Skeletal muscles are essential for locomotion,posture,and metabolic regulation.To understand physiological processes,exercise adaptation,and muscle-related disorders,it is critical to understand the molecular pathways...Skeletal muscles are essential for locomotion,posture,and metabolic regulation.To understand physiological processes,exercise adaptation,and muscle-related disorders,it is critical to understand the molecular pathways that underlie skeletal muscle function.The process of muscle contra ction,orchestrated by a complex interplay of molecular events,is at the core of skeletal muscle function.Muscle contraction is initiated by an action potential and neuromuscular transmission requiring a neuromuscular junction.Within muscle fibers,calcium ions play a critical role in mediating the interaction between actin and myosin filaments that generate force.Regulation of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum plays a key role in excitation-contraction coupling.The development and growth of skeletal muscle are regulated by a network of molecular pathways collectively known as myogenesis.Myogenic regulators coordinate the diffe rentiation of myoblasts into mature muscle fibers.Signaling pathways regulate muscle protein synthesis and hypertrophy in response to mechanical stimuli and nutrient availability.Seve ral muscle-related diseases,including congenital myasthenic disorders,sarcopenia,muscular dystrophies,and metabolic myopathies,are underpinned by dys regulated molecular pathways in skeletal muscle.Therapeutic interventions aimed at preserving muscle mass and function,enhancing regeneration,and improving metabolic health hold promise by targeting specific molecular pathways.Other molecular signaling pathways in skeletal muscle include the canonical Wnt signaling pathway,a critical regulator of myogenesis,muscle regeneration,and metabolic function,and the Hippo signaling pathway.In recent years,more details have been uncovered about the role of these two pathways during myogenesis and in developing and adult skeletal muscle fibers,and at the neuromuscular junction.In fact,research in the last few years now suggests that these two signaling pathways are interconnected and that they jointly control physiological and pathophysiological processes in muscle fibers.In this review,we will summarize and discuss the data on these two pathways,focusing on their concerted action next to their contribution to skeletal muscle biology.However,an in-depth discussion of the noncanonical Wnt pathway,the fibro/a dipogenic precursors,or the mechanosensory aspects of these pathways is not the focus of this review.展开更多
为揭示游离氨(FA)对硝化过程影响的生物学机制,本试验以人工模拟废水为研究对象,采用4组平行的SBR反应器(R_(0.5)、R_(5)、R_(10)和R_(15)),基于16S r RNA基因-Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序技术,考察了4种FA浓度(0.5、5、10、15 mg·L...为揭示游离氨(FA)对硝化过程影响的生物学机制,本试验以人工模拟废水为研究对象,采用4组平行的SBR反应器(R_(0.5)、R_(5)、R_(10)和R_(15)),基于16S r RNA基因-Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序技术,考察了4种FA浓度(0.5、5、10、15 mg·L^(-1))对SBR反应器中的细菌种群结构的影响.结果表明,FA会显著影响系统内的微生物多样性和菌群结构.R_(0.5)的Chao1、ACE、Shannon和Simpson指数均为最大,其具有最高的微生物多样性,而R15的微生物多样性最低.在微生物门水平上,最优势菌门变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度与FA浓度呈正相关,硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)的相对丰度在R15中最低.在微生物属水平上,亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)和硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)的相对丰度在R10中显著较高,动胶菌属(Zoogloea)和陶厄氏菌属(Thauera)的相对丰度与FA浓度呈显著的线性相关.基于LEf Se分析共获得了24种具有显著差异的微生物,从而得到了4种FA浓度条件下的关键微生物标记物.本研究加深了对生物脱氮硝化过程菌群结构的认识,为深入研究生物脱氮硝化的抑制机理提供了借鉴.展开更多
基金supported by the German Research Council(Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,HA3309/3-1/2,HA3309/6-1,HA3309/7-1)。
文摘Skeletal muscles are essential for locomotion,posture,and metabolic regulation.To understand physiological processes,exercise adaptation,and muscle-related disorders,it is critical to understand the molecular pathways that underlie skeletal muscle function.The process of muscle contra ction,orchestrated by a complex interplay of molecular events,is at the core of skeletal muscle function.Muscle contraction is initiated by an action potential and neuromuscular transmission requiring a neuromuscular junction.Within muscle fibers,calcium ions play a critical role in mediating the interaction between actin and myosin filaments that generate force.Regulation of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum plays a key role in excitation-contraction coupling.The development and growth of skeletal muscle are regulated by a network of molecular pathways collectively known as myogenesis.Myogenic regulators coordinate the diffe rentiation of myoblasts into mature muscle fibers.Signaling pathways regulate muscle protein synthesis and hypertrophy in response to mechanical stimuli and nutrient availability.Seve ral muscle-related diseases,including congenital myasthenic disorders,sarcopenia,muscular dystrophies,and metabolic myopathies,are underpinned by dys regulated molecular pathways in skeletal muscle.Therapeutic interventions aimed at preserving muscle mass and function,enhancing regeneration,and improving metabolic health hold promise by targeting specific molecular pathways.Other molecular signaling pathways in skeletal muscle include the canonical Wnt signaling pathway,a critical regulator of myogenesis,muscle regeneration,and metabolic function,and the Hippo signaling pathway.In recent years,more details have been uncovered about the role of these two pathways during myogenesis and in developing and adult skeletal muscle fibers,and at the neuromuscular junction.In fact,research in the last few years now suggests that these two signaling pathways are interconnected and that they jointly control physiological and pathophysiological processes in muscle fibers.In this review,we will summarize and discuss the data on these two pathways,focusing on their concerted action next to their contribution to skeletal muscle biology.However,an in-depth discussion of the noncanonical Wnt pathway,the fibro/a dipogenic precursors,or the mechanosensory aspects of these pathways is not the focus of this review.
文摘为揭示游离氨(FA)对硝化过程影响的生物学机制,本试验以人工模拟废水为研究对象,采用4组平行的SBR反应器(R_(0.5)、R_(5)、R_(10)和R_(15)),基于16S r RNA基因-Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序技术,考察了4种FA浓度(0.5、5、10、15 mg·L^(-1))对SBR反应器中的细菌种群结构的影响.结果表明,FA会显著影响系统内的微生物多样性和菌群结构.R_(0.5)的Chao1、ACE、Shannon和Simpson指数均为最大,其具有最高的微生物多样性,而R15的微生物多样性最低.在微生物门水平上,最优势菌门变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度与FA浓度呈正相关,硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)的相对丰度在R15中最低.在微生物属水平上,亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)和硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)的相对丰度在R10中显著较高,动胶菌属(Zoogloea)和陶厄氏菌属(Thauera)的相对丰度与FA浓度呈显著的线性相关.基于LEf Se分析共获得了24种具有显著差异的微生物,从而得到了4种FA浓度条件下的关键微生物标记物.本研究加深了对生物脱氮硝化过程菌群结构的认识,为深入研究生物脱氮硝化的抑制机理提供了借鉴.
