Effects of Different Eucalyptus Varieties(Clones) on Fitness and Development of Leptocybe invasa Fisher et La Salle

The damage status of L. invasa on different Eucalyptus varieties( clones) were surveyed in the field,and effects of Eucalyptus varieties on fitness,development and reproduction of this pest were studied in the study. Results showed that:( 1) Most of the major Eucalyptus varieties( clones) could be attacked by L. invasa in Fujian Province,and galls formed on E. urophylla × E. camaldulensis DH201-2,E. gradis QG3,E. dunnii,E. urophylla cU6,E. grandis × E. urophylla GL9,E. robusta and E. exserta; L. invasa could develop and complete its life cycle on above varieties.( 2) The damage degree of different Eucalyptus varieties( clones) was different from fitness degree to L. invasa. L. invasa had different selection frequency,fecundity and number of larvae per gall on different Eucalyptus varieties( clones).( 3) In addition to little difference in female ratios,L. invasa feeding different Eucalyptus varieties( clones) had extremely significant differences in the indicators such as number of emerged L. invasa,body mass of female adult,fecundity,longevity,etc.( 4) According to the fitness index( FI),the host plants of L. invasa were divided into 4 types by cluster analysis: suitable host,moderately suitable host,less suitable host and unsuitable host; the fecundity of each female was more than 70 eggs in suitable host,which was adequate to lead to potential population outbreak of the pest. Host fitness index could be used as a comprehensive evaluation index for screening of resistant varieties( clones) in production.

Adaptive Proportional-Derivative Sliding Mode Control Law With Improved Transient Performance for Underactuated Overhead Crane Systems

In this paper, an adaptive proportional-derivative sliding mode control(APD-SMC) law, is proposed for 2D underactuated overhead crane systems. The proposed controller has the advantages of simple structure, easy to implement of PD control, strong robustness of SMC with respect to external disturbances and uncertain system parameters, and adaptation for unknown system dynamics associated with the feedforward parts. In the proposed APD-SMC law, the PD control part is used to stabilize the controlled system, the SMC part is used to compensate the external disturbances and system uncertainties,and the adaptive control part is utilized to estimate the unknown system parameters. The coupling behavior between the trolley movement and the payload swing is enhanced and, therefore, the transient performance of the proposed controller is improved.The Lyapunov techniques and the La Salle's invariance theorem are employed in to support the theoretical derivations. Experimental results are provided to validate the superior performance of the proposed control law.