Effects of L-lysine·H2SO4 product on the intestinal morphology and liver pathology using broiler model

Background: Lysine is used widely in livestock production due to the shortage of feed protein resources.Llysine·H2SO4 contains L-lysine sulphate as well as fermentation co-products which contain other amino acids and phosphorus.However,there are few articles about L-lysine·H2SO4 product regarding intestinal morphology and liver pathology of broiler chickens.In this article,we focus on the absorption and metabolism of L-lysine·H2SO4 revealed in the variation of intestinal morphology and liver pathology to determine the tolerance of chicks for L-lysine·H2SO4.Methods: To evaluate the tolerance of broilers for L-lysine·H2SO4,240 one day old broilers were allocated randomly to one of five dietary treatments which included corn-soybean diets containing 0,1%,4%,7% or 10% L-lysine·H2SO4(L-lysine content = 55%).Results: Supplementation of 1% L-lysine·H2SO4 in the diet had no negative effects.However,4%,7% or 10% Llysine·H2SO4 supplementation produced negative responses on broiler performance,carcass characteristics,blood biochemistry,and particularly on intestinal morphology and liver pathology compared with broilers fed the control diet.Conclusion: Our results show that supplementation with 1% L-lysine·H2SO4 had no negative effects on performance,carcass characteristics,blood biochemistry,intestinal morphology and liver pathology in broilers,but supplementation with 4%,7% or 10% L-lysine·H2SO4 produced a negative response,particularly with respect to intestinal morphology and liver pathology.

Escherichia coli Protoplast Fusion and Screening of High L-Lysine-Producing Strain

[Objectives]Protoplast fusion of two parental strains with weak L-lysine production ability was carried out to obtain new fusion strains with strong L-lysine production ability.[Methods]The effects of bacterial age,lysozyme concentration,enzymolysis temperature and time on the protoplast formation rate and regeneration rate were investigated by single factor experiments.On this basis,with the protoplast formation rate as an index,the protoplast preparation process was optimized by an orthogonal experiment.[Results]Bacterial age and enzymolysis time had a greater impact on the protoplast formation rate,followed by enzymolysis temperature and lysozyme concentration.The optimal process for the preparation of L-lysine-producing Escherichia coli protoplasts was to prepare parental protoplasts from bacterial cells cultured for 15 h in the late logarithmic growth phase by enzymolysis with 0.8 mg/ml lysozyme at 37℃for 180 min and promote fusion with PEG6000.In order to facilitate the screening of fusion protoplasts,the empty plasmids p ET-28a and p ET-Duet were transformed into L-lysine-producing E.coli,respectively,and strains p ET-28a-lys01 and p ET-Duet-lys01 were obtained.Fusion strains were then obtained through protoplast fusion.Double-resistance KA1-10were screened on plates containing kanamycin and ampicillin,and a high-yielding fusion strain KA8,which produced L-lysine,was screened by fermentation experiments finally.[Conclusions]The results of this study provide a reference method for further improving the yield of L-lysine and other amino acid strains.

Effect of L-lysine in culture medium on nodule formation by bone marrow cells

The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of L-lysine on nodule formation by rat bone marrow cells in vitro. In this study, L-lysine was added to medium for mesenchymal stem cell culture to promote proliferation and differentiation of the cells, and then nodule formation was estimated in an in vitro rat bone marrow cell culture. Bone marrow cells from the bone shafts of the femora of Fischer 344 rats were cultured in minimum essential medium with 20 μl of L-lysine solution at 10﹣4, 10﹣5, 10﹣6, 10﹣7 or 10﹣8 M. Dexamethasone was also added to the medium at 10 nM for differentiation of stem cells from bone marrow into osteoblast progenitor cells. The subculture was performed for 2 weeks. The quantity of osteocalcin in rat bone marrow cell culture with dexamethasone was 392 ng/ml. In the medium with dexamethasone and 10﹣8 M L-lysine, the quantity of osteocalcin was 437 ng/ml. Nodules only formed upon addition of 20 μl of L-lysine at 10﹣8 M. It was indicated that 10﹣8 M L-lysine should be the optimal concentration for calcification. For nodule formation by rat bone marrow cells in vitro, the optimum concentration of L-lysine in culture medium might be 20 μl of 10﹣8 M. L-lysine could play an important role in matrix production for bone formation in vitro.

