Efficient and selective upcycling of waste polylactic acid into acetate using nickel selenide

The conversion of waste polylactic acid(PLA)plastics into high-value-added chemicals through electrochemical methods is a promising and sustainable approach.However,developing efficient and highly selective catalysts for lactic acid oxidation reaction(LAOR)and understanding the reaction process are challenging.Here,we report the electrooxidation of waste PLA to acetate at a high current density of 100 mA cm-2 with high Faraday efficiency(~95%)and excellent stability(>100 h)over a nickel selenide nanosheet catalyst.In addition,a total Faraday efficiency of up to 190%was achieved for carboxylic acids,including acetic acid and formic acid,by coupling with the cathodic CO_(2) reduction reaction.In situ experimental results and theoretical simulations revealed that the catalytic activity center of LAOR was dynamically formed NiOOH species,and the surface-adsorbed SeO_(x) species accelerated the formation of Ni~(3+)species,thus promoting catalytic activity.The mechanism of lactic acid electrooxidation was further elucidated.Lactic acid was dehydrogenated to produce pyruvate first and then formed CH_3CO due to preferential C-C bond cleavage,resulting in the presence of acetate.This work demonstrated a sustainable method for recycling waste PLA and CO_(2) into high-value-added products.

Constructing a stable interface on Ni-rich LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2) cathode via lactic acid-assisted engineering strategy

Ni-rich layered oxides are potential cathode materials for next-generation high energy density Li-ion batteries due to their high capacity and low cost.However,the inherently unstable surface properties,including high levels of residual Li compounds,dissolution of transition metal cations,and parasitic side reactions,have not been effectively addressed,leading to significant degradation in their electrochemical performance.In this study,we propose a simple and effective lactic acid-assisted interface engineering strategy to regulate the surface chemistry and properties of Ni-rich LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mr_(0.1)O_(2) cathode.This novel surface treatment method successfully eliminates surface residual Li compounds,inhibits structural collapse,and mitigates cathode-electrolyte interface film growth.As a result,the lactic acidtreated LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2) achieved a remarkable capacity retention of 91.7% after 100 cycles at 0.5 C(25℃) and outstanding rate capability of 149.5 mA h g^(-1) at 10 C,significantly outperforming the pristine material.Furthermore,a pouch-type full cell incorporating the modified LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2) cathode demonstrates impressive long-term cycle life,retaining 81.5% of its capacity after 500 cycles at 1 C.More importantly,the thermal stability of the modified cathode is also dramatically improved.This study offers a valuable surface modification strategy for enhancing the overall performance of Ni-rich cathode materials.

Co-inoculation of Debaryomyces hansenii and lactic acid bacteria: a strategy to improve the taste and odour profiles of dry sausages

The effects of the co-inoculation of Debaryomyces hansenii separately with 3 lactic acid bacteria(LAB),Lactobacillus sakei,Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus curvatus,on the taste and odour profi les of dry sausages were investigated.The co-inoculated sausages showed higher free amino acid and organic acid contents than the non-inoculated control and sausages inoculated with D.hansenii alone.Meanwhile,the sausages inoculated with D.hansenii+L.plantarum,D.hansenii+L.sakei and D.hansenii+L.curvatus had the highest contents of aldehydes,esters and alcohols,respectively.The results of electronic tongue,electronic nose and sensory evaluation demonstrated that compared with the sausage inoculated with D.hansenii,the sour taste and fl oral odour increased and the fatty odour decreased in the sausage inoculated with D.hansenii+L.sakei;this was more favourable for the development of a desirable fl avour in sausages.Moreover,the partial least squares regression analysis indicated that 10 taste and 33 odour compounds were mainly responsible for the differences in the flavour profiles among the sausages.Overall,these findings contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of the formation of sensory characteristics in dry sausages co-inoculated with yeast and LAB.

