Passivity-Based Robust Control Against Quantified False Data Injection Attacks in Cyber-Physical Systems

Secure control against cyber attacks becomes increasingly significant in cyber-physical systems(CPSs).False data injection attacks are a class of cyber attacks that aim to compromise CPS functions by injecting false data such as sensor measurements and control signals.For quantified false data injection attacks,this paper establishes an effective defense framework from the energy conversion perspective.Then,we design an energy controller to dynamically adjust the system energy changes caused by unknown attacks.The designed energy controller stabilizes the attacked CPSs and ensures the dynamic performance of the system by adjusting the amount of damping injection.Moreover,with the disturbance attenuation technique,the burden of control system design is simplified because there is no need to design an attack observer.In addition,this secure control method is simple to implement because it avoids complicated mathematical operations.The effectiveness of our control method is demonstrated through an industrial CPS that controls a permanent magnet synchronous motor.

Liquefaction of metal-contaminated giant reed biomass in acidified ethylene glycol system:Batch experiments

Giant reed is a suitable pioneer plant for metal-contaminated soil phytoremediation,however,it is imperative to dispose the metal-contaminated biomass after harvesting.The liquefaction of metal-contaminated giant reed biomass in ethylene glycol system with sulfuric acid as catalyst for the precursors of polyurethane compounds was studied.The results show that giant reed biomass from metal-contaminated soil is potentially liquefied and significantly affected by solvent/solid ratio,liquefaction temperature and liquefaction time （P〈0.05）.The liquefaction rate of biomass in acidified ethylene glycol system can reach 85.2% with optimized conditions of 60 min,170 ℃,3% sulfuric acid and solvent/biomass ratio of 5：1.The hydroxyl value of liquefied products is of 481 mg KOH/g while reactive hydroxyl groups of them are abundant,which is promised as potential precursors for polyurethane compounds.The solvent liquefaction is a potential method to dispose the metal-contaminated biomass,however,the containing-metal liquefied products should be studied deeply in order to get the suitable precursors in future.

GLOBAL EXISTENCE FOR A SEMILINEAR DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEM

In this paper, a semilinear elliptic-parabolic PDE system which arises in a two dimensional groundwater flow problem is studied. Existence and uniqueness results are established via the L￣p - L￣q a priori estimates and the inverse function theorem.

Detecting physical laws from data of stochastic dynamical systems perturbed by non-Gaussianα-stable Lévy noise

Massive data from observations,experiments and simulations of dynamical models in scientific and engineering fields make it desirable for data-driven methods to extract basic laws of these models.We present a novel method to identify such high dimensional stochastic dynamical systems that are perturbed by a non-Gaussianα-stable Lévy noise.More explicitly,firstly a machine learning framework to solve the sparse regression problem is established to grasp the drift terms through one of nonlocal Kramers–Moyal formulas.Then the jump measure and intensity of the noise are disposed by the relationship with statistical characteristics of the process.Three examples are then given to demonstrate the feasibility.This approach proposes an effective way to understand the complex phenomena of systems under non-Gaussian fluctuations and illuminates some insights into the exploration for further typical dynamical indicators such as the maximum likelihood transition path or mean exit time of these stochastic systems.

Antioxygenic Activity of <i>Solanum nigrum L.</i>Leaves in Sunflower Oil Model System and Its Thermal Stability

The antioxygenic activity of Solanum nigrum L. leaves and its various solvent extracts were evaluated using sunflower oil model system. Leaf powder and its methanol/water (80:20) soluble fraction showed strong antioxygenic activity in refined sunflower oil. On the other hand, ethyl acetate fraction exhibited marginal antioxygenic activity, whereas the water soluble fraction was practically devoid of any activity in refined sunflower oil. Thermal stability of different extracts of Solanum nigrum L. leaves heated at 80?C in refined sunflower oil also indicated the strong efficacy of methanol/water (80:20) extract to inhibit thermal oxidation. Solanum nigrum L. contain high levels of magnesium (239.0 mg/100g) and phosphorous (80.3 mg/100g). Fatty acid analysis of the lipid extracted from Solanum nigrum L. leaves indicated the presence of linoleic (59.1%) as a major fatty acid. The result of this study confirmed the presence of antioxygenic compounds in leaves, in particular its methanol/water (80:20) extracts showed great potential as a natural antioxidant to inhibit lipid peroxidation in foods.