Dissolution of highly molecular weight cellulose isolated from wheat straw in deep eutectic solvent of Choline/L-Lysine hydrochloride

Green solvents for cellulose dissolution is a key topic for green chemistry,especially natural cellulose with high molecular weight,and there are scarce solvents reported.Deep eutectic solvent(DES)is a typical kind of green solvent that has been attracted much attention recently.Here,high molecular weight natural cellulose(DP>3000)was first isolated from wheat straw and then be directly dissolved in the choline/L-lysine(Ch/Lys)DES.The solution owns excellent stability,and the solubility reaches^5%.Rheological studies revealed that the natural cellulose can be well dispersed in the DES solution and showed gelation at high concentrations.The dissolved cellulose can be regenerated when the dilute acid aqueous solution was added into the solution.It provides an energy conversation and an environmentally friendly route to prepare a cellulose solution,which makes it possible to convert cellulose to valuable chemicals and materials in its homogeneous solution.

A NEW BIFUNCTIONAL CHELATING AGENT α,ε-N,N'-BIS(L-CYSTEINYL)-L-LYSINE FOR RADIOLABELLING OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES WITH TECHNETIUM-99M

α,ε-N,N'-bis(L-cysteinyl)-L-lysine was synthesized and char- acterized for the first time.It was then employed as a bifunctional chelating agent to chelate technetium-99m and subsequently conjugated to fragment F(ab')_2 of anti-gastric tumor monoclonal antibody 3G9.The radiolabelled antibody was satisfactorily stable and immunoreactive.

Composite Eu-MOF@CQDs“off&on”ratiometric luminescent probe for highly sensitive chiral detection of l-lysine and 2-methoxybenzaldehyde

The high amount of l-lysine can increase the potential risk of cardiovascular disease.Additionally,2-methoxy benzaldehyde(2-MB)has high toxicity and can easily pollute the environment.In this work,carbon quantum dots(CQDs)can be encapsulated into Eu-BTB(H_(3)BTB=1,3,5-tri(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene),forming the multi-emission composite material Eu-BTB@CQDs.It has two emissions peaks(617 nm for Eu and 470 nm for CQDs).Eu-BTB@CQDs can be applied as bi-functional ratiometric“off&on”luminescent sensor for l-lysine and 2-MB with high sensitivity and selectivity,the low limit of detection(LOD)for l-lysine is 3.68μmol/L and for 2-MB is 0.54μmol/L,respectively.Additionally,Eu-BTB@CQDs can quantitatively discriminate l-lysine in the mixed d-and l-lysine water solutions(five different concentrations ratio of l/d-lysine has been set)makes the chiral detection of l-lysine are more meaningful.On the other hand,Eu-BTB@CQDs also can detect 2-MB over 4-methoxybenzaldehyde(4-MB)with high selectivity.Further the detection of 2-MB and l-lysine in the lake water real samples with the reasonable recovery rate.Finally,the detection mechanisms for l-lysine and 2-MB were also investigated and discussed in detail.

Dual-emission carbonized polymer dots for ratiometric sensing and imaging of L-lysine and pH in live cell and zebrafish

It is highly desired to accurately and selectively detect and image intracellular L-lysine and pH in biological systems because they could act as the biomarkers in certain abnormal conditions and may give us a warning of the occurrence of diseases.It has been attracted more focuses to design new ratiometric fluorescent probe for monitoring L-lysine and pH to improve detection accuracy.Carbonized polymer dots(CPDs),which possess carbon/polymer hybrid structure rather than pure carbon structure and constitute of a carbon core and large amounts of functional groups/polymer chains on the surface,rise up as a new type of fluorescent nanomaterials and especially display many advantages for bioanalysis.In this study,o-phenylenediamine(o-PD)and poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride)(PSMA)are used as the precursors to synthesize the desired CPDs through one-step hydrothermal amide method.The prepared CPDs display two well-resolved fluorescence emission bands,i.e.,a very weak emission centered at 470 nm in blue region and a strong emission centered at 558 nm in yellow region.It is found that the two emissions are both responsive to L-lysine based on the surface passivation mechanism,whereas,only the yellow emission is responsive to pH due to the protonation/deprotonation process of the amino groups.Based on the different responsive behaviors,ratiometric detection and imaging of L-lysine and pH are achieved.The prepared ratiometric CPDs probe is successfully applied for L-lysine and pH sensing and imaging at two emission channels in live cell and zebrafish with satisfactory results.