Allergen degradation of bee pollen by lactic acid bacteria fermentation and its alleviatory effects on allergic reactions in BALB/c mice

Food allergy as a global health problem threatens food industry.Bee pollen(BP)is a typical food with allergenic potentials,although it performs various nutritional/pharmacological functions to humans.In this study,lactic acid bacteria(LAB)were used to ferment Brassica napus BP for alleviating its allergenicity.Four novel allergens(glutaredoxin,oleosin-B2,catalase and lipase)were identified with significant decreases in LAB-fermented BP(FBP)than natural BP by proteomics.Meanwhile,metabolomics analysis showed significant increases of 28 characteristic oligopeptides and amino acids in FBP versus BP,indicating the degradation of LAB on allergens.Moreover,FBP showed alleviatory effects in BALB/c mice,which relieved pathological symptoms and lowered production of allergic mediators.Microbial high-throughput sequencing analysis showed that FBP could regulate gut microbiota and metabolism to strengthen immunity,which were closely correlated with the alleviation of allergic reactivity.These findings could contribute to the development and utilization of hypoallergenic BP products.

Screening of glucosinolates degrading lactic acid bacteria and their utilization in rapeseed meal fermentation

Rapeseed meal is a promising food ingredient, but its utilization is limited by the presence of some potentially harmful ingredients, such as glucosinolates. Fermentation is a cost-effective method of detoxication but a food-grade starter culture with glucosinolates degradation capacity is required. In this study, 46 strains of lactic acid bacteria from traditional paocai brines were screened for their ability to glucosinolate degradation. The results showed that more than 50% of the strains significantly degraded glucosinolates. Two strains of Lactiplantibacillus(p7 and s7) with high capacity of glucosinolates degradation through producing enzymes were identified. Then,an optimized condition for rapeseed meal fermentation by p7 was established to degrade glucosinolates, which can achieve about 80% degradation. UPLC/Q-TOF-MS analysis showed that the degradation rate of individual glucosinolates was different and the degradation rate of gluconapin and progoitrin in rapeseed meal can reach more than 90%. Meanwhile, fermentation with p7 can improve safety of rapeseed meal by inhibiting the growth of Enterobacteriaceae and improve its nutritional properties by degrading phytic acid. The in vitro digestion experiments showed that the content of glucosinolates in rapeseed meal decreased significantly during gastric digestion. Meanwhile, fermentation with p7 can greatly improve the release of soluble protein and increase the contents of free essential amino acids, such as lysine(increased by 12 folds) and methionine(increased by 10 folds).

Preparation of lactic acid bacteria compound starter cultures based on pasting properties and its improvement of glutinous rice flour and dough

The effects of 5 lactic acid bacteria(LAB)fermentation on the pasting properties of glutinous rice flour were compared,and suitable fermentation strains were selected based on the changes of viscosity,setback value,and breakdown value to prepare LAB compound starter cultures.The results revealed that Latilactobacillus sakei HSD004 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HSD005 had apparent advantages in increasing the viscosity and reducing the setback and breakdown values of glutinous rice flour.In particular,the compound starter created using the two abovementioned LAB in the ratio of 3:1 had better performance than that using a single LAB in improving the pasting properties and increasing the water and oil absorption capacity of glutinous rice flour.Moreover,the gelatinization enthalpy of the fermented samples increased significantly.For frozen glutinous rice dough stored for 28 days,the viscoelasticity of frozen dough prepared by compound starter was better than that of control dough,and the freezable water content was lower than that of control dough.These results indicate that compound LAB fermentation is a promising technology in the glutinous rice-based food processing industry,which has significance for its application.

Application of Next Generation Sequencing for Rapid Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria

