Comparative plastomic analysis and insights into the phylogeny of Salvia (Lamiaceae)

Salvia is the largest genus of Lamiaceae,with almost 1000 species,and has been divided into 11 subgenera.Salvia subg.Glutinaria,native to East Asia,is particularly important because of its potential medicinal value.However,the interspecific relationships of this subgenus have not been resolved and the plastomes of Salvia have rarely been studied.In the current study,we compared plastid genome structure and organization of 19 species of Salvia(14 newly sequenced and 5 previously published).Our comparative analysis showed that all Salvia plastomes examined have a quadripartite structure typical of most angiosperms and contain an identical set of 114 unique genes(80 protein-coding genes,4 rRNA genes,and 30 tRNA genes).The plastome structure of all Salvia species is highly conserved like other Lamiaceae plastomes.Gene content,gene order,and GC content were highly similar in these plastomes.The inverted repeats/single copy region(IR/SC)boundaries of Salvia are highly conserved,and IR contraction only occurred in two species(Salvia mekongensis and S.rosmarinus).In Salvia,sequence divergence was higher in non-coding regions than in coding regions.We found that using large single copy(LSC)and small single copy regions(SSC)with exclusion of the rapidly evolving sites produced the highest resolution in phylogenetic analysis of Salvia,suggesting that using suitable informative sites to build trees is more conducive in phylogenetic research.This study assembled a powerful matrix data set for studying the phylogeny of Salvia,resolving the interspecific relationship of Salvia subg.Glutinaria.The newly sequenced plastid genomes will also enrich the plastome database of Salvia,providing the scientific basis for the development and utilization of germplasm resources of this large and important genus.

Protection of cadmium chloride induced DNA damage by Lamiaceae plants

Objective:To analyze the total phenolic content,DNA protecting and radical scavenging activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of three Lamiaceae plants,i.e.Anisomelos malabarica(A.malabarica),Leucas aspera(L.aspera)and Ocimum basilicum(0.basilicum).Methods:The total polyphenols and flavonoids were analyzed in the ethanolic leaf extracts of the lamiaceae plants.To determine the DNA protecting activity,various concentrations of the plant extracts were prepared and treated on cultured HepG2 human lung cancer cells.The pretreated cells were exposed to H_2O_2to induce DNA damage through oxidative stress.Comet assay was done and the tail length of individual comets was measured.Nitric oxide and superoxide anion scavenging activities of lamiaceae plants were analyzed.Results:Among the three plant extracts,the highest amount of total phenolic content was found in O.basilicum(189.33 mg/g),whereas A.malabarica showed high levels of flavonoids(10.66 mg/g).O.basilicum also showed high levels of DNA protecting(85%)and radical scavenging activity.Conclusions:The results of this study shows that bioactive phenols present in lamiaceae plants may prevent carcinogenesis through scavenging free radicals and inhibiting DNA damage.

Extent and Structure of Phenotypic Variability in Solenostemon rotundifolius Germplasm from Ghana and Burkina Faso

Solenostemon rotundifolius is a species belonging to the Lamiaceae family. It is currently one of the minor plants of high socio-economic interest. One of the limitations to promoting this species in Burkina Faso is the lack of varieties that meet consumers’ demands. Implementing a breeding program is an important step toward achieving this goal. Such a program is based on the variability of agronomical traits of interest within evaluated germplasm. This study aimed to assess the level of two germplasms variability of S. rotundifolius from Ghana and Burkina Faso for traits related to vegetative development, cycle, and yield. Agromorphological characterization of 174 accessions, including 116 from Ghana and 58 from Burkina Faso was carried out in Randomised Complete Block Design with three replications. The characterization was made on the basis of fifteen (15) quantitative traits related to the canopy and leaf size, the cycle, and the yield. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between accessions within each germplasm for all the evaluated traits. The analysis of the structuration of this agromorphological variability allowed organizing the accessions into different groups. These results could lead to the identification of accessions within each germplasm for breeding purposes or future research on genotype-environment interactions.