ε-Poly(L-lysine)-based Hydrogels with Fast-acting and Prolonged Antibacterial Activities

Bacterial infections and the associated morbidity and mortality due to bacterial pathogens in wounds and medical implants have been increasing as most of current coatings cannot fulfill all the requirements including excellent intrinsically antibacterial activity, low cytotoxicity, and favorable physical properties. Herein, we present a kind of antibacterial bydrogel based on e-poly（L-lysine） （EPL） grafted carboxymethyl chitosan （CMC-g-EPL） as the inherently antibacterial matrix and the surplus EPL as highly efficient antimicrobial agent. Such hydrogels possess tunable swelling abilities with water absorption percentages of 800%-2000% and modulus varying from 10 kPa to 100 kPa, and exhibit two-stage excellent antibacterial behavior. First, the free EPL can be released from the hydrogel network for quick and highly efficient bacteria killing with 99.99% of efficacy; second, the grafted EPL endows bydrogel matrix with prolonged intrinsically antibacterial activity, especially when most of free EPL is released from the hydrogel. Overall, we provide a new insight for preparing highly effective antibacterial hydrogels.

A study on α-ketoadipic aciduria by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry

INTRODUCTIONα-ketoadipate(α-KA),an intermediate in thecatabolism of L-lysine,hydroxylysine,and L-tryptophan,undergoes oxidative deearboxylation toform glutaryl-CoA and then dehydrogenates to formcrotonyl-CoA,the latter undergoes furtherdegradation and enters in TCA cycle,as shown inFigure 1.α-ketoadipic aciduria (Mckusick 245130)is a rare inborn error in the metabolism of α-KA

Green synthesis of gold nanoclusters using papayajuice for detection of L-lysine

Gold nanoclusters were rapid synthesized within 3 min at 120 ℃ by using papaya juice as a capping and reducing agent(P-AuNCs). The properties of the fluorescent probe were characterized by fluorescent spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscope.Based on the surface electron density increase-induced fluorescence enhancing principle, a high selective method for detection of L-lysine was developed with the as-prepared P-AuNCs coupling the fluorescence emission at 440 nm. The fluorescent probe showed high stability and good biocompatibility. Its fluorescence intensity was found to be linearly dependent on the L-lysine concentration in the range of 10.0μmol/L to 1000.0 μmol/L(R^2=0.969) with a limit of detection of 6.0μmol/L. Furthermore, the PAuNCs based approach was applied for monitoring the urine L-lysine contents, demonstrating great potential of fluorescent probes in real samples analysis.

Syntheses and Characterization of Metal Complexes of L－Lysine－N，N，N＇，N＇－tetraacetic Acid and L－Lysine－N，N，N＇，N＇－tetramethylenepho sphonic Acid

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L-Lysine/imidazole-catalyzed Multicomponent Cascade Reaction： Facile Synthesis of C5-substituted 3-Methylcyclohex-2-enones

A facile and simple route for the direct preparation of substituted 3-methylcyclohex-2-enone via Aldol- Robinson cascade reaction of aldehydes and acetones catalyzed by the new catalytic system of L-lysine/imidazole in n-heptane with 0.5% water was reported. A variety of substrates can participate in the process efficiently. The merits of this method included inexpensive and easily available starting materials and catalyst, the good yield of products and the straightforward work-up.

Interfacial synthesis and properties of L-lysine-derived optically active poly(ester-imide)s

L-Lysine hydrochloride was transformed to ethyl L-lysine dihydrochloride.This salt was reacted with trimellitic anhydride to yield the corresponding diacid（1）.Intertacial polycondensation results novel poly（ester-imide）s（PEI_（a-i））.These polymers have inherent viscosities in the range of 0.23-0.47 dl g^（-1）,display optical activity,and are readily soluble in polar aprotic solvents.They start to decompose（T_（10%）） above 350℃and display glass-transition temperatures at 100.42-172.81℃.All of the above polymers were fully characterized by UV,FT-IR and ~1H NMR spectroscopy,elemental analysis,TGA,DSC,inherent viscosity measurement and specific rotation.