The rapid identification of lactic acid bacteria,which are essential microorganisms in the food industry,is of great significance for industrial applications.The identification of lactic acid bacteria traditionally relies on the isolation and identification of pure colonies.While this method is well-established and widely used,it is not without limitations.The subjective judgment inherent in the isolation and purification process introduces potential for error,and the incomplete nature of the isolation process can result in the loss of valuable information.The advent of next generation sequencing has provided a novel approach to the rapid identification of lactic acid bacteria.This technology offers several advantages,including rapidity,accuracy,high throughput,and low cost.Next generation sequencing represents a significant advancement in the field of DNA sequencing.Its ability to rapidly and accurately identify lactic acid bacteria strains in samples with insufficient information or in the presence of multiple lactic acid bacteria sets it apart as a valuable tool.The application of this technology not only circumvents the potential errors inherent in the traditional method but also provides a robust foundation for the expeditious identification of lactic acid bacteria strains and the authentication of bacterial powder in industrial applications.This paper commences with an overview of traditional and molecular biology methods for the identification of lactic acid bacteria.While each method has its own advantages,they are not without limitations in practical application.Subsequently,the paper provides an introduction of the principle,process,advantages,and disadvantages of next generation sequencing,and also details its application in strain identification and rapid identification of lactic acid bacteria.The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive and reliable basis for the rapid identification of industrial lactic acid bacteria strains and the authenticity identification of bacterial powder.

Synergism of Zinc Oxide/Organoclay-Loaded Poly(lactic acid) Hybrid Nanocomposite Plasticized by Triacetin for Sustainable Active Food Packaging

The synergistic effect of organoclay(OC)and zinc oxide(ZnO)nanoparticles on the crucial properties of poly(lactic acid)(PLA)nanocompositefilms was systematically investigated herein.After their incorporation into PLA via the solvent casting technique,the water vapor barrier property of the PLA/OC/ZnOfilm improved by a maximum of 86%compared to the neat PLAfilm without the deterioration of Young’s modulus or the tensile strength.Moreover,thefilm’s self-antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens,including gram-negative(Escherichia coli,E.coli)and gram-positive(Staphylococcus aureus,S.aureus)bacteria,was enhanced by a max-imum of approximately 98–99%compared to the neat PLAfilm.Furthermore,SEM images revealed the homo-geneous dispersion of both nano-fillers in the PLA matrix.However,the thermal stability of thefilm decreased slightly after the addition of the OC and ZnO.Thefilm exhibited notable light barrier properties in the UV-Vis range.Moreover,the incorporation of a suitable biodegradable plasticizer significantly decreased the Tg and notably enhanced theflexibility of the nanocompositefilm by increasing the elongation at break approxi-mately 1.5-fold compared to that of the neat PLAfilm.This contributes to its feasibility as an active food packa-ging material.

血清ADMA、IL-6、内毒素及乳酸在新生儿败血症所致感染性休克中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨血清不对称二甲基精氨酸(ADMA)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、内毒素及乳酸在新生儿败血症所致感染性休克中的表达及临床意义。方法选取我院收治的58例新生儿败血症所致感染性休克患儿为休克组,62例新生儿败血症未发生感染性休克患儿为败血症组,60例无感染新生儿为对照组。检测所有研究对象血清中的ADMA、IL-6、内毒素及乳酸水平。比较三组研究对象的ADMA、IL-6、内毒素及乳酸水平;分析ADMA、IL-6、内毒素及乳酸水平对新生儿败血症所致感染性休克患儿的诊断价值;分析ADMA水平与IL-6、内毒素及乳酸水平的关系;分析ADMA、IL-6、内毒素及乳酸水平与休克组预后的关系。结果休克组的ADMA、IL-6、内毒素及乳酸水平均高于败血症组及对照组(P<0.05);败血症组的ADMA、IL-6、内毒素水平均高于对照组(P<0.05);败血症组和对照组的乳酸水平无显著差异(P>0.05)。受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)结果显示,ADMA、IL-6、内毒素及乳酸诊断新生儿败血症所致感染性休克的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.93、0.89、0.89、0.92。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,ADMA水平与IL-6、内毒素及乳酸水平呈正相关(P<0.05)。ADMA、IL-6、内毒素及乳酸高水平与新生儿败血症所致感染性休克预后不良有关。结论血清ADMA、IL-6、内毒素及乳酸在新生儿败血症所致感染性休克中表达水平较高,可作为该疾病诊断的生物标志物并预测预后。

Alkali-metal-modified ZSM-5 zeolites for improvement of catalytic dehydration of lactic acid to acrylic acid