Chemical Constituents from Mentha haplocalyx Briq.(Mentha canadensis L.)and Theirα‑Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities

Mentha haplocalyx(Mentha canadensis)is widely used as a medicinal plant in traditional Chinese medicine,and the extracts of its aerial parts are found to signifcantly inhibit the activity ofα-glucosidase with an IC_(50) value of 21.0μg/mL.Bioactivity-guided isolation of the extracts aforded two new compounds(1 and 2),together with 23 known ones(3-25).Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses(1D and 2D NMR,MS,IR and UV).Compounds 1-17 and 21-25 were evaluated for theirα-glucosidase inhibitory activities.Compound 11 was the most active ones with an IC_(50) values of 83.4μM.These results verify theα-glucosidase inhibitory activity of M.haplocalyx(M.canadensis)and specify its active compounds for the frst time.

Phytochemical composition of the essential oil of different populations of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl

Objective:To examine the chemical variability in inflorescences of wild populations of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl(S.lavandulifolia)collected throughout two provinces(lsfahan and Chaharmahal va Bakhtiary),Southwest Iran.Methods:The essential oils of S.lavandulifolia Vahl from seven locations were obtained by hydro-distillation and analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.Results:The results revealed that distinct differences in the content of compounds depending on region of sample collection.The main constituents of the essential oils wereα-thujone(0.3%-32.3%),α-pinene(trace to 37.3%),myrcene(0.5%-15.9%),β-phellandrene(1.1%-37.9%),germacrene D(0.4%-11.3%),△-cadinene(trace to 11.6%)and 1,4-methano-1 H-indene(trace to 10.1%).Conclusions:The results of the present study indicated that essential oil components of S.lavandulifolia Vahl can be varied with genetic(ecotype),environmental conditions and geographic origin,In general,the essential oils of various populations of S.lavandulifolia Vahl were rich in monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids.

Anti-acetylcholinesterase activity of the aglycones of phenolic glycosides isolated from Leonurus japonicus

Objective: To find the genuine structure with anti-acetylcholinesterase(anti-ACh E) from the phenolic glycosides abundant in Leonurus japonicus(Lamiaceae). The assay for antiACh E activity is often used to lead anti-Alzheimer's drugs.Methods: The five phenolic glycosides, tiliroside, leonurusoside C, 2’’’-syringoylrutin,rutin, and lavanduliofolioside were isolated from L. japonicus. The activities of the glycosides were relatively low. Seven compounds including p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, hydroxytyrosol, salidroside, syringic acid, kaempferol, and quercetin, which are produced by the hydrolysis of the five glycosides, were also assayed for anti-ACh E activity.Results: Of those seven compounds, the five compounds other than salidroside and syringic acid exhibited potent anti-ACh E activities. In particular, the IC_(50)s of caffeic acid and quercetin were(1.05 ± 0.19) and(3.58 ± 0.02) mg/m L, respectively. Rutin was the most abundant flavonoid in the extract(9.18 mg/g as measured by HPLC).Conclusion: The substances with potent anti-ACh E were caffeic acid, quercetin, pcoumaric acid, kaempferol, and hydroxytyrosol that can be produced from their glycosides.

Chemical compositions and biological activities of essential oils obtained from some Apiaceous and Lamiaceous plants collected in Thailand