Core-Corona Structure Formed by Hyaluronic Acid and Poly(L-lysine)via Kinetic Path

The structure and kinetics of the complex formed by hyaluronic acid(HA) and poly(L-lysine)(PLL) were studied by timeresolved laser light scattering, TEM, and AFM. Because HA has a hydrophilic backbone, the complexes formed by HA and PLL are different from those formed by oppositely charged polyelectrolytes both having hydrophobic backbones. Instead of forming strong aggregates and even precipitates, the complex in the presence of excess HA is stable in the studied time period. More importantly, the complex spontaneously forms core-corona structure by the rearrangement of HA chains. The core is composed of complex rich of PLL and the corona is mainly HA. Further analysis shows that the hydrogen bond formed by HA creates a barrier hindering the further relaxation of HA chains. The automatic formation of core-corona structure by PLL/HA is helpful not only to understand the relaxation of polyelectrolyte in complex, but also to develop drug carriers with desirable properties.

A novel bioactive nerve conduit for the repair of peripheral nerve injury

The use of a nerve conduit provides an opportunity to regulate cytokines,growth factors and neurotrophins in peripheral nerve regeneration and avoid autograft defects.We constructed a poly-D-L-lactide(PDLLA)-based nerve conduit that was modified using poly{(lactic acid)-co-[(glycolic acid)-alt-(L-lysine)]}andβ-tricalcium phosphate.The effectiveness of this bioactive PDLLA-based nerve conduit was compared to that of PDLLA-only conduit in the nerve regeneration following a 10-mm sciatic nerve injury in rats.We observed the nerve morphology in the early period of regeneration,35 days post injury,using hematoxylin-eosin and methylene blue staining.Compared with the PDLLA conduit,the nerve fibers in the PDLLA-based bioactive nerve conduit were thicker and more regular in size.Muscle fibers in the soleus muscle had greater diameters in the PDLLA bioactive group than in the PDLLA only group.The PDLLA-based bioactive nerve conduit is a promising strategy for repair after sciatic nerve injury.

The use of feed-grade amino acids in lactating sow diets

Background: The use of feed grade amino acids can reduce the cost of lactation feed. With changing genetics,increasing feed costs, and higher number of pigs weaned with heavier wean weights further evaluation of higher inclusion levels of feed-grade amino acid in lactation diets than previously published is warranted. Two experiments(Exp.) were conducted to determine the optimal inclusion level of L-lysine HCl to be included in swine lactation diets while digestible lysine levels remain constant across dietary treatments and allowing feed grade amino acids to be added to the diet to maintain dietary ratios relative to lysine to maximize litter growth rate and sow reproductive performance. Furthermore, the studies were to evaluate minimal amino acid ratios relative to lysine that allows for optimal litter growth rate and sow reproductive performance.Results: Exp. 1: Increasing L-lysine HCl resulted in similar gilt feed intake, litter, and reproductive performance.Average litter gain from birth to weaning was 2.51, 2.49, 2.59, 2.43, and 2.65 kg/d when gilts were fed 0.00, 0.075,0.150, 0.225, and 0.30% L-lysine HCl, respectively. Exp. 2: The average litter gain from birth to weaning was 2.68,2.73, 2.67, 2.70, and 2.64 kg/d(P < 0.70) when sows were fed 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.4% L-lysine HCl plus valine,respectively. No other differences among dietary treatments were observed.Conclusions: Collectively, these studies demonstrate corn-soybean meal based lactation diets formulated with a constant SID lysine content for all parities containing up to 0.40% L-lysine HCl with only supplemental feed grade threonine and a methionine source have no detrimental effect on litter growth rate and subsequent total born.

Syntheses of Macrocyclic Amides from L-Amino Acid Esters by RCM

A series of succinate-derived macrocyclic amides（1） was synthesized via ring-closing metathesis（RCM） as the key step. The substrate included 12 to 15 members. The metathesis precursors were obtained from the amide coupling of ten-butyl 3-carboxyhex-5-enoate（2） with numerous side-chain aikenylated amino acid esters of general type（3） derived from L-lysine and L-ornithine.

