Anderson's Cognitive Theory and Learning Strategy Studies in Second Language Acquisition

Second language acquisition can not be understood without addressing the interaction between language and cognition. Cognitive theory can extend to describe learning strategies as complex cognitive skills. Theoretical developments in Anderson’s production systems cover a broader range of behavior than other theories, including comprehension and production of oral and written texts as well as comprehension, problem solving, and verbal learning.Thus Anderson’s cognitive theory can be served as a rationale for learning strategy studies in second language acquisition.

Relevance Theory-based Cognitive Study on the Communication Effect of “China's Stories”

Telling the story of China and transmitting the voice of China has become a strategy to promote the national image and cultural soft power of China. Since its implementation in 2013, China has ushered in a significant change in communication ideas and approaches. This strategy also enriches the communication genres of "China's stories" and more importantly enhances its communication effect. In this context, it is necessary to understand and study the significance of this strategic practice, assess the value realization of "China's stories" during the communication process, and thereby establish a basis for future communication of more "China's stories." Based on the factors of relevance theory, this paper analyzes the ideas of and approaches to effective communication of "China's stories" and proposes corresponding strategies.

The Monty Hall Problem and beyond: Digital-Mathematical and Cognitive Analysis in Boole’s Algebra, Including an Extension and Generalization to Related Cases

The Monty Hall problem has received its fair share of attention in mathematics. Recently, an entire monograph has been devoted to its history. There has been a multiplicity of approaches to the problem. These approaches are not necessarily mutually exclusive. The design of the present paper is to add one more approach by analyzing the mathematical structure of the Monty Hall problem in digital terms. The structure of the problem is described as much as possible in the tradition and the spirit—and as much as possible by means of the algebraic conventions—of George Boole’s Investigation of the Laws of Thought (1854), the Magna Charta of the digital age, and of John Venn’s Symbolic Logic (second edition, 1894), which is squarely based on Boole’s Investigation and elucidates it in many ways. The focus is not only on the digital-mathematical structure itself but also on its relation to the presumed digital nature of cognition as expressed in rational thought and language. The digital approach is outlined in part 1. In part 2, the Monty Hall problem is analyzed digitally. To ensure the generality of the digital approach and demonstrate its reliability and productivity, the Monty Hall problem is extended and generalized in parts 3 and 4 to related cases in light of the axioms of probability theory. In the full mapping of the mathematical structure of the Monty Hall problem and any extensions thereof, a digital or non-quantitative skeleton is fleshed out by a quantitative component. The pertinent mathematical equations are developed and presented and illustrated by means of examples.

Beyond Bloom’s: Students’ Perception of Bloom’s Taxonomy and its Convolution with Cognitive Load

Bloom’s taxonomy is widely used in educational research to categorize the cognitive skills required to answer exam questions.For this study,we analyzed how students categorize exam questions(high-level question or low-level question,)gathered data as to their rationale for categorization,and compared their categorizations to those of experts.We found that students consistently rank high-level questions incorrectly.We analyzed student reasons for their categorizations,and found that for many of the incorrectly categorized questions the students referred to reasons related to Cognitive Load Theory.This shows that cognitive load prevents students from accurately assessing the cognitive level of an exam question.Thus,extra cognitive load in exam questions may prevent those questions from accurately measuring the skills and knowledge of the student.This points to the need for instructors to eliminate cognitive load from their exams.

Jackendoff and Langacker的认知观点比较

文章从本体论与认识论、句法与语义的关系、词汇意义与百科知识的关系、对义素分析的看法、概念结构的产生和表征等五个方面比较了杰肯道夫(Jackendoff)和兰盖克(Langacker)的认知理论的异同,以期通过比较加深对两人理论观点的认识和理解。

Langacker活动区分析说的提升解释反诘

生成语法对提升的解释科学、合理,能够反映提升的成因和内在规律。而认知语法的批评误解了提升的真正含义,被无限的语言形式和功能迷惑,本质上是不成立的,其活动区分析说对提升的解释也不是在研究提升,而只是描述狭义提升个案中个别字、词的细微语义差异,在传统语文学的繁琐描述里徘徊,本质上是多余和虚妄的。认知语法一直以来声称是对生成语法的所谓革命,其实是缺乏足够实力的。

The Mathematical and Physical Theory of Rational Human Intelligence: Complete Empirical-Digital Properties;Full Electrochemical-Mechanical Model (Part I: Mathematical Foundations)

The design of this paper is to present the first installment of a complete and final theory of rational human intelligence. The theory is mathematical in the strictest possible sense. The mathematics involved is strictly digital—not quantitative in the manner that what is usually thought of as mathematics is quantitative. It is anticipated at this time that the exclusively digital nature of rational human intelligence exhibits four flavors of digitality, apparently no more, and that each flavor will require a lengthy study in its own right. (For more information,please refer to the PDF.)

