESR1 were confirmed as targets for kaempferol,wighteone,formononetin,and phaseolinon.These compounds are the active ingredients in Sophora flavescens.Low expressions of AR and ESR1 correlate with a poor prognosis,while Sophora flavescens treatment increases the expression of AR and ESR1 in HeLa.GSEA analysis showed that AR and ESR1 mainly participate in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cervical squamous cell carcinoma.Conclusion:Sophora flavescens exert anti-tumor effects by targeting AR and ESR1,which may regulate cancer metastasis.

土壤添加蛇床子(Cnidium monnieri)和苦参(Sophora flavescens)对茄子黄萎病及根际微生物的化感影响

研究了蛇床子、苦参对茄子黄萎病菌的化感抑制作用及对茄子根际微生物数量的影响。结果表明,蛇床子、苦参的提取物抑制了茄子黄萎病菌菌丝生长,并随提取物浓度的增加抑制作用增强。在土壤中施入蛇床子、苦参提取物处理茄子苗后表现出一定的抗病效果,其中蛇床子处理的植株发病率最低。在土壤中添加蛇床子和苦参粉末,经腐解后,苦参处理的茄子植株株高、茎粗均高于对照处理,且二者处理后植株干物质含量高于对照。处理后茄子根际微生物中放线菌数量增加,真菌的数量变化差异不明显,细菌的数量相对减少,在初花期微生物的总量均高于初果期和定植期。

Cloning and Sequencing of a Lectin Protein Gene from the Roots of Sophora flavescens

A lectin protein(SFL) with molecular weight about 32 kD which markedly agglutinated rabbit and human red blood cells was purified from the roots of Sophora flavescens Ait. This protein, and apparently inhibited the growth of Fusarium vasinfectum Atk., Gibberella saubinetii (Mont.) Sacc., and Piricularia oryzae Cav. A set of degenerate PCR primer was synthesized according to the N-terminal sequence of the purified protein. The full-length cDNA coding the lectin was cloned by RT-PCR and 5'-RACE and sequenced (GenBank AF285121). The deduced amino acid sequence indicates that a preprotein with 284 amino acid residues is firstly translated and then processed to a mature protein with 254 amino acids. A N-Glycosylation site is the Asn 182 residue.

国槐(Sophora japonica)种子成分分析

为更深入了解国槐种子的生理特性及其综合利用价值，对种子主要成分进行研究。结果表明，国槐种子中蛋白质含量最高，其次为总糖和脂肪；谷氨酸、精氨酸和天冬氨酸是组成种子蛋白质的主要成分；种子油脂以不饱和脂肪酸油酸和亚油酸为主；各种维生素中Ｖｃ 含量最高。各种化学成分在子叶和胚轴＋ 胚根中含量存在较大差异。

外源施N对干旱河谷白刺花(Sophora davidii)幼苗生长，生物量及C、N、P积累与分配的影响

干旱气候条件下改善土壤养分能否提高植物抗旱能力,促进植物生长一直是一个争论性的问题。为了解外源施N是否可提高岷江上游干旱河谷优势灌木白刺花(Sophora davidii)幼苗适应干旱贫瘠环境的能力,研究了不同施N(0、92 mg N.kg-1土和184 mg N.kg-1土)处理下一个生长季节内白刺花幼苗生长、生物生产量、C、N和P的积累与分配特性,以及N和P利用效率。研究结果表明:轻度施N(92 mg N.kg-1土)处理促进了植物生长,增加了生物生产量,强化了C的固定和N、P等资源的吸收和积累,提高了其它受限资源的利用效率(如P),降低了N利用效率;但并不显著改变幼苗生物生产量及C、N和P等资源的分配格局,从而维持了资源的吸收、分配与利用的相对平衡,可能改善白刺花幼苗适应干旱贫瘠环境能力。而重度施N(184 mgN.kg-1土)处理虽然也相对于对照增加了叶片数目、生物生产量和C、N、P的积累量,但显著降低了幼苗根系的长度,抑制了根系的生长,并导致生物量及资源(生物量、C、N、P)较多地分配给地上部分(主要是叶片),不利于干旱环境下水分的吸收和利用,因而可能会加重幼苗受胁迫伤害的程度。综合分析表明,适当施加N肥可以促进白刺花幼苗的生长,一定程度上提高幼苗抗旱能力,改善幼苗定居,但也应避免过度施N。

