Robustness Study and Superior Method Development and Validation for Analytical Assay Method of Atropine Sulfate in Pharmaceutical Ophthalmic Solution

Background: The robustness is a measurement of an analytical chemical method and its ability to contain unaffected by little with deliberate variation of analytical chemical method parameters. The analytical chemical method variation parameters are based on pH variability of buffer solution of mobile phase, organic ratio composition changes, stationary phase (column) manufacture, brand name and lot number variation;flow rate variation and temperature variation of chromatographic system. The analytical chemical method for assay of Atropine Sulfate conducted for robustness evaluation. The typical variation considered for mobile phase organic ratio change, change of pH, change of temperature, change of flow rate, change of column etc. Purpose: The aim of this study is to develop a cost effective, short run time and robust analytical chemical method for the assay quantification of Atropine in Pharmaceutical Ophthalmic Solution. This will help to make analytical decisions quickly for research and development scientists as well as will help with quality control product release for patient consumption. This analytical method will help to meet the market demand through quick quality control test of Atropine Ophthalmic Solution and it is very easy for maintaining (GDP) good documentation practices within the shortest period of time. Method: HPLC method has been selected for developing superior method to Compendial method. Both the compendial HPLC method and developed HPLC method was run into the same HPLC system to prove the superiority of developed method. Sensitivity, precision, reproducibility, accuracy parameters were considered for superiority of method. Mobile phase ratio change, pH of buffer solution, change of stationary phase temperature, change of flow rate and change of column were taken into consideration for robustness study of the developed method. Results: The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of developed method was much low than the compendial method. The % RSD for the six sample assay of developed method was 0.4% where the % RSD of the compendial method was 1.2%. The reproducibility between two analysts was 100.4% for developed method on the contrary the compendial method was 98.4%.

UPLC-MS/MS法及均相酶免疫法测定人全血西罗莫司浓度

目的建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法监测人全血西罗莫司浓度,并将检测结果与均相酶免疫法进行比较。方法100μL全血样品加入10μL西罗莫司-D3内标、100μL 0.1 mol·L^(-1)ZnSO4溶液、300μL甲醇,涡旋离心后,上清液5μL进样。以0.1%甲酸-甲醇为有机相,0.1%甲酸-水(含10 mmol·L^(-1)乙酸铵)为水相,流速0.5 mL·min^(-1),FastCore Super C18(2.1 mm×100 mm,2.6μm)色谱柱进行梯度洗脱分离。在多反应监测(MRM)模式下采用电喷雾离子源(ESI)正离子化方式检测,西罗莫司、内标的定量离子对分别为m/z 931.6>864.6,m/z 934.6>864.6。进行方法学考察(包括特异性、定量下限、标准曲线、准确度、精密度、残留效应、基质效应、稳定性和回收率)。测定94例器官移植患者的西罗莫司浓度,与均相酶免疫法结果进行比较。结果西罗莫司标准曲线浓度范围为2.5~50 ng·mL^(-1)。西罗莫司的日内、日间准确度相对误差(RE)在-5.3%~7.5%,变异系数(CV)小于11.8%。低、中、高不同浓度的质控回收率和基质效应一致,经内标校正后回收率为100.22%~108.56%,经内标归一化后基质效应为95.45%~96.48%,CV小于7.0%。全血样本室温放置3 d,4℃放置3 d,-20℃放置20 d,反复冻融3次,处理后样本自动进样器放置20 h,室温放置24 h结果稳定。Passing-Bablok回归分析及Bland-Altman结果表明均相酶免疫法与UPLC-MS/MS两种西罗莫司测量方法存在比例偏差。结论本研究建立了一种简单、高效的UPLC-MS/MS方法检测人全血西罗莫司浓度,均相酶免疫法与UPLC-MS/MS法检测人全血西罗莫司存在比例偏差。UPLC-MS/MS方法更加准确,是免疫抑制剂治疗药物监测检测金标准。

Development and Validation of LC-MS/MS Method for the Quantification of Chiral Separated R-Bicalutamide in Human Plasma

A simple, rapid, specific and precise liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrophotometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the quantification of chiral separated R-bicalutamide from S-bicalutamide, in human plasma. Topiramate (TPM) was used as internal standard, added to plasma sample prior to extraction using t-butyl methyl ether (TBME). Chromatographic separation was achieved on CHIRALPAK AD-RH column (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) with acteonitrile: 0.1% formic acid Buffer (50:50 v/v) as an isocratic mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1. Quantitation was performed by transition of 429.0 → 255.0 (m/z) for R-bicalutamide and 338.1 → 77.8 (m/z) for topiramate. The lower limit of quantitation was 20 ng·mL-1with a 100 μL plasma sample. The concentrations of eight working standards showed linearity between 20 to 3200 ng·mL-1(r2≥ 0.9990). Chromatographic separation was achieved within 6 min, compared to the 15 min of previous methods. The average extraction recoveries of 3 quality control concentrations were 98.56% for R-bicalutamide and 92.42% for topiramate. The coefficient of variation was ≤15% for intra- and inter-batch assays. Therefore a rapid, specific and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of R-bicalutamide in human plasma was developed and validated can be used in the bioequivalence study of this drug.