L形冷弯薄壁型钢组合钢管混凝土柱轴压性能

为解决异形钢管混凝土柱阴角对其承载力的影响,提出了用1个冷弯薄壁方钢管和2个U形钢管焊接成L形钢管,内填充混凝土形成L形冷弯薄壁型钢组合钢管混凝土柱形式。设计了5组共10根试件的轴压试验,并开展了有限元参数分析,研究了钢管厚度、U形管外伸长度和钢材强度等参数对构件承载力和延性等力学性能的影响。结果表明:该类试件的主要破坏形态为中上部局部鼓曲破坏,适量增大U形管外伸长度可以提高承载力,但增大到一定程度之后易发生弯扭破坏;承载力和延性随着钢管厚度和钢材强度增大而增加;混凝土强度对构件的初始刚度和峰值荷载的影响都很小,但对曲线下降段的影响较大;试件端部和中部截面阴角处的混凝土应力值比各边中部更大,说明采用U形钢管与方钢管组合的方式改善了阴角处钢管对混凝土约束普遍较弱的问题。基于“统一理论”,给出了两种承载力建议计算公式,与试验结果吻合较好,两种计算方法在0.44~1.94的约束效应系数范围内具有良好的适用性。

基于自由曲面和L-system的红掌生长模型

针对红掌花卉生长可视化中参数难以确定的问题进行研究,提出推导控制点的方法,建立红掌器官模型:采用Bezier曲线结合扫描成型的方法来构造叶柄模型,采用双三次NURBS曲线对佛焰苞进行建模;运用红掌的相关表型数据拟合生长函数,提出基于红掌生长规律的微分L-system,可有效模拟红掌的拓扑结构和生长过程;通过虚拟器官表示红掌器官的几何属性,降低微分L-system的复杂度。试验验证提出的方法对红掌各项生长指标拟合度可达0.89以上,并可对每个生长阶段的红掌进行模拟,能有效地对红掌的生长过程进行建模。

BNIP3L介导的线粒体自噬在镉致大鼠大脑皮质神经元凋亡中的作用

为探究线粒体自噬受体Bcl-2/腺病毒E1B 19 kDa相互作用蛋白3样(BNIP3L)介导的线粒体自噬对镉致大鼠大脑皮质神经元凋亡的调控作用,利用RNA干扰技术建立大鼠大脑皮质神经元BNIP3L基因沉默模型,并经10μmol/L镉处理12 h,Western blot检测BNIP3L、帕金森氏蛋白2(Parkin)和线粒体凋亡通路相关蛋白cleaved caspase-9、cleaved caspase-3的表达水平,免疫荧光染色检测BNIP3L与线粒体标志蛋白TOMM20共定位,透射电镜检测细胞内线粒体自噬体数目,FITC Annexin V染色检测细胞凋亡水平。结果:大鼠大脑皮质神经元经镉处理12 h后,BNIP3L蛋白表达水平极显著升高(P<0.01),BNIP3L与TOMM20共定位增加,沉默BNIP3L极显著抑制镉致Parkin线粒体转位(P<0.01),抑制镉致细胞内线粒体自噬体形成,极显著促进镉致caspase-9、caspase-3激活和神经元凋亡(P<0.01)。结果表明,BNIP3L介导的线粒体自噬可抑制镉致大鼠大脑皮质神经元凋亡。