Objective: To determine the chemical composition, as well as the antioxidant, antityrosinase and antibacterial activities of essential oils obtained from some Apiaceous and Lamiaceous plants collected in Thailand. Methods: The essential oils of the specified spices and aromatic herbs were obtained by hydro-distillation, and their chemical constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Antioxidant assays were based on the scavenging effects of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) and 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)(ABTS) free radicals as well as the lipid oxidation inhibition of β-carotene bleaching by linoleic acid. Tyrosinase enzyme inhibition was evaluated by the dopachrome method. Broth microdilution technique was performed for the purposes of studying microbial growth inhibition against the isolated bacterial strains. Results: The essential oils of Elsholtzia stachyodes, Coleus amboinicus(I) and Trachyspermum ammi presented a high degree of potency in DPPH, ABTS and β-carotene bleaching assays. The Trachyspermum ammi oil, which mainly contained thymol(49.04%) and p-cymene(22.06%), proved to be the most effective in terms of antibacterial activity. The major compositions of Coleus amboinicus(I) were carvacrol(51.57%), γ-terpinene(18.04%) and p-cymene(7.81%); while thymol(43.76%) and γ-terpinene(24.61%) were identified as the major components of Elsholtzia stachyodes oil, with p-cymene(6.73%) being identified as a minor constituent. Moreover, Cuminum cyminum oil containing cuminaldehyde(49.07%) and Elsholtzia communis oil composed with geranial(44.74%) and neral(35.27%) as the major components displayed a specific ability for the inhibition of the mushroom tyrosinase enzyme. Conclusions: The results indicated that these bioactive essential oils obtained from indigenous herbs are of significant interest as alternative raw materials in food, cosmetic and medicinal products.

Salvia ceratophylla L. from South of Jordan: new insights on chemical composition and biological activities

In Jordan,Salvia ceratophylla L.is traditionally used in the treatment of cancer,microbial infections,and urinary disorders.This study aimed:(1)to chemically characterize S.ceratophylla essential oil(EO)from South Jordan,by gas chromatography(GC)and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS);and(2)to evaluate in vitro the cytotoxic,anti-inflammatory,and antiprotozoal activities of the EO,it’s predominant components,and the hexane(A),ethyl acetate(B),methanol(C)and crude-methanol extracts(D).The analysis revealed that the EO has 71 compounds,with linalool(54.8%)as main constitu-ent.Only the hexane extract(A)showed some cytotoxic activity against SK-MEL,KB,BT-549,SK-OV-3,LLC-PK1 and VERO cells lines with IC50 between 60 and>100μg/mL.The EO inhibited NO production(IC5090μg/mL)and NF-κB activity(IC5038μg/mL).The extracts A,B,and D inhibited NO production and NF-κB activity with IC50 between 32 and 150μg/mL.Linalool considerably inhibited NO production(IC5018μg/mL).The extracts tested did not exhibit antileish-manial activity.Regarding antitrypanosomal activity,the EO exhibited significant results with IC502.65μg/mL.In conclu-sion,Jordan S.ceratophylla EO represents a rich source of linalool and bears a promising therapeutic potential for further antitrypanosomal drug development.

Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil and Nitrogen Metabolism of Menthol Mint under Different Phosphorus Levels

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of different phosphorus levels (0.05, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) under nitrogen metabolism and the essential oil profile of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.). The relationship between the leaf maturity and the essential oil profile was also explored. The experiment was conducted in a hydroponic system located in a grow chamber during 41 days and after the harvest, nitrate reductase activity, and the -N, amino-N, and soluble sugars levels of each plant part were evaluated. Also the essential oil from young leaves (6th to 8th node) and adult leaves (3rd to the 5th node) was analyzed. An uptake mechanism related to the increase in fresh weight of the roots was promoted with the use of low P levels (0.05 and 0.50 mmol&middotL-1). With 1 mmol&middotL-1 P plants showed in all parts an increased nitrate reductase activity and high levels of nitrate and amino-N in leaves. Plants submitted to the lowest P level (0.05 mmol&middotL-1) presented high levels of menthol. In leaves from 6th to 8th node (mature leaves) menthol level was approximately 87% of the essential oil however leaves from the 3rd to the 5th node (young leaves) showed high levels of pulegone, that can be toxic for humans. The results indicate that the essential oil quality in menthol mint is influenced by the leaf maturity and the P levels. Also it was showed that the oil extracted from mature leaves of plants under low P levels has the best commercial profile.