Solriamfetol impurities:Synthesis,characterization,and analytical method(UPLC-UV)validation

Given that impurities may affect the quality and safety of drug products,impurity identification and profiling is an integral part of drug quality control and is particularly important for newly developed medications such as solriamfetol,which is used to treat excessive daytime sleepiness.Although the highperformance liquid chromatography analysis of commercial solriamfetol has revealed the presence of several impurities,their synthesis,structure elucidation,and chromatographic determination have not been reported yet.To bridge this gap,we herein identified,synthesized,and isolated eight processrelated solriamfetol impurities,characterized them using spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques,and proposed plausible mechanisms of their formation.Moreover,we developed and validated a prompt impurity analysis method based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection,revealing that its selectivity,linearity,accuracy,precision,and quantitation limit meet the acceptance criteria of method validation stipulated by the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use.Thus,the developed method was concluded to be suitable for the routine analysis of solriamfetol substances.

Analytical Method Development and Validation of Some Biosimilar Drugs by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography

A simple and rapid HPTLC analytical method has been developed and validated for the determination of Etanercept and Filgrastim in pure form and in marketed formulation. Both the drugs were chromatographed on silica gel 60 F254s HPTLC plates, as stationary phase. The mobile phase optimized for Filgrastim and Etanercept was Water: n-butanol (7.5:2.5 v/v) and Isopropyl alcohol: water (6.5:4.5 v/v), respectively. The chromatogram obtained was scanned at 225 nm and 222 nm for filgrastim and etanercept which resulted in a retention factor of 0.45 ± 0.07 and 0.32 ± 0.03, respectively. The method was validated for parameters like linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity and robustness. Recovery studies were performed at three concentration levels, to demonstrate suitability, accuracy and precision of proposed method. Statistical analysis proved that the proposed method is accurate and reproducible with linearity in the range of 500 to 3000 ng/band for filgrastim and 200 to 1200 ng/band for etanercept. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for filgrastim was found to be 63.418 ng/band and 192.177 ng/band. For etanercept, LOD and LOQ were found to be 33.381 ng/band and 101.153 ng/band, respectively. The proposed method can be employed for the routine analysis of selected biosimilars.

Methodology Validation of Microbial Limit Test of Bupi Qiangli Ointment

[Objective] This study was conducted to establish a microbial limit test method for Bupi Qiangli Ointment. [Method] The conventional method and medium dilution method were used for bacterial, mold and yeast counting in sample recovery test. [Result] The medium dilution method （1：10 test solution, 0.5 ml/plate） could effectively eliminate the inhibition effect of the Bupi Qiangli Ointment, and the recovery of Staphylococcus aureus was greater than 70% in the 3 batches of samples; and the conventional method exhibited the recoveries of E. coil, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus greater than 70% in the 3 batches of samples. [Conclusion] Due to Bupi Qiangli Ointment has strongly antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus au- reus, the medium dilution method was used for bacterial counting, and the conventional method was used for mold and yeast counting; and the conventional method was used for controlled bacterium examination of E. coll.

Comparison of Crop Model Validation Methods

In this paper, the many indices used in validation of crop models, such as RMSE （root mean square errors）, Sd （standard error of absolute difference）, da （mean absolute difference）, dap （ratio of da to the mean observation）, r （correlation）, and R2 （determination coefficient）, are compared for the same rice architectural parameter model, and their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. A new index for validation of crop models, dap between the observed and the simulated values, is proposed, with dap〈5% as the suggested standard for precision of crop models. The different kinds of validation methods in crop models should be combined in the following aspects：（1） calculating da and dap; （2） calculating the RMSE or Sd; （3） calculating r and R2, at the same time, plotting 1：1 diagram.

Validation methodology for distribution-based degradation model

Distribution-based degradation models （or graphical approach in some literature） occur in a wide range of applications. However, few of existing methods have taken the validation of the built model into consideration. A validation methodology for distribution-based models is proposed in this paper. Since the model can be expressed as consisting of assumptions of model structures and embedded model parameters, the proposed methodology carries out the validation from these two aspects. By using appropriate statistical techniques, the rationality of degradation distributions, suitability of fitted models and validity of degradation models are validated respectively. A new statistical technique based on control limits is also proposed, which can be implemented in the validation of degradation models＇ validity. The case study on degradation modeling of an actual accelerometer shows that the proposed methodology is an effective solution to the validation problem of distribution-based de qradation models.