Prevention and Cure of Acute Alcohol Intoxication in Mice by Administration of Compound of Japanese Raisintree Fruit, Lobed Kudzuvine Flower Bud and Lightyellow Sophora Root

[Objective] We aimed to investigate the preventive and therapeutical effect of compound of traditional Chinese drugs （Japanese raisintree fruit, lobed kudzuvine flower bud and lightyel ow sophora root） on acute alcohol intoxication in mice. [Method] Acute alcohol intoxication was induced by administering alcohol to mice. Three different doses （low, middle and high） of compound of traditional Chinese drugs were administered to mice before and after administering alcohol respectively to investigate the preventive and therapeutical effect of drugs on acute alcohol intox-ication through doing statistical analysis about drunk mice and their sleeping time. The concentration of malondialdehyde （MDA）, reduced glutathione （GSH） and triglyc-erides （TG） in liver was also determined to investigate the protective effect of drugs on liver. [Result] The efficacy of compound of traditional Chinese drugs on acute al-cohol intoxication was dose-dependent. High-dose administration decreased the number of drunk mice significantly compared with control group; middle- and high-dose administration reduced the sleeping time of drunk mice and the concentration of MDA and TG in liver tissue; three doses al increased the concentration of GSH. [Conclusion] The compound of Japanese raisintree fruit, lobed kudzuvine flower bud and lightyel ow sophora root had preventive and therapeutical effect on hangover, and it also had certain preventive and therapeutical effect on liver damage caused by alcohol.

Genetic Diversity of Antagonistic Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Sophora alopecuroide

[ Objective ] The paper was to study and analyze the genetic diversity of 48 endophytic bacteria isolated from Sophora alopecuroide with strong antagonis- tic effect against Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae, and carry out sequence measurement and phylogenetic analysis on 10 representative strains. [ Meth- od] Using total DNA ERIC-PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis method, a total of 48 endophytic bacteria were carried out genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis. [Result] ERIC-PCR fingerprint map showed that 48 endophytic bacteria were divided into 6 ERIC groups and 2 strains with independent groups at Wat- son distance of 0.31. Representative strains were selected from each group to determine 16S rRNA gene for phylogenetic analysis, and the results showed that these strains belonged to Bacillus atrophaeus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus pumilus and Serratia marcescens, respectively. [ Conclu- sion ] The genetic diversity of 48 strains of bacteria was obvious. Determination of 48 strains of bacteria on diversity and phylogenetic status could lay foundation for study on mechanism of F. oxysporum and V. dahliae, which could also provide new strain sources for biological control of diseases in cotton production.

Study on the Inhibitory Effect of Sophora japonica Extracts against the Growth of Microcystis aeruginosa

[Objective] The research aimed to discuss the inhibitory effect of Sophora japonica extracts against the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa.[Method] The inhibitory effect of extracted liquid of Sophora japonica leaf against the growth of M.aeruginosa was measured.Moreover,the active component was studied and analyzed initially.[Result] The absolute alcohol extract of Sophora japonica leaf was separated by n-hexane,ethyl acetate,n-butanol and water phases in turn.The polar fractions were found being the majority （〉60%）.The non-polar fraction in n-nexane （about 25%） was found significantly inhibiting the growth of M.aeruginosa.The inhibition rates of fraction in n-hexane at the concentrations of 25 and 50 mg/L against M.aeruginosa in 7 d were higher than 75% and 90% respectively.In addition,chlorophyll a of M.aeruginosa was also destroyed in the presence of the hexane fraction.[Conclusion] The research provided the theoretical basis for preventing and controlling the water bloom of M.aeruginosa.