缺血性脑卒中铁死亡特征基因NFE2L2的鉴定与验证

背景:铁死亡与缺血性脑卒中的发病密切相关,靶向铁死亡是一种治疗缺血性脑卒中有前景的方案,但具体调控靶点尚不明确。目的:通过生物信息学和机器学习方法筛选缺血性脑卒中铁死亡相关特征基因,并通过细胞实验进行验证,探讨铁死亡在缺血性脑卒中的作用。方法:基于GEO数据库和FerrDb数据库选取符合条件的缺血性脑卒中相关数据集和铁死亡表达数据集,通过t检验筛选铁死亡相关差异基因。对铁死亡相关差异基因进行GO功能富集分析与KEGG信号通路富集分析。通过PPI网络分析和机器学习筛选缺血性脑卒中铁死亡的特征基因,利用ROC分析和GSEA分析探究特征基因的准确性和生物功能。然后进行细胞实验,将HT22细胞分为对照组与缺血性脑卒中组,对照组不作任何干预,缺血性脑卒中组加入0.1 mol/L的H_(2)O_(2)干预24 h诱导细胞氧化应激和铁死亡,通过实时荧光定量RT-PCR和Western Blot验证铁死亡的发生和特征基因表达。结果与结论:(1)共获取45个铁死亡相关差异基因,GO和KEGG富集分析发现差异基因与氧化应激、自噬、铁死亡、脂肪细胞因子信号通路和线粒体代谢密切相关。(2)通过PPI网络中的MCODE插件和cytoHubba插件与机器学习中的LASSO算法和SVM-RFE算法共鉴定出1个铁死亡特征基因核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,NFE2L2)。(3)对NFE2L2进行ROC曲线分析,发现在训练集和验证集中构建的诊断预测模型具有良好的准确性与特异性;对NFE2L2进行GSEA分析,发现特征基因通过免疫、炎症反应、氨基酸代谢及神经因子调控等方面参与缺血性脑卒中发病机制的调控。(4)细胞实验的RT-PCR和Western Blot分析表明,与对照组对比,缺血性脑卒中组中的酰基辅酶A合成酶长链家族成员4 mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著增高(P<0.05),谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05);与对照组对比,缺血性脑卒中组中特征基因NFE2L2 mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著增高(P<0.05)。(5)上述结果证实,缺血性脑卒中与铁死亡密切相关,靶向特征基因NFE2L2可以为研究和治疗缺血性脑卒中提供一定的思路与方向。

Effects of P301L-TAU on post-translational modifications of microtubules in human iPSC-derived cortical neurons and TAU transgenic mice

TAU is a microtubule-associated protein that promotes microtubule assembly and stability in the axon.TAU is missorted and aggregated in an array of diseases known as tauopathies.Microtubules are essential for neuronal function and regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications,changes of which affect microtubule stability and dynamics,microtubule interaction with other proteins and cellular structures,and mediate recruitment of microtubule-severing enzymes.As impairment of microtubule dynamics causes neuronal dysfunction,we hypothesize cognitive impairment in human disease to be impacted by impairment of microtubule dynamics.We therefore aimed to study the effects of a disease-causing mutation of TAU(P301L)on the levels and localization of microtubule post-translational modifications indicative of microtubule stability and dynamics,to assess whether P301L-TAU causes stability-changing modifications to microtubules.To investigate TAU localization,phosphorylation,and effects on tubulin post-translational modifications,we expressed wild-type or P301L-TAU in human MAPT-KO induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons(i Neurons)and studied TAU in neurons in the hippocampus of mice transgenic for human P301L-TAU(p R5 mice).Human neurons expressing the longest TAU isoform(2N4R)with the P301L mutation showed increased TAU phosphorylation at the AT8,but not the p-Ser-262 epitope,and increased polyglutamylation and acetylation of microtubules compared with endogenous TAU-expressing neurons.P301L-TAU showed pronounced somatodendritic presence,but also successful axonal enrichment and a similar axodendritic distribution comparable to exogenously expressed 2N4R-wildtype-TAU.P301L-TAU-expressing hippocampal neurons in transgenic mice showed prominent missorting and tauopathy-typical AT8-phosphorylation of TAU and increased polyglutamylation,but reduced acetylation,of microtubules compared with non-transgenic littermates.In sum,P301L-TAU results in changes in microtubule PTMs,suggestive of impairment of microtubule stability.This is accompanied by missorting and aggregation of TAU in mice but not in i Neurons.Microtubule PTMs/impairment may be of key importance in tauopathies.

Loss-of-function mutations of microRNA-142-3p promote ASH1L expression to induce immune evasion and hepatocellular carcinoma progression