Quality Control of Tramadol in Kisangani: Development, Validation, and Application of a UV-Vis Spectroscopic Method

Context: Substandard and falsified medicines are circulating in low-income countries mostly without any control. We availed a simple and not expensive UV-Vis spectroscopic method to evaluate the quality of tramadol in Kisangani before and during the Covid-19 period. Methods: For the analytical quantitative method, an experimental design was applied to set up the optimal levels of the selected factors, namely, pH of dissolution medium, type of cuvette, and wavelength. Taking into account the capsule pharmaceutical formulation within 80 - 120 μg·mL-1 concentration range, we analyzed 89 tramadol samples from pharmacies and hospitals of the six Kisangani municipalities. Results: pH showed a significant effect on absorbance, whereas quartz cuvette and wavelength did not. A typical 100 μg·mL-1 tramadol solution gave an absorbance of 0.64 at 272 nm. Validation highlighted a matrix effect observed with a 6% bias. A correction factor of 0.9372 allowed to improve the accuracy profile, which were then totally included within the 10% acceptance limits. Quality control revealed that 25 samples out of 89 were not compliant in terms of manufacturing license, registration status in DRC and content as well. Conclusion: This study showed that the strengthening of analytical strategy in Kisangani is a need.

Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for determination of acetazolamide, furosemide and phenytoin extemporaneous suspensions

The development of the extemporaneous preparations allows physicians to adjust the dose for pediatric patients and provides for a more convenient dosage vehicle for those patients with difficulty swallowing tablets[1].As such,the production unit of pharmacy division,Sappasit Prasong Hospital,Ubon Ratchathani province,prepared the extemporaneous formulations such as Acetazolamide(AM),Furosemide(FM)and Phenytoin(PT)powder for suspensions.The extemporaneous suspensions of 10 mg/mL AM,2 mg/mL FM and 10 mg/mL PT were prepared from 250 mg Diamox?,40 mg Lasix?and 50 mg Dilantin?tablets,respectively and diluted with syrup vehicle.

A Validated Enantioselective Assay for the Determination of Ibuprofen in Human Plasma Using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS)

A modified ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the quantitation of ibuprofen enantiomers in human plasma. Ibuprofen and flurbiprofen (internal standard) were extracted from human plasma at acidic pH, using a single-step liquid-liquid extraction with methyl-tert-butyl ether. The enantiomers of ibuprofen and flurbiprofen were derivatized to yield the corresponding diastereomers. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a phenyl column with a run time of 20 min. (R)- and (S)-ibuprofen were quantitated at the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transition of m/z 360.2 ? 232.1, and (R)- and (S)-flurbiprofen were monitored at the MRM transition of m/z 398.3 ? 270.1. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity, range, limit of quantitation (LOQ), limit of detection (LOD), selectivity, absolute recovery, matrix effect, dilution integrity, and evaluation of carry-over. Accuracy for (R)-ibuprofen ranged between –11.8% and 11.2%, and for (S)-ibuprofen between –8.6% and –0.3%. Precision for (R)-ibuprofen was ≤ 11.2%, and for (S)-ibuprofen ≤ 7.0%. The calibration curves were weighted (1/X2, n = 7) and were linear with r2 for (R)-ibuprofen ≥ 0.988 and for (S)-ibuprofen ≥ 0.990. The range of the method was 50 to 5000 ng/mL with the LOQ of 50 ng/mL, and LOD of 1 ng/mL, for (R)- and (S)-ibuprofen requiring 100 μL of sample. The method was applied successfully to a pharmacokinetic study with the administration of a single oral dose of ibuprofen capsules to human subjects.

Application of Total Error Strategy in Validation of Affordable and Accessible UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Methods for Quality Control of Poor Medicines

In the framework of fighting against the poor quality medicines sold in developing countries using classical analytical methods easily accessible in those countries, four UV-Visible spectrophotometric methods for one antimalarial (quinine) and two antibiotics (amoxicillin and metronidazole) have been developed and validated according to the total error strategy using the accuracy profiles as a decision tool. The dosing range was 2 - 10 μg/mL (for quinine sulfate in tablet), 4 - 12 μg/mL (for quinine bichlorhydrate in oral drop-metronidazole benzaote in oral suspension) and 15 - 35 μg/mL (for amoxicillin trihydrate in capsule). The validated methods were then applied in determining the content of some analogous medicines sold in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Thus, the proposed UV-Visible spectrophotometric methods are simple and suitable to quantify quinine, amoxicillin and metronidazole in different pharmaceutical forms.