Essential Oils from <i>Lippia origanoides</i>Kunth. and <i>Mentha spicata</i>L.: Chemical Composition, Insecticidal and Antioxidant Activities

This work describes the chemical composition of the essential oils extracted from fresh leaves of Lippia origanoides Kunth. and Mentha spicata L. and their antioxidant and insecticidal activities. The essential oils were extracted by steam distillation using a modified Clevenger apparatus and subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activities were determined by the β-carotene-linoleic acid method and by sequestration of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hidrazila radical. The concentrations of the essential oils and the synthetic standard, butylated hydroxyltoluene, were 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 500 μg mL-1. Insecticidal activity was analyzed by non-preference with choice and no choice against the aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gas chromatography analysis of the essential oil from Lippia origanoides Kunth. revealed carvacrol (41.51%), p-cymene (18.36%), γ-terpinene (17.03%) and thymol (4.86%) as major constituents, and the essential oil from Mentha spicata L. contained piperitona (81.18%), piperitenone (14.57%) and limonene (1.47%) as the principal components. The essential oils and the standard exhibited dose-dependent antioxidant activities at the concentrations tested. The essential oils were shown to be potential agents in the integrated management of the aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer.

A Demographic Structure of Populations of <i>Salvia Lilacinocoerulea</i>Nevski, a Rare Species Endemic to the Western Pamir-Alay (Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan)

Salvia lilacinocoerulea Nevski (Lamiaceae) is an endemic to the Western Pamir-Alay mountain range. Usually it grows on eroded clay soils among sparse juniper forests in the middle mountain belt. Studied coenopopulations of S. lilacinocoerulea are normal, but are not complete. Coenopopulations self-maintenance is carried out by the seed of renewal. The characteristic spectrum of S. lilacinocoerulea coenopopulation is centered, with a peak in the middle-generative individuals. In most cases, specific developmental spectrum of coenopopulation does not coincide with the characteristic ones. The demography structure of mostly investigated coenopopulations is satisfactory. The population growing on the grey clay soil, on strongly eroded slope among sparse juniper woodland was evaluated as critical due to absence in ontogenetic spectrum young individuals and small percentage of generative plant as well.

Intraspecific Chemical Variability of Essential Oil of Hoslundia opposita

Chemical investigation on leaves oil of Hoslundia opposita, aromatic plant used in traditional medicine, harvested from 20 localities of C?te d’Ivoire was realized by GC and GC/MS. In total, 101 compounds were identified accounting to 92% - 99%, aromatic compounds such benzyl benzoate and sesquiterpenes namely germacrene D, β-caryophyllene and α-humulene hydroxyl were found as the major constituents. As regard, the chemical profiles of our samples, it was found a great chemical variability suggesting a high polymorphism degree. In order to study this chemical variability, the results were submitted to the principal components and cluster analysis which allowed distinguishing two main groups of essential oils with respect to sampling site. The cluster I was dominated by benzyl benzoate (15%) and thymol (7.4%) comprising 6 localities, cluster II was characterized by phytol (8.5%) and α-humulene (7%) and constituted by 14 localities.

Multiomics analyses of two Leonurus species illuminate leonurine biosynthesis and its evolution

The Lamiaceae family is renowned for its terpenoid-based medicinal components,but Leonurus,which has traditional medicinal uses,stands out for its alkaloid-rich composition.Leonurine,the principal active compound found in Leonurus,has demonstrated promising effects in reducing blood lipids and treating strokes.However,the biosynthetic pathway of leonurine remains largely unexplored.Here,we present the chromosome-level genome sequence assemblies of Leonurus japonicus,known for its high leonurine production,and Leonurus sibiricus,characterized by very limited leonurine production.By integrating genomics,RNA sequencing,metabolomics,and enzyme activity assay data,we constructed the leonurine biosynthesis pathway and identified the arginine decarboxylase(ADC),uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase(UGT),and serine carboxypeptidase-like(SCPL)acyltransferase enzymes that catalyze key reactions in this pathway.Further analyses revealed that the UGT–SCPL gene cluster evolved by gene duplication in the ancestor of Leonurus and neofunctionalization of SCPL in L.japonicus,which contributed to the accumulation of leonurine specifically in L.japonicus.Collectively,our comprehensive study illuminates leonurine biosynthesis and its evolution in Leonurus.