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)has been a pervasive malignancy throughout the world with elevated mortality.Efficient therapeutic targets are beneficial to treat and predict the disease.Currently,the exact molecular mechanisms leading to the progression of HCC are still unclear.Research has shown that the microRNA-142-3p level decreases in HCC,whereas bioinformatics analysis of the cancer genome atlas database shows the ASH1L expression increased among liver tumor tissues.In this paper,we will explore the effects and mechanisms of microRNA-142-3p and ASH1L affect the prognosis of HCC patients and HCC cell bioactivity,and the association between them.AIM To investigate the effects and mechanisms of microRNA-142-3p and ASH1L on the HCC cell bioactivity and prognosis of HCC patients.METHODS In this study,we grouped HCC patients according to their immunohistochemistry results of ASH1L with pathological tissues,and retrospectively analyzed the prognosis of HCC patients.Furthermore,explored the roles and mechanisms of microRNA-142-3p and ASH1L by cellular and animal experiments,which involved the following experimental methods:Immunohistochemical staining,western blot,quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction,flow cytometric analysis,tumor xenografts in nude mice,etc.The statistical methods involved in this study contained t-test,one-way analysis of variance,theχ^(2)test,the Kaplan-Meier approach and the log-rank test.RESULTS In this study,we found that HCC patients with high expression of ASH1L possess a more recurrence rate as well as a decreased overall survival rate.ASH1L promotes the tumorigenicity of HCC and microRNA-142-3p exhibits reduced expression in HCC tissues and interacts with ASH1L through targeting the ASH1L 3′untranslated region.Furthermore,microRNA-142-3p promotes apoptosis and inhibits proliferation,invasion,and migration of HCC cell lines in vitro via ASH1L.For the exploration mechanism,we found ASH1L may promote an immunosuppressive microenvironment in HCC and ASH1L affects the expression of the cell junction protein zonula occludens-1,which is potentially relevant to the immune system.CONCLUSION Loss function of microRNA-142-3p induces cancer progression and immune evasion through upregulation of ASH1L in HCC.Both microRNA-142-3p and ASH1L can feature as new biomarker for HCC in the future.

Recombinant chitinase-3-like protein 1 alleviates learning and memory impairments via M2 microglia polarization in postoperative cognitive dysfunction mice

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is a seve re complication of the central nervous system that occurs after anesthesia and surgery,and has received attention for its high incidence and effect on the quality of life of patients.To date,there are no viable treatment options for postoperative cognitive dysfunction.The identification of postoperative cognitive dysfunction hub genes could provide new research directions and therapeutic targets for future research.To identify the signaling mechanisms contributing to postoperative cognitive dysfunction,we first conducted Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses of the Gene Expression Omnibus GSE95426 dataset,which consists of mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs differentially expressed in mouse hippocampus3 days after tibial fracture.The dataset was enriched in genes associated with the biological process"regulation of immune cells,"of which Chill was identified as a hub gene.Therefore,we investigated the contribution of chitinase-3-like protein 1 protein expression changes to postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the mouse model of tibial fractu re surgery.Mice were intraperitoneally injected with vehicle or recombinant chitinase-3-like protein 124 hours post-surgery,and the injection groups were compared with untreated control mice for learning and memory capacities using the Y-maze and fear conditioning tests.In addition,protein expression levels of proinflammatory factors(interleukin-1βand inducible nitric oxide synthase),M2-type macrophage markers(CD206 and arginase-1),and cognition-related proteins(brain-derived neurotropic factor and phosphorylated NMDA receptor subunit NR2B)were measured in hippocampus by western blotting.Treatment with recombinant chitinase-3-like protein 1 prevented surgery-induced cognitive impairment,downregulated interleukin-1βand nducible nitric oxide synthase expression,and upregulated CD206,arginase-1,pNR2B,and brain-derived neurotropic factor expression compared with vehicle treatment.Intraperitoneal administration of the specific ERK inhibitor PD98059 diminished the effects of recombinant chitinase-3-like protein 1.Collectively,our findings suggest that recombinant chitinase-3-like protein 1 ameliorates surgery-induced cognitive decline by attenuating neuroinflammation via M2 microglial polarization in the hippocampus.Therefore,recombinant chitinase-3-like protein1 may have therapeutic potential fo r postoperative cognitive dysfunction.