A Stability Indicating Reverse Phase-HPLC Method Development and Validation for the Estimation of Rucaparib in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form

The research was carried out for establishing a new reverse phase-HPLC stability indicating method for the quantification of Rucaparib. The experiment was determined on Waters HPLC instrument using 996 photo-diode array detector. The separation was done by using symmetry C-18 ODS (25 cm × 0.46 cm internal diameter) 5 μm analytical column containing mobile phase of Phosphate buffer (0.02 M) and methanol [65:35% v/v] adjusted pH to 4.8 by adding dilute ortho phosphoric acid. The method was run at 1 ml·min-1 at 286 nm detection. The drug was eluted at 5.484 min. After developing the method, it was assured for the intended use by validation which was done according to ICH Q2B guidelines. The analytical parameters checked were linearity, accuracy, repeatability, intermediate precision, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, ruggedness and robustness. It was observed that the response of the detector was linear in the range of 6 - 14 μg/ml with correlation coefficient of 0.999. The results of all the parameters were found to be within the acceptance criteria. The stability indicating assay method was established by using the samples generated by forced degradation process. The forced degradation was carried out by subjecting the drug to acid, alkali, thermal, oxidative and photolytic degradation and the results showed that the degradation products were successfully separated from the drug. Hence, this can be applied perfectly later for the analysis of quality of the rucaparib drug.

Analytical Method Development and Validation of Filgrastim by UV and RP-UFLC Methods

The research work was carried out for establishing a new Ultra Violet (UV)— Visible spectroscopy and Reverse phase-Ultra Fast Liquid Chromatography (RP-UFLC) method for the analysis and quantification of a biosimilar drug, Filgrastim. Filgrastim or recombinant methionyl granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rGCSF) is a glycoprotein. It has a biological action essential for proliferation and differentiation of hematopoetic and progenitor cells. The UV and RP-UFLC work was carried on a Shimadzu UV1800 Spectrophotometer and Shimadzu Prominence LC-20AD UFLC systems, respectively. The λmax of filgrastim was found to be 215 nm. The correlation coefficient by UV spectroscopy was found to be 0.9994 for the concentration range of 1 to 3 μg/ml in double distilled water. The Reverse phase UFLC was done by using Phenomenex C4 (25 cm × 0.46 cm internal diameter) 15 μ, 300 A° analytical column. The optimized mobile phase for binary elution was Acetonitrile and double distilled water (80:20) with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The retention time of drug was at 3.2 min. It was observed that the response of the detector was linear in the range of 5 - 15 μg/ml with correlation coefficient value of 0.999. After developing the methods, it was assured for the intended use by validation of the analytical parameters like linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, ruggedness and robustness. The results of all the parameters for both the methods were found to be within the acceptance criteria as per the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines.

Validation method for simulation models with cross iteration

Cross iteration often exists in the computational process of the simulation models, especially for control models. There is a credibility defect tracing problem in the validation of models with cross iteration. In order to resolve this problem, after the problem formulation, a validation theorem on the cross iteration is proposed, and the proof of the theorem is given under the cross iteration circumstance. Meanwhile, applying the proposed theorem, the credibility calculation algorithm is provided, and the solvent of the defect tracing is explained. Further, based on the validation theorem on the cross iteration, a validation method for simulation models with the cross iteration is proposed, which is illustrated by a flowchart step by step. Finally, a validation example of a sixdegree of freedom (DOF) flight vehicle model is provided, and the validation process is performed by using the validation method. The result analysis shows that the method is effective to obtain the credibility of the model and accomplish the defect tracing of the validation.

Experimental validation method of elastic thin rod model for simulating the motional cable harness

To analyze the spring disturbance torque caused by motionai cable harness in a stabilized platform, the Kirchhoff theory based cable harness model has been previously developed to dynamically simulate the motional cable harness. In this paper, this model was validated by comparing the simulation results with the experiment results （ both the spring force and the deformed profile of the motional cable harness）. In the experiment, a special optical measuring instrument based on binocular vision was developed and the motion and deformation of cable harness were measured. A simpli- fied stabilized platform system was constructed, and the absolute value of spring disturbance force during the motion of this simplified frame was obtained by using a force gauge （0. 02 N precision）. The physical parameters of experimental specimen were also measured. The experimental and simulated results showed good agreement. These results should be useful for better motional cable harness layout design and reliable evaluation of the spring disturbance torque.