Various ZSM-5 zeolites modified with alkali metals （Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs） were prepared using ion exchange. The catalysts were used to enhance the catalytic dehydration of lactic acid （LA） to acrylic acid （AA）. The effects of cationic species on the structures and surface acid-base distributions of the ZSM-5 zeolites were investigated. The important factors that affect the catalytic performance were also identified. The modified ZSM-5 catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction, tempera- ture-programmed desorptions of NH3 and CO2, pyridine adsorption spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption to determine the crystal phase structures, surface acidities and basicities, nature of acid sites, specific surface areas, and pore volumes. The results show that the acid-base sites that are adjusted by alkali-metal species, particularly weak acid-base sites, are mainly responsible for the formation of AA. The KZSM-5 catalyst, in particular, significantly improved LA conversion and AA selectivity because of the synergistic effect of weak acid-base sites. The reaction was conducted at different reaction temperatures and liquid hourly space velocities （LHSVs） to understand the catalyst selectivity for AA and trends in byproduct formation. Approximately 98% LA conversion and 77% AA selectivity were achieved using the KZSM-5 catalyst under the optimum conditions （40 wt% LA aqueous solution, 365 ℃, and LHSV 2 h-1）.

构建大肠杆菌合成生物群落利用混合糖同步发酵生产L-乳酸

目的:实现大肠杆菌混合糖发酵产L-乳酸过程中对葡萄糖-木糖的同步利用。方法:以L-乳酸工程菌大肠杆菌JH16(E.coli B,△frdBC△pflB△ackA△adhE,ldhA::ldhL)为出发菌株,通过RED同源重组技术敲除木糖转运及代谢基因xylFGH、xylE和xylA,获得不能利用木糖的菌株大肠杆菌JH16031。以大肠杆菌JH2705(E.coli JH16,△ptsG△mglB)为出发菌株,敲除葡萄糖转运及代谢基因crr、malX和galP,获得不能利用葡萄糖的菌株大肠杆菌JH27071,以构建大肠杆菌合成生物群落。通过摇瓶和5 L发酵罐试验确定该合成生物群落在混合糖发酵时较优的混合接种比例。结果:以60 g/L葡萄糖和40 g/L木糖为碳源进行发酵,当JH16031与JH27071初始接种比为1∶50,初始OD_(600nm)=0.5,混合糖的利用率最高,在84 h内消耗97%的糖,并在96 h内结束发酵。葡萄糖消耗速率为705 mg/(L·h),木糖消耗速率为435 mg/(L·h),L-乳酸产率为951 mg/(L·h),L-乳酸产量达到92 g/L,糖酸转化率为91%。结论:构建大肠杆菌合成生物群落可实现利用混合糖发酵产L-乳酸过程中葡萄糖和木糖的同步利用。研究结果为工业发酵生产中,使用低成本的木质纤维素为原料,降低发酵成本,提高混合糖利用率提供技术支持。

强化厌氧表达dld基因以提高大肠杆菌工程菌发酵产L-乳酸的光学纯度

为去除廉价发酵原料中的D-乳酸从而提高发酵最终产物L-乳酸的光学纯度,该研究通过构建带有不同厌氧诱导启动子(pflBp6、pnirB、pflBp6-pnirB)的D-乳酸脱氢酶基因(dld)的表达质粒,并将其分别转入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)HBUT-L,加强其在发酵产L-乳酸的同时消除外源D-乳酸的能力。通过装液量与转速的单因素试验筛选最优的质粒表达条件及菌株,并在无机盐培养基与玉米浆培养基中进行发酵验证。结果表明,在装液量为200 mL/250 mL、转速为150 r/min的条件下,含有启动子pflBp6-pnirB的表达质粒的工程菌株HBUT-L4发酵18 h时D-乳酸脱氢酶活力最高,为81.1 U/g。在此条件下进行无机盐培养基和玉米浆培养基发酵时,工程菌株HBUT-L4相对于出发菌株HBUT-L,D-乳酸消耗速率分别提高250%、217%,L-乳酸的光学纯度分别从96.32%、98.48%提升至99.95%、99.98%。在大肠杆菌工程菌发酵L-乳酸的过程中,带有厌氧诱导启动子pflBp6-pnirB的表达质粒可提高D-乳酸脱氢酶活力,强化菌株消除外源D-乳酸,进而提高L-乳酸的光学纯度的能力,具有重要的工业化应用价值。