载富血小板血浆水凝胶对L929细胞氧化损伤的保护作用

背景:在慢性创面愈合过程中,活性氧的过量生成可能会损害L929成纤维细胞的功能,从而延缓创面修复,因此保护成纤维细胞免受氧化应激的影响对于促进创面愈合非常重要。目的:评估羧甲基壳聚糖-氧化硫酸软骨素/富血小板血浆(CMC-OCS/PRP)水凝胶对H2O2刺激下L929细胞的保护作用。方法:制备CMC-OCS/PRP水凝胶,表征水凝胶的微观形貌、降解性能、清除H2O2与羟基自由基的能力及生物相容性。取生长状态良好的L929细胞,分5组培养:对照组常规培养,H2O2组加入H2O2,CMC-OCS组加入羧甲基壳聚糖-氧化硫酸软骨素水凝胶浸提液+H2O2,PRP组加入富血小板血浆凝胶浸提液+H2O2,CMC-OCS/PRP组加入羧甲基壳聚糖-氧化硫酸软骨素/富血小板血浆水凝胶浸提液处理+H2O2,每组先加入水凝胶浸提液处理6 h,然后再加入H2O2处理24 h。培养结束后,检测细胞活性氧及丙二醛水平,细胞凋亡、胶原纤维Ⅰ蛋白表达。在加入H2O2的情况下,将上述水凝胶浸提液分别与L929成纤维细胞直接或间接共培养36 h,通过划痕实验、Transwell小室实验检测细胞的迁移能力。结果与结论:①CMC-OCS/PRP水凝胶具有均匀相互关联的多孔结构及良好的降解能力,体外可有效清除H2O2与羟基自由基,并且具有良好的生物相容性;②与对照组比较,H2O2组细胞凋亡率、细胞活性氧与丙二醛水平升高(P<0.05),细胞铺展面积减少(P<0.05),胶原纤维Ⅰ蛋白表达无明显变化(P>0.05);与H2O2组比较,CMC-OCS组、CMC-OCS/PRP组细胞活性氧水平降低(P<0.05),PRP组、CMC-OCS组、CMCOCS/PRP组丙二醛水平降低(P<0.05)、细胞铺展面积增加(P<0.05),CMC-OCS/PRP组细胞凋亡率降低(P<0.05),PRP组、CMC-OCS组、CMCOCS/PRP组胶原纤维Ⅰ蛋白表达增加(P<0.05);③与对照组比较,H2O2组细胞迁移数量减少(P<0.05),迁移面积无明显变化(P>0.05);与H2O2组比较,PRP组、CMC-OCS组、CMC-OCS/PRP组细胞迁移数量、迁移面积均增加(P<0.05),并且以CMC-OCS/PRP组增加最显著;④在氧化应激条件下,CMC-OCS/PRP水凝胶可改善成纤维细胞的迁移能力,抗细胞凋亡并保护细胞伸展功能。

On the L^(2)(R)-Norm Decay Estimates for Two Cauchy Systems of Coupled Wave Equations Under Frictional Dampings

In this paper,we consider two Cauchy systems of coupled two wave equations in the whole line R under one or two frictional dampings,where the coupling terms are either of order one with respect to the time variable or of order two with respect to the space variable.We prove some L^(2)(R)-norm decay estimates of solutions and their higher-order derivatives with respect to the space variable,where the decay rates depend on the number of the present frictional dampings,the regularity of the initial data,and some connections between the speeds of wave propagation of the two wave equations.Both our systems are considered under weaker conditions on the coefficients than the ones considered in the literature and they include the case where only one frictional damping is present,so they generate new difficulties and represent new situations that have not been studied earlier.

Autism spectrum disorder:difficulties in diagnosis and microRNA biomarkers

We performed a PubMed search for microRNAs in autism spectrum disorder that could serve as diagnostic biomarkers in patients and selected 17 articles published from January 2008 to December 2023,of which 4 studies were performed with whole blood,4 with blood plasma,5 with blood serum,1 with serum neural cell adhesion molecule L1-captured extracellular vesicles,1 with blood cells,and 2 with peripheral blood mononuclear cells.Most of the studies involved children and the study cohorts were largely males.Many of the studies had performed microRNA sequencing or quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays to measure microRNA expression.Only five studies had used real-time polymerase chain reaction assay to validate microRNA expression in autism spectrum disorder subjects compared to controls.The microRNAs that were validated in these studies may be considered as potential candidate biomarkers for autism spectrum disorder and include miR-500a-5p,-197-5p,-424-5p,-664a-3p,-365a-3p,-619-5p,-664a-3p,-3135a,-328-3p,and-500a-5p in blood plasma and miR-151a-3p,-181b-5p,-320a,-328,-433,-489,-572,-663a,-101-3p,-106b-5p,-19b-3p,-195-5p,and-130a-3p in blood serum of children,and miR-15b-5p and-6126 in whole blood of adults.Several important limitations were identified in the studies reviewed,and need to be taken into account in future studies.Further studies are warranted with children and adults having different levels of autism spectrum disorder severity and consideration should be given to using animal models of autism spectrum disorder to investigate the effects of suppressing or overexpressing specific microRNAs as a novel therapy.