A chromosome-level genome assembly reveals that a bipartite gene cluster formed via an inverted duplication controls monoterpenoid biosynthesis in Schizonepeta tenuifolia

Biosynthetic gene clusters(BGCs)are regions of a genome where genes involved in a biosynthetic pathway are in proximity.The origin and evolution of plant BGCs as well as their role in specialized metabolism remain largely unclear.In this study,we have assembled a chromosome-scale genome of Japanese catnip(Schizonepeta tenuifolia)and discovered a BGC that contains multiple copies of genes involved in four adjacent steps in the biosynthesis of p-menthane monoterpenoids.This BGC has an unprecedented bipartite structure,with mirrored biosynthetic regions separated by 260 kilobases.This bipartite BGC includes identical copies of a gene encoding an old yellow enzyme,a type of flavin-dependent reductase.In vitro assays and virus-induced gene silencing revealed that this gene encodes the missing isopiperitenone reductase.This enzyme evolved from a completely different enzyme family to isopiperitenone reductase from closely related Mentha spp.,indicating convergent evolution of this pathway step.Phylogenomic analysis revealed that this bipartite BGC has emerged uniquely in the S.tenuifolia lineage and through insertion of pathway genes into a region rich in monoterpene synthases.The cluster gained its bipartite structure via an inverted duplication.The discovered bipartite BGC for p-menthane biosynthesis in S.tenuifolia has similarities to the recently described duplicated p-menthane biosynthesis gene pairs in the Mentha longifolia genome,providing an example of the convergent evolution of gene order.This work expands our understanding of plant BGCs with respect to both form and evolution,and highlights the power of BGCs for gene discovery in plant biosynthetic pathways.

Pharmacophylogenetic Study on Plants of Genus Salvia L.from China

In China,many species of genus Salvia L.(Lamiaceae) are important medicinal plants with a long history.Due to their marked ethnopharmacological uses in folk medicine and a large number of active constituents with therapeutic potential found recently,they have become a rich source for new drug discovery,mechanism research,and biological experiment.All medicinal plants of Salvia L.could be divided into three groups(Groups 1,2,and 3).The plants in Group 1 were used as 'Danshen' and are rich in diterpenoids and caffeic acid derivatives.Few introduced plants in Group 2 from America or Europe have been used to clear body-heat and toxins.Abietane diterpenes of medicinal species in Group 3(the species are from Subg.Allagospadonopsis Briq.,Sect.Plethiosphace,or Sect.Notiosphace)are absent,and the contents of caffeic acid derivatives are considerably lower than those in plants of Group 1.

Pollen Morphology of Acinos Miller Species Growing in Turkey

The pollen morphology of six taxa of the genus Acinos Miller has been examined under scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and a description of each taxon has been given. Acinos pollen is stephanocolpate （hexacolpate）. Two main exine sculpturing types, foveolate-reticulate （only in subspecies of A. troodi） and reticulate have been defined. The dimension for the polar length ranges between 25.8-47.4 μm, equatorial width 24.5-34.4μm, colpus length 20.0-40.5μm and colpus width 1.2-2.5 μm. The shape is mostly subprolate to prolate, seldomly prolate-spheroidal. The results reveal rather uniform morphological features, however fine details are characteristic to differentiate the pollen taxa. Acinos pollen also share some common morphological features with the other Lamiaceae pollen.

Diterpenoids from the aerial parts of Leonurus macranthus

Four new diterpenoids including one cis clerodane-type(1) and three highly oxygenated labdane-type diterpenes(2–4) were isolated from the aerial parts of Leonurus macranthus. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data(NMR, UV, IR, and MS). Compound 1 represents the first example of cis clerodane-type diterpene in the plants of Leonurus genus. Compounds 1 and 4 exhibited weak inhibition of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells with IC_(50) values of 35.8 ± 3.6 mmol/L and 48.6 ± 4.8 mmol/L,

西藏水苏的抗焦虑活性(英文)