D-S证据理论在认知无线电中的应用

针对认知无线电(CR)中协作频谱感知时信息不确定性带来严重的性能影响,在协作开销允许的情况下,人们渴望得到感知增益很高的协作感知方案。由于D-S证据理论在决策系统中处理不确定性信息时能获得令人满意的性能,使得其在认知无线电中的应用会起很重要作用。一种基于D-S证据理论的协作频谱感知新方案被提出和发展。该方案能有效地提高检测概率,同时还能明显降低虚警概率。笔者对D-S证据理论在认知无线电中的应用情况进行了综述。

基于动态双门限和D-S证据理论的合作频谱感知算法

针对传统能量检测算法门限设置单一且不适应感知信道环境差异的问题,为了提高合作频谱感知结果的可靠性,减小网络开销和融合中心计算的负担,提出了将动态双门限能量检测和D-S证据理论相结合的合作频谱感知算法.在进行本地感知时,该算法可以让认知用户通过双门限能量检测方法直接得到本地判决结果,同时根据信道环境的变化自适应调整双门限值,并在双门限内使用D-S证据理论,感知双门限内未判决结果的信任度函数,将其发往融合中心,这样可以减少融合中心的计算量以及传输带来的网络开销.仿真结果表明,双门限D-S证据理论的融合结果要优于D-S证据理论和OR准则.

基于改进D-S证据理论的认知无线电频谱感知算法研究

针对基于D-S证据理论的认知无线电频谱感知算法在认知节点的感知信息存在较大冲突时会产生与实际情况相悖结果的问题,提出了一种基于改进D-S证据理论的认知无线电频谱感知算法。改进算法采用一种新的加权平均方法平均各个证据,比算术平均法更多地降低了异常证据的影响,同时通过计算证据到平均证据的距离来计算证据权值,解决了权值计算复杂度问题。实验结果表明,在认知节点的感知信息存在严重冲突时,改进算法可有效提高认知无线电频谱感知系统的感知性能。

基于D-S理论和改进FCM的地铁绿色施工等级评价

随着绿色生态城市的建设,地铁等大型城市基础设施的绿色施工问题受到了社会的普遍关注。由于地铁施工绿色评价涉及因素较多,评价过程复杂,难以采用传统的因素分析法、决策树等方法进行研究。本文提出基于D-S证据理论和改进模糊认知图(FCM)的地铁绿色施工等级评价模型,首先基于管理、节地、环境保护、节材以及节水节能5个方面建立绿色文明施工性能评价指标及标准,然后采用D-S证据理论融合专家意见构建关联矩阵,最后通过改进的FCM方法进行推理得到地铁绿色施工等级评价结果,并以武汉地铁6号线的绿色施工评价为例验证了本方法的可行性。结果表明,通过对所建立模型评价结果的分析,发现企业在绿色施工方面的薄弱环节,并给出改进建议,为企业进行绿色施工提供依据。

An abnormal resting-state functional brain network indicates progression towards Alzheimer's disease

Brain structure and cognitive function change in the temporal lobe, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex of patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer＇s disease, and brain network-connection strength, network efficiency, and nodal attributes are abnormal. However, existing research has only analyzed the differences between these patients and normal controls. In this study, we constructed brain networks using resting-state functional MRI data that was extracted from four populations （nor- mal controls, patients with early mild cognitive impairment, patients with late mild cognitive impairment, and patients with Alzheimer＇s disease） using the Alzheimer＇s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative data set. The aim was to analyze the characteristics of resting-state functional neural networks, and to observe mild cognitive impairment at different stages before the transformation to Alzheimer＇s disease. Results showed that as cognitive deficits increased across the four groups, the shortest path in the rest- ing-state functional network gradually increased, while clustering coefficients gradually decreased. This evidence indicates that dementia is associated with a decline of brain network efficiency. In addi- tion, the changes in functional networks revealed the progressive deterioration of network function across brain regions from healthy elderly adults to those with mild cognitive impairment and AIz- heimer＇s disease. The alterations of node attributes in brain regions may reflect the cognitive functions in brain regions, and we speculate that early impairments in memory, hearing, and language function can eventually lead to diffuse brain injury and other cognitive impairments.

Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances theory of mind in Parkinson’s disease patients with mild cognitive impairment:a randomized,double-blind,sham-controlled study

Background:Parkinson’s Disease(PD)with mild cognitive impairment(MCI)(PD-MCI)represents one of the most dreaded complications for patients with PD and is associated with a higher risk of developing dementia.Although transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)has been demonstrated to improve motor and non-motor symptoms in PD,to date,no study has investigated the effects of tDCS on Theory of Mind(ToM),i.e.,the ability to understand and predict other people’s behaviours,in PD-MCI.Methods:In this randomized,double-blind,sham-controlled study,we applied active tDCS over the medial frontal cortex(MFC)to modulate ToM performance in twenty patients with PD-MCI.Twenty matched healthy controls(HC)were also enrolled and were asked to perform the ToM task without receiving tDCS.Results:In the patients with PD-MCI,i)ToM performance was worse than that in the HC,ii)ToM abilities were poorer in those with fronto-executive difficulties,and iii)tDCS over the MFC led to significant shortening of latency for ToM tasks.Conclusions:We show for the first time that active tDCS over the MFC enhances ToM in patients with PD-MCI,and suggest that non-invasive brain stimulation could be used to ameliorate ToM deficits observed in these patients.

基于D—S理论的双门限频谱感知算法研究

针对传统双门限频谱感知算法不能充分利用2个门限之间感知用户信息的问题,提出了一种基于D-S理论的双门限频谱感知算法。当感知用户接收到的信号能量介于2个门限之间时,该算法不直接给出判决结果,而是进行本地判决,即采用D-S理论进行数据融合。仿真结果表明,与传统双门限频谱感知算法相比,基于D-S理论的双门限频谱感知算法的检测概率较高,提高了整体的频谱感知性能。

Higher Variations of the Monty Hall Problem (3.0, 4.0) and Empirical Definition of the Phenomenon of Mathematics, in Boole’s Footsteps, as Something the Brain Does

In Advances in Pure Mathematics (www.scirp.org/journal/apm), Vol. 1, No. 4 (July 2011), pp. 136-154, the mathematical structure of the much discussed problem of probability known as the Monty Hall problem was mapped in detail. It is styled here as Monty Hall 1.0. The proposed analysis was then generalized to related cases involving any number of doors (d), cars (c), and opened doors (o) (Monty Hall 2.0) and 1 specific case involving more than 1 picked door (p) (Monty Hall 3.0). In cognitive terms, this analysis was interpreted in function of the presumed digital nature of rational thought and language. In the present paper, Monty Hall 1.0 and 2.0 are briefly reviewed (§§2-3). Additional generalizations of the problem are then presented in §§4-7. They concern expansions of the problem to the following items: (1) to any number of picked doors, with p denoting the number of doors initially picked and q the number of doors picked when switching doors after doors have been opened to reveal goats (Monty Hall 3.0;see §4);(3) to the precise conditions under which one’s chances increase or decrease in instances of Monty Hall 3.0 (Monty Hall 3.2;see §6);and (4) to any number of switches of doors (s) (Monty Hall 4.0;see §7). The afore-mentioned article in APM, Vol. 1, No. 4 may serve as a useful introduction to the analysis of the higher variations of the Monty Hall problem offered in the present article. The body of the article is by Leo Depuydt. An appendix by Richard D. Gill (see §8) provides additional context by building a bridge to modern probability theory in its conventional notation and by pointing to the benefits of certain interesting and relevant tools of computation now available on the Internet. The cognitive component of the earlier investigation is extended in §9 by reflections on the foundations of mathematics. It will be proposed, in the footsteps of George Boole, that the phenomenon of mathematics needs to be defined in empirical terms as something that happens to the brain or something that the brain does. It is generally assumed that mathematics is a property of nature or reality or whatever one may call it. There is not the slightest intention in this paper to falsify this assumption because it cannot be falsified, just as it cannot be empirically or positively proven. But there is no way that this assumption can be a factual observation. It can be no more than an altogether reasonable, yet fully secondary, inference derived mainly from the fact that mathematics appears to work, even if some may deem the fact of this match to constitute proof. On the deepest empirical level, mathematics can only be directly observed and therefore directly analyzed as an activity of the brain. The study of mathematics therefore becomes an essential part of the study of cognition and human intelligence. The reflections on mathematics as a phenomenon offered in the present article will serve as a prelude to planned articles on how to redefine the foundations of probability as one type of mathematics in cognitive fashion and on how exactly Boole’s theory of probability subsumes, supersedes, and completes classical probability theory. §§2-7 combined, on the one hand, and §9, on the other hand, are both self-sufficient units and can be read independently from one another. The ultimate design of the larger project of which this paper is part remains the increase of digitalization of the analysis of rational thought and language, that is, of (rational, not emotional) human intelligence. To reach out to other disciplines, an effort is made to describe the mathematics more explicitly than is usual.