Poly(lactic acid)-aspirin microspheres prepared via the traditional and improved solvent evaporation methods and its application performances

Drug-loaded microspheres are significant for the development of modern pharmaceutical products. It is well known that the taken of aspirin for long-term increases the risk of serious gastrointestinal complications, therefore a controllable delivery of aspirin is of importance to lighten those side effects. In this work, poly(lactic acid)(PLA) was chosen as the carrier to prepare PLA-aspirin microspheres by using the traditional and the improved solvent evaporation methods. It was found that no matter which experimental condition was, the encapsulation efficiency of aspirin was higher by using the improved method than that of the traditional method. Specifically, when the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol = 1%(mass),the polymer concentration = 1:20, the oil/water rate = 1:2.5, PLA-aspirin microspheres were obtained via the improved method with a high yield of 82.83%(mass) and an encapsulation efficiency of 44.09%. PLAaspirin microspheres were then prepared continuously using the improved method, which further enhanced the encapsulation efficiency to 54.56%. Approximate 85% aspirin released from microspheres within 7 days. Obvious degradation which was represented by reduction on hardness was observed by soaking microspheres in PBS for 60 days. This work is of interest because it provides a continuous route to prepare PLA-aspirin microspheres continuously with a high drug encapsulation efficiency.

3D printed lactic acid bacteria hydrogel:cell release kinetics and stability

In this study,a new type of 3 D printed living biological hydrogel was developed by integrating lactic acid bacteria(LAB)into biocompatible and non-toxic polymer materials.Interestingly,the living materials loaded with LAB can be freeze-dried and reused for more than 100 times.The bio-hydrogel can be used to co-culture different LAB and keep its fermentation performance stable in long-term use.The release kinetics model and response surface method were used to simulate and optimize the bacteria release mode in the bio-hydrogel.The results show that the release of bacteria from hydrogel is regulated by the coupling of Fickian diffusion and polymer swelling.The stability of LAB hydrogel was evaluated by reuse experiments.The images of confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscope showed that the bacteria with high cell viability were distributed in the hydrogel and intact structure of the living hydrogel was maintained after 100 times of reuse as yoghurt starter.In conclusion,the 3 D printed LAB bio-hydrogel developed in this study has the advantage of reuse and sustainability,which is expected to open up a new way for the preparation of food culture starter.

Repeated-Batch and Continuous Production of L-Lactic Acid by Rhizopus oryzae Immobilized in Calcium Alginat Beads:ReactorPerformance and Kinetic Model

Repeated-batch and continuous production of L-lactic acid by immobilized Rhizopusoryzae with calcium alginate entrapment method in a three-phase fluidized-bed bioreactor was stud-ied.The operation conditions were optimized.The productivity based on total reactor volume wasabout 3 times higher than that with free cells in a traditional stirred tank bioreactor.A mathemat-ical model was proposed and the model predictions were in good agreement with the experimentaldat.

Synthesis of the Biomimetic Polymer: Aliphatic Diamine and RGDS Modified Poly(d,l-lactic acid)

A novel poly（d, /-lactic acid） （PDLLA） based biomimetic polymer was synthesized by grafting maleic anhydride, butanediamine and arg-gly-asp-ser （RGDS） peptides onto the backbone of PDLLA, aiming to overcome the acidity and auto-accelerating degradation of PDLLA during degradation and to improve its biospecificity and biocompatibility. The synthetic copolymer was characterized by FTIR, ^13C NMR and amino acid analyzer （AAA）.