苦参总黄酮改善非酒精性脂肪肝的作用机制及斑马鱼实验验证

背景:苦参总黄酮具有抗炎、调节免疫、抗氧化、抗肝损伤等多种药理作用,其对非酒精性脂肪肝的治疗效果和作用机制尚不明确。目的:利用生物信息学、网络药理学方法及斑马鱼实验验证苦参总黄酮治疗非酒精性脂肪肝的作用机制。方法:构建非酒精性脂肪肝斑马鱼模型,观察苦参总黄酮治疗后斑马鱼肝脏脂质累积情况、病理形态改变,以及脂质累积、炎症基因的表达变化。通过TCMSP、Swiss Target Prediction、Bat-man数据库获取苦参总黄酮活性成分与非酒精性脂肪肝相关靶点;利用STRING数据库进行蛋白互作网络分析,GO功能富集和KEGG通路富集分析。基于GSE33814数据集,筛选出“苦参总黄酮-非酒精性脂肪肝”交集靶点的差异表达基因并运用R4.3.2软件进行相关性分析、受试者操作特征曲线分析,通过验证集GSE89632验证核心基因;RT-qPCR和Western blot实验验证核心通路相关基因和蛋白表达。结果与结论:①苦参总黄酮能够改善非酒精性脂肪肝斑马鱼肝脏脂质累积,显著抑制斑马鱼脂质和转氨酶水平的升高(P<0.05);调节炎症和脂代谢相关基因的表达;②网络药理学中获得168个共同靶点,Cytoscape拓扑分析综合筛选出排名前10的核心基因分别为HSP90AA1、STAT3、PIK3R1、MAPK1、AKT1、RXRA、PIK3CA、EGFR、JAK2、ESR1;GO和KEGG分析通路主要集中在胰岛素抵抗、脂质与动脉粥样硬化方面;生物信息分析共获得59个“苦参总黄酮-非酒精性脂肪肝”差异表达基因,受试者操作特征曲线分析及验证集验证得到6个核心靶点在健康人与非酒精性脂肪肝患者间有显著差异(P<0.01);③RT-qPCR和Western blot实验结果表明苦参总黄酮能够抑制非酒精性脂肪肝斑马鱼JAK2/STAT3信号通路的激活。以上结果表明,苦参总黄酮通过调节JAK2/STAT3信号通路减轻炎性反应,抑制脂质累积从而改善非酒精性脂肪肝。

Grafting Techniques of Sophora japonica f. flavi-rameus and Its Application in Gardens

The method of cultivating seedlings of Sophora japonica f.flavi-rameus on rootstocks of Sophora japonica Linn.was introduced in this study,including rootstock cultivation,grafting and post-grafting management,specifically,seed collection,sowing,and breeding large seedlings in the cultivation of rootstocks;grafting time,scion collection and treatment,rootstock treatment,as well as techniques of stump grafting and bud grafting;focuses of post-grafting management,such as checking the survival conditions and untying the film,bud picking,pinching,topiary work,moisture and fertilization management,disease and pest control.Then the application of Sophora japonica f.flavi-rameus in gardens was analyzed,and it was proposed that biological characteristics and aesthetic principles should be followed,proper planting patterns should be applied,such as isolated planting,group planting,mass planting,linear planting and so on,moreover,it could also be combined with other species to create outstanding landscape effects.

苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)内生颉颃细菌的筛选及鉴定

用w(次氯酸钠)=3%采用3种消毒时间对健康苦豆子植株体内的内生细菌进行分离.结果表明:消毒3min消除非内生菌的影响效果较好;同一植株分离内生细菌的数量,根部比茎、叶部多.从20株苦豆子内生细菌中筛选出对黄瓜枯萎病、番茄枯萎病和茄子枯萎病菌有较强颉颃活性的菌株12株.经初步鉴定,5菌株为芽孢杆菌属,3菌株为链球菌属,2菌株为肠杆菌属,假单胞菌属和奈瑟氏球菌属各1株.