瞄准 S。tibetica Vatke 是在世界的热带、副热带的区域散布的植物，包括西藏，中国，和印度。在它在 Kargil 的冷荒芜的区域被发现的印度， Ladakh 山谷，并且在 Himachal Pradesh 的山脉。在 Kargil 和 Ladakh 的传统的专业人员为各种各样的心理混乱和恐惧的处理使用自然的药 Stachys tibetica。现在的学习针对在老鼠评估根，茎，叶，和 Stachys tibetica Vatke 的整个工厂材料的 methanolic 摘录的 anxiolytic 效果。每植物部分的方法粉状的材料(1 kg ) 与甲醇(95%) 在一台 Soxhlet 仪器受到抽取；分别地产出 12.8% ， 8.3% ， 17.2% ，和 19.6% W/W extractives。摘录为他们用提高的正迷宫(EPM ) 的效果在老鼠测试的 anxiolytic 被评估。在礼品的结果学习， methanolic 提取，这被发现(200 和 400 mgred 到健康控制题目。方法 49 个病人(意味着年龄 41 他在 Cu-Zn-Zr 之中的协同作用将在 K-Cu/Zn/La/ZrO2 催化剂的活动有重要效果。锻烧温度什么时候是 450 污敵 ? 慷 ? 桴 ? 楨桧獥 ? 湯搠祡? 漠 ? 敲牦杩牥瑡摥猠潴慲敧椠 ?? 猠瑡癩浵昭獩 ? 潣汬条湥礭杯牵 ????? 牃湯慢档 ? 愠摮琠敨挠楲整楲湯爭汥瑡摥瘠污摩瑩 ? 景琠敨焠敵瑳潩湮楡敲眠獡攠慶畬瑡摥琠牨畯桧愠獳' 覒 X 楴湯?敢睴敥?桴?楤???訬? 訬 ？？

Studies on free-radical scavenging activity and identification of active ingredients of different plant crude extracts of Mentha piperita collected from Sur,Sultanate of Oman

Objective:To determine free radical scavenging activity and active chemical ingredients of different plant crude extracts of Mentha piperita(M.piperita).Methods:The dried powder leaves of M.piperita were extracted with polar organic solvent by Soxhlet extractor.The crude extract and its fractions of hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate and butanol crude extracts were prepared.The antioxidant activity of different crude extracts from M.piperita was carried out by DPPH method with minor modification,and the active chemical ingredients of different plant crude extracts of M.piperita were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Results:Qualitative analysis of different polarities crude extracts by GC-MS found different types of active organic compounds.The antioxidant activity of different crude extracts were found to be in the order of chloroform extract>butanol extract>ethyl acetate extract>hexane extract>methanol extract.Majority identified compounds in the plant crude extracts by GC-MS were biologically active.Conclusions:Therefore,the isolation,purification,identification and characterization of bioactive compounds from various crude extracts of M.piperita might have ecological significance.

Effect of temperature and extraction process on antioxidant activity of various leaves crude extracts of Thymus vulgaris

Objective:To observe the effect of temperature and extraction process on the estimation of antioxidant activity of various organic crude extracts from the leaves of Thymus vulgaris(T.vulgaris)species native to Sultanate of Oman.Methods:The dry powder samples of T.vulgaris were extracted with methanol using two different extraction methods.Both methanol crude extracts from the leaves of T.vulgaris were defatted with water and extracted successively with different polarities of solvents with increasing polarities,e.g.,hexane,ethyl acetate,chloroform and butanol.Results:The yield of methanol crude extract by Soxhlet extraction method is better than maceration method.The yield of extraction was increasing with increasing temperature.The antioxidant activity of different crude extracts from both extraction methods was measured by DPPH with modification.By Soxhlet extraction method,the activity result found in butanol crude extracts was highest and the lowest in hexane crude extract as the following order of butanol>methanol>ethyl acetate extract>chloroform>hexane extract.However,by maceration method,the activity was highest in ethyl acetate and lowest in chloroform as the order of ethyl aectate>methanol extract>butanol>hexane>chloroform.Conclusions:In conclusion,the maceration method is the best method for the evaluation of antioxidant activity.