Validation of a HPLC Method for Quantification of Thiamine and Its Phosphate Esters in Rat Brain Tissue

The present data show a fast and efficient biological sample processing method for the extraction of thiamine (vitamin B1) and its mono-(TMP) and di-(TDP) phosphate esters from hippocampus, thalamus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) and blood sample of the rodents. In addition, using the hippocampus and standards of these three compounds we validated an isocratic fluorescence HPLC procedure for a simultaneous detection of them in a single chromatogram within a total run time of about 12 min. Reproducibility for TDP, TMP and B1 was 2.66%, 4.50% and 7.43% (intraday) and 37.54%, 25.39% and 25.87% (interday), respectively. Recovery assays were between 96.0% and 101.7%. The calibration curves were linear and the concentrations of the three compounds, all in nanomolar range, were determined in the brain areas and in the blood samples. When compared to the current methods in the literature, this new method provides information on essential variables, such as linearity range and limit of detection, reproducibility and stability of thiamine, TMP and TDP in rat brain samples. The present data on sample processing and B1 and its phosphate ester level determinations are the first to be validated using hippocampus samples of rats.

Determination and Validation of HPTLC Method for Cinacalcet Hydrochloride

Cinacalcet Hydrochloride (CIN) is a new calcimimetic agent indicated for the use in hypercalcemia. The present work is aimed at development and validation of a novel and simple high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for the analysis of Cinacalcet Hydrochloride (active pharmaceutical ingredient, API. In the method, Aluminum-backed silica gel 60 F254 plates (10 × 10 cm) were used as stationary phase and chloroform: acetonitrile (6:4, v/v) as the mobile phase, which showed compact bands of Cinacalcet HCl (RF 0.30 ± 0.02). Quantitative analysis was carried out by densitometry at a wavelength of 282 nm. Linear regression analysis for the calibration spots showed good correlation ship with regression co-efficient r2 = 0.9994 in the range of 40 - 160 ng/band. The developed method suitability for quantification of CIN was learned by validating it as per the ICH guidelines. CIN detection limit was 0.48 ng/band and the quantification limit was 1.59 ng/band. The proposed method was found to be linear (r2 = 0.999), precise (%RSD < 2% for intraday and intermediate precision), accurate, specific, and robust. Further, the developed method was validated and found suitable for stress induced studies, since presence of degradants has no effect on CIN estimation. The proposed method was found to be simple, sensitive, precise, accurate and reproducible for the estimation of CIN.

Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC-PDA Method for Tenatoprazole and Its Application for Formulation Analysis and Dissolution Study

In the present study, comprehensive stress testing of tenatoprazole was carried out according to ICH guide-line Q1A (R2). Tenatoprazole was subjected to stress conditions of hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis and neutral decomposition. Extensive degradation was found to occur in acidic, neutral and oxidative conditions. Mild degradation was observed in basic conditions. The drug is relatively stable in the solid-state. Successful separation of drug from degradation products formed under stress conditions was achieved on a Kromasil C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5.0 μ particle size) using methanol: THF: acetate buffer (68:12:20 v/v) pH adjusted to 6.0 with acetic acid as mobile phase, flow rate was 1.0 mL●min–1 and column was maintained at 45°C. Quantification and linearity was achieved at 307 nm over the concentration range of 0.5 - 160 μg●mL–1 for tenatoprazole. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD, LOQ and robustness.

Development and Validation of Stability Indicating LC Method for 10-Hydroxycamptothecin

The present method gives a detailed description for the development and validation of a simple stability indicating reverse phase liquid chromatographic method for 10-hydroxycamptothecin(10-HCTN) in the presence of its impurities namely Imp A and Imp B along with degradation products generated from forced degradation studies. The drug was subjected to stress conditions of hydrolysis (acid, base and neutral), oxidative, photolytic and thermal stress degradation. Degradation was observed when subjected to treatment with peroxides or under conditions normally used for typical acid and base hydrolysis. The drug was found to be stable under other stress conditions attempted such as photolytic and thermal. Successful separation and isolation of the drug from related impurities and degradation products formed under stress conditions was achieved on an Inertsil ODS-3V (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column using a phosphate buffer, acetonitrile, methanol and Nanopure water. The developed HPLC method was validated with respect to specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, robustness and solution stability. The assay method was found to be linear in the range of 0.16 mg/mL to 0.24 mg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 and the linearity of the impurities was established from 0.02% (LOQ) to 0.3%. Recoveries of assay and impurities were found between 99.4% and 100.3%. The developed HPLC method can be used to determine the related substances and assay determinations of 10-HCTN and also to evaluate the quality and long term stability of production samples.