Lactic Acid Reduces LPS-Induced TNF-a and IL-6 mRNA Levels Through Decreasing I?Ba Phosphorylation

This study explored the effects over time of lactic acid （LA） on IκBα phosphorylation and nuclear factor-kappa B （NF-κB） p65 protein expression, and on tumor necrosis factor a （TNF-α） and interleukin-6 （IL-6） mRNA levels in rat intestinal mucosa microvascular endothelial cells （RIMMVECs） stimulated by lipopolysaccharide （LPS）. I？Ba, phosphorylated IκBa （p-IκBa） and p65 protein levels were monitored by Western blot analysis, and TNF-a and IL-6 mRNA levels were analyzed using real-time PCR. LA treatment reduced TNF-a and IL-6 mRNA levels in LPS-stimulated RIMMVECs, with the greatest effect being after 3 h. The highest inhibitory effect of LA on IκBa phosphorylation to prevent activation of NF-κB was after 6 h. These results suggest that LA reduces TNF-a and IL-6 mRNA levels through decreasing IκBa phosphorylation and blocking the dissociation of IKK complex, which prevents activation of NF-κB.

炔雌醇月缓释Poloxamer188复合聚L-乳酸电纺纤维的表征

目的考察在聚L-乳酸电纺纤维体系下,Poloxamer188复合量和炔雌醇的载药量对药物包裹和释放行为的影响。方法将炔雌醇、Poloxamer188、聚L-乳酸共同溶解在二氯甲烷中形成均相溶液后静电纺丝,其中Poloxamer188的复合量为聚L-乳酸质量的220%、240%、260%、280%、300%,炔雌醇的载量设为聚L-乳酸质量的5%、10%、15%。扫描电子显微镜观察纤维形态,差示热分析和X-射线衍射考察材料复合状态,高效液相色谱-紫外分光光度法测定释放介质中炔雌醇的含量,绘制释放曲线并拟合。结果所得产品均为微米级直径均匀无珠子结构的纤维。炔雌醇在纤维中复合良好,Poloxamer188在纤维表面有单体存在。炔雌醇在释放全程均为被增溶状态。随着Poloxamer188复合量的增高,药物释放量增加,随着炔雌醇载量的增高,药物释放量减少。Poloxamer188复合量为300%、炔雌醇载量为5%时,药物的百分释放量接近80%,缓释期可达28 d。释放曲线能够被Peppas方程式拟合。结论Poloxamer188复合量为聚L-乳酸的220%~300%时能够得到百分释放量较高的月缓释载炔雌醇电纺纤维。

L-LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION IN A ROTATING-DISC CONTACTOR WITH SIMULTANEOUS PRODUCT SEPARATION BY ION-EXCHANGE

A rotating disk contactor（RDC）was designed to perform L-lactic acid fermentation with afilamentous fungi,Rhizopus oryzae,which was immobilized on the surfaces of the rotating discs.Thebioreactor was operated using repeated-batch method as well as continuous feeding method.Ananionic resin,D354,slightly basic in nature and of high selectivity and capacity was chosen for lacticacid separation.A coupled process of L-lactic acid fermentation and ion-exchange separation wasevaluated experimentally.The results indicated that the pH value of the fermentation broth could bemaintained at about 3-3.5 without any addition of alkali.The conversion ratio of glucose to L-lacticacid was about 0.7 g·g-1 and the fermentation rate reached as high as 62.5 g·h-1·m-2.

聚氨酯绷带用PEG-CL-LA共聚物的制备及其性能的研究

以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,聚乙二醇(PEG)为起始剂,ε-己内酯(CL)和乳酸(LA)为原料,在170℃和高真空的条件下直接缩聚合成了不同数量CL单元与LA单元的二元醇共聚物(PLCA)。PLCA与过量的4,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI-100)及少量叔胺类催化剂混合,在70℃反应,得到异氰酸酯封端的共聚物混合胶体(PLCA-PU),并涂覆在聚酯多孔编织带上制备出聚氨酯绷带。保持PEG的量,改变CL和LA的比例和异氰酸酯的量,得到一系列的PLCA和PLCA-PU。对它们的结构进行了分析,并对聚氨酯绷带的固化时间、径向压缩力值进行了测试。研究结果表明:成功制备了PLCA和PLCA-PU;当R=5、n(PEG)∶n(CL)∶n(LA)=1∶6∶7时,PLCA-PU制备的绷带的固化时间为383 s,压缩力值最高能达到19.4 N;选用合适的物料配比可以满足绷带尽快固化、具有合适刚性强度的要求。