Is Alzheimer’s Disease an Adaptability Disorder? What Role Does Happiness Have in Treatment, Management and Prevention

A case presentation indicating the importance of “happiness” in childhood causing memory block until the patent presented with probable mixed vascular and neurodegenerative memory loss at 60 years of age is presented to highlight the role of emotional factors in causing the disease. The question of whether Alzheimer’s disease is an adaptability disorder is raised, given the patient blocked out her memory of her childhood experience. The importance of “happiness” as a treatment goal raises issues of advocacy and Guardianship as well as capacity, which is addressed by actual case reference and court action in defence of the patient’s rights to have their wishes respected and observed. Functional mental capacity assessment, using the Functional Mental State Measure (FMSM) gives a greater indication of neuronal reserve than standard cognitive testing, as it helps to unravel the dilemma associated with pure cognitive assessment in Alzheimer’s Disease as well as vascular dementia patients and patients who, despite retained and intact functional capacity and ability to express their wishes, i.e. “best interest”, are “wrongly” placed under Guardianship. Maladaptive responses, to control the change in external environment that are sensed or perceived, and which lead to disorder or to susceptibility to disease, exemplify a General Systems Theory approach, in which appropriate and adequate responses to environmental change, in behavioural terms, by a person, whether independently, or as the recipient or giver, or both, leads to functional interaction and happiness.

基于IFCM-DEMATEL的海员职业健康与安全风险评价

针对海员工伤事故性质的特殊性和严重性,需全面评价分析其职业健康与安全(OHS)水平。从人-机-环-管4个方面识别相关影响因素,建立海员OHS风险评价指标体系;基于直觉模糊认知图(IFCM)和决策试验与评价试验法(DEMATEL)来建立OHS风险评价模型,综合考虑风险评价信息的不确定性和模糊性等特征;利用D-S证据理论来解决专家信息集成问题;通过IFCM模型推理得出定量数据和评价等级;采用DEMATEL筛选重要指标进行对策模拟,分析对策的效益,从而提出重要的针对性意见。算例分析结果表明:所提的模型具有较好的适用性,可为海员OHS风险管理提供参考建议。

A Cognitive Account of Metaphor Translation in Two Chinese Versions of The Wind in the Willows

Cognitive Metaphor Theory(CMT), originally formulated by Lakoff and Johnson in 1980, rejects the traditional view of metaphor being a rhetorical phenomenon, and redefines it as a cognitive instrument by which humans perceive, categorize, and conceptualize the world.The cognitive method of metaphor studies offers an innovative research perspective on metaphor translation, which is more a process of reproducing in the target language the mapping relations of the original metaphor than a simple transplantation of the concept on the linguistic level.Metaphor is one of the most common figures of speech in children's literature, but its translation is not as effortless as it might be, for translators have to take into account not only factors such as linguistic, cultural, and social differences, but also children's limited linguistic level and cognitive abilities, which altogether pose a formidable challenge to translators.This paper attempts to construct a cognitive metaphor translation model by exploring the cognitive process that translators go through when dealing with metaphor from the perspective of CMT.The cognitive metaphor translation process is specified as including three steps: metaphor comprehension, metaphor adjustment, and metaphor reconstruction.By analyzing metaphor examples extracted from two Chinese versions of The Wind in the Willows, a masterpiece of Kenneth Grahame in children's literature of Britain, this article summarizes metaphor translation techniques in children's literature.

基于双门限和证据理论的合作频谱感知算法

从提高合作频谱感知结果的可靠性以及减小网络开销和融合中心计算负担的角度出发,提出了一种新的基于双门限和证据理论的合作频谱感知算法。该算法在进行本地感知的时候,认知用户通过双门限能量检测直接得到本地判决结果,将认知用户感知到的能量值在两个门限之间的未能进行本地判决的结果的信任度函数发送给融合中心,这样大大减少了融合中心利用证据理论进行软融合的计算量以及传输感知结果带来的网络开销。理论分析和仿真表明,提出算法的检测概率比其他检测算法的检测概率性能提升30%,其接收机操作性能曲线(ROC)性能比性能较好的D-S证据理论提升3%。

学龄儿童失调态度在应激与抑郁间的作用:一项多波段追踪研究

通过对3年级和7年级学龄儿童的追踪研究,探讨儿童群体中Beck抑郁理论认知易感因素在应激事件与抑郁症状间的作用。对追踪数据的多层线性模型和多层结构方程模型分析发现,作为Beck抑郁理论中认知易感因素的失调态度在3年级儿童中既没有显著的中介作用也没有显著的调节作用,而在7年级儿童中虽然失调态度仍然没有显著的调节作用,但却有显著的中介作用。研究结果可能初步揭示了失调态度在应激事件与抑郁症状关系中的发展性特征,这一发现对在儿童群体中实施抑郁的有效干预将具有较为重要的启示意义。