内蒙古苦豆子Sophoraalopecuroides生物碱成分及分离研究

用薄层扫描法测定了内蒙古苦豆子中主要生物碱的含量，真空液相层析法分离总碱得八种结晶。其中七种已知生物碱。通过熔点、薄层定性、红外、核磁等理化分析比较确认为槐果碱、苦参碱、槐定碱、槐胺碱、氧化苦参碱、金雀花碱和Ｎ－甲基金雀花碱。晶（１）经ＩＲ，￣１ＨＮＭＲ及ＭＳ谱表征，初步认为是槐定碱的Ｎ－氧化物，是首次从国产苦豆子植物分离得到．

Microwave-assisted Extraction of Rutin and Quercetin from Flos Sophorae

Three microwave-assisted extraction(MAE) procedures were studied. The first procedure was household microwave oven dynamic extraction(HMODE). The second procedure was special microwave oven bath extraction(SMOBE). The third procedure was microwave resonant cavity dynamic extraction(MRCDE). The results obtained by the three microwave-assisted extraction procedures were compared with those obtained by using traditional Soxhlet extraction. The results indicate that the MAE not only took a shorter time, but also simplified the procedure, and made the extraction a higher yield. At the same time the results obtained by the three MAE procedures were also compared with each other.

Comparison of photosynthesis and antioxidative protection in Sophora moorcroftiana and Caragana maximovicziana under water stress

This study aims to investigate the protective roles of photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidative systems in the desiccation tolerance of Sophora moorcroftiana and Caragana maximovicziana as they adapt to arid environments. A variety of physiological and biochemical parameters in the leaves of two Leguminosae species were monitored for 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 d of drought stress. Soil water content decreased from 38.58% to 7.33% after exposure to 28 d of water stress. The photosynthetic carbon-assimilation rates of the two Leguminosae plants decreased for non-stomatal limitation with processing water stress. The malondialdehyde content and cell membrane relative conductivity of the two species increased significantly from 1 to 21 d and then decreased. S. moorcroftiana showed higher superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities than C. maximovicziana during the 28 d treatment period. However, the catalase activities and proline content of C. maximovicziana were higher than those of S. moorcroftiana before the water stress treatment reached 21 d. Nine physiological and biochemical parameters were selected to comprehensively evaluate the two species＇ drought-resistance by the membership function values（MFV）. The mean MFV indicated that S. moorcroftiana has a relatively stronger drought defense capability than C. maximovicziana. S. moorcroftiana mainly uses carbon-assimilation rate and osmotic adjustment to combat water deficiency.

Two New Antibacterial Flavanones from Sophora flavescens

Two new lavandulylated flavanones,（2R, 3R）-8-1avandulyl-2＇-methoxy-5, 7, 4＇-trihydroxyflavanonol （1） and 8-1avandulyl-5,7, 4＇-trihydroxyflavonol （2）,were isolated from the dry roots of S opharaflavescens.Their structures were eiucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited significant antibacterial activities.

Simultaneous Determination of Two Types of Active Components with Different Physicochemical Properties in Kushen by HPLC-UV

A simple, reliable and accurate high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) coupled with a UV detector at varied wavelength was developed for the quantitation of two types of anti-carcinogenic compounds, namely, Kushen alkaloids(KS-As) and Kushen flavonoids(KS-Fs), in Kushen. Their remarkable difference in physicochemical properties was circumvented by integrated optimization of column and mobile phase. The separation was achieved on an alkaline-resisting C18 column via gradient elution with acetonitrile(ACN) and 0.025%(volume ratio) diethylamine(DEA) in water as mobile phase. The flow rate was 0.7 mL/min, and the column temperature was maintained at 35 °C. UV detection wavelength was set at 225 nm to monitor KS-As, and then changed to 335 nm for KS-Fs at 26th min, which was kept for 30 min before returning to the original wavelength. All the calibration curves show good linearity(r20.999) within test ranges. The intra- and inter-day precision values of these components were less than 3.82%, and the average recovery rates obtained were in a range of 97.24%―102.64% for all the samples with RSD below 3.94%. This assay was successfully applied to determining the major active components in commercial herbal samples of Kushen. Moreover, the possible relationship between sample and the geographical region was visualized based on the contents of the 6 compounds in the light of principal component analysis(PCA). The results suggest that the proposed method facilitates the quality control of Kushen.