基于整车关键尺寸L114的平台架构研究

为了研究最优的整车平台架构策略,本文详细阐述平台架构的概念,定义了架构关键尺寸L114,列举国内某车企基于关键尺寸L114一致的平台拓展尺寸链,并梳理该平台架构乘员舱架构件具体的策略,通过对比分别采取平台车型关键尺寸L113一致与平台车型关键尺寸L114一致时的平台通用化率,发现2种策略的平台通用化率基本一致。同时结合整车安全碰撞策略进行分析,结果表明,若采用关键尺寸L114更具优势,该策略下同平台车型仅需满足高车型的碰撞策略,即可同步满足其他车型的侧碰要求,有效降低平台开发成本。

Establishment on Isolated Microspore Culture Optimized System for Restorer of New Cytoplasmic Male Sterile (NER) of Brassica napus L.

[Objective]The aim was to establish optimized system for NER isolated microspore culture of Brassica napus L.. [Method]Twenty varieties of NER of Brassica napus were grown under uncontrolled temperature and light conditions,and their isolated microspore from anthers were used as explants in vitro culture. The influencing factors of microspore culture were preliminarily studied. [Result]The difference of genotypes was important influencing factors to embryoid yield. The embryoid yield increased by supplementing with 6-BA and NAA,culturing in solid-liquid double layer medium with activated charcoal; The difference was not significant of embryoid yield between culturing in medium supplemented with colchicines and the CK. The rates of cotyledonous embryoids directly developed into normal plantlets increased through enriching with 0.1-0.2 mg/L NAA and being treated on slim illumination two days before being inducted into normal plantlets. [Conclusion]The technical system of microspore culture of restorer of new cytoplasmic male sterile （NER） was established,which and lays a foundation for accelerating genotype purification of NER introgressive line.

谱负Lévy过程末离时和占位时的分布研究

利用扰动方法和泊松方法研究谱负Lévy过程末离时0T+与首达时aτ+和过程在[0,)aτ+上的占位时的联合分布,以及末离时0T-与首达时aτ+和过程在[0,)aτ+上的占位时的联合分布。通过对这些分布的深入理解,可以更好地把握谱负Lévy过程的特性,所获得的结果以尺度函数的形式呈现。

A Biosystematic Study on Asplenium sarelii Complex

The series Variantia Ching et S. H. Wu mainly occur in China and its members are highly variable in morphology. The denomination on this group of Asplenium is very confused in the herbaria. We hop e by means of a biosystematic study to find out their genetic relationships in the reticulate evolution, and to raise a suggestion on their taxonomic treatment. Evidence from cytology, allozyme, morphology, and palynology shows that three ancestor diploids have formed Asplenium sarelii complex comprising 13 members. A. sarelii Hook. should be typified as a diploid. The so-called tetraploid 'A. sarelii' before is an allotetraploid that comes from the doubled hybrid between diploid A. sarelii and A. tenuicaule Hayata, which should be treated as a new species A. wudangense Z. R. Wang et X. Hou. A. pekinense Hance is an autotetraploid that comes from the doubled diploid ancestor A. sarelii. A. lushanense C. Chr., a diploid species and the only ancestor of A. yunnariense group, should not been sunk as a synonym of tetraploid A. yunnariense Franch. Most probably, A. varians Wall. ex Hook. et Grev. is an autotetraploid of A. tenuicaule Hayata. Three new natural tetraploid hybrids and their origins have been found out: they are A. x longmenense ( = A. pekinense x varians), A. x jingyunense ( = A. pekinense x yunnanense) and A. x kidoi ( = A. pekinense x wudangense). Three other new natural triploid hybrids have been found and their origins have been inferred: they are A. X huawuense ( = A. sarelii X wudangense), A. x luyunense ( = A. lushanense x yunnanense) and A. x teniuvaians ( = A. tenuicaule x varians). The method of allozyme comparion combined with cytological observation is employed to reveal the complicated relationships among the members of Asplenium sarelii complex in reticulate evolution and proved to be a highly effective tool to investigate the origin of polyploid and hybrid.