Effects of L-lysine monohydrochloride on insulin and blood glucose levels in spinal cord injured rats

Background Hyperglycemia in brain and spinal cord could aggravate neurologic impairment. Recent studies showed that L-lysine monohydrochlonde （LMH） could increase the insulin secretion and regulate the blood glucose level. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of LMH on pancreatic islet B cells, the levels of endogenous insulin and blood glucose in spinal cord injured rats.Methods Forty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups, namely, normal control group, model group, high-dose LMH group （621.5 mg/kg equal to LMH 1/8 LD50）, and low-dose LMH group （310.8 mg/kg equal to LMH 1/16 LD50）. The model of spinal cord injured rat was established by hemi-transection at the lower right thoracic spinal cord. LMH was administered via intraperitoneal injection once spinal cord injury was produced in rats. All rats were sacrificed 48 hours after spinal cord injured. The effects of LMH on pancreatic islet B cells, the content of endogenous insulin, end the level of blood glucose were observed with immunohistochemical method, radioimmunoassay method, end biochemical analyzer, respectively. Results The insulin immunohistochemical intensities of islet B cells were significantly weaker in model group then those in normal control group （P 〈0.01）. The levels of endogenous insulin were significantly lower and the blood glucose levels were significantly higher in model group than those in normal control group （P 〈0.01）. The insulin immunohistochemical intensities of islet B cells were significantly stronger in high-dose LMH group then those in model group （P〈0.05）. In addition, we found that the levels of endogenous insulin were significantly higher and the blood glucose levels were significantly lower in high-dose LMH group then those in model group （P 〈0.05）. There were no significant differences in the insulin immunohistochemical intensities of islet B cells, the levels of endogenous insulin and the blood glucose between low-dose LMH group and model group （P 〉0.05）. Conclusion LMH, but dose-dependent, might participate in the regulation of pancreatic islet B cells, and then reduce the blood glucose levels in the spinal cord injured rats.

Comparison of different cationic polymers efficacy in fabrication of alginate multilayer microcapsules

In past decades, alginate-based multilayer microcapsules have been given important attention in various pharmaceutical investigations. Alginate-poly l lysine-alginate(APA) is studied the most. Due to the similarity between the structure of polyethyleneimine(PEI) and poly-L-lysine(PLL) and also lower price of PEI than PLL, this study was conducted to compare the efficacy of linear(LPEI) and branch(BPEI) forms of PEI with PLL as covering layers in fabrication of microcapsules. The microcapsules were fabricated using electrostatic bead generator and their shape/size, surface roughness, mechanical strength, and interlayer interactions were also investigated using optical microscopy, AFM, explosion test and FTIR, respectively. Furthermore, cytotoxicity was evaluated by comparing the two anionic final covering layers alginate(Alg) and sodium cellulose sulphate(NCS) using MTT test. BPEI was excluded from the rest of the study due to its less capacity to strengthen the microcapsules and also the aggregation of the resultant alginate-BPEI-alginate microcapsules, while LPEI showed properties similar to PLL. MTT test also showed that NCS has no superiority over Alg as final covering layer. Therefore, it is concluded that, LPEI could be considered as a more cost effective alternative to PLL and a promising subject for future studies.

NIR-Ⅱprobe modified by poly(L-lysine)with efficient ovalbumin delivery for dendritic cell tracking

Dendritic cell(DC)vaccine is an effective strategy for cancer immunotherapy by carrying antigen into DCs and migrating these DCs to drain lymph nodes after inoculation.In this article,second near-infrared window(NIR-II)fluorescent nanoparticles have been used to uptake antigen and activate DCs.Ovalbumin(OVA),an antigen for immunization,can be loaded on the surface of these NIR-II fluorescent nanoparticles via electrostatic interaction by virtue of their functionalized poly(L-lysine)(PLL),which exhibits biocompatibility and strong selective interaction with OVA.In addition,these antigen-loaded complexes can efficiently be engulfed by immature DCs to induce DC maturation and cytokine secretion.After subcutaneous injection,highly sensitive NIR-II fluorescence signal from nanoparticles indicates that nanoparticle-labeled DCs can successfully migrate into lymph nodes in vivo,showing great promise in immunotherapy against cancer.