Visual sensing and morphological image processing of weld pool in laser spot welding

A visual sensing system was established to monitor the weld pool in laser spot welding. The top-hat and bottom-hat transformation algorithms based on mathematical morphology were used to compensate for non-uniform contrast of weld pool edge. Moreover, the canny edge detector was applied to extract the weld paol profile. The edge detected results show that the morphological operation is obviously superior to the traditional contrast enhancement method. In addition, the combination of dilation and erosion was applied to eliminate the irrelevant edge details, and the smooth weld pool edge was acquired. Based on the image processing technology described above, the dynamic process of weld pool diameter during laser spot welding was obtained.

Surface crack imaging based on delayed temperature difference at symmetric points by laser spot thermography

Laser spot thermography is a novel technique for the detection of surface cracks with a laser to heat sample locally and with an IR camera to record the surface temperature distribution. Common methods to characterize cracks are only suitable for the situation that the laser scanning path is vertical to the crack. But due to the randomness of cracks,when the scanning path is parallel to the crack,surface cracks cannot be detected by these methods. To tackle this problem,a method is presented which is suitable for the situation that the scanning path is parallel to crack. The main idea is to evaluate the crack-caused asymmetries of the surface temperature distribution. The effect of temperature gradient and the maximum scanning interval are analyzed by a 2D simulation. A new crack imaging technique is presented that is based on delayed temperature difference at symmetric points to characterize the crack in the thermal image. Compared well with those obtained by the spatial first derivative method,experimental results are shown to efficiently prove this method.

Laser spot associated high-saturation phosphor-in-glass film for transmissive and reflective high-brightness laser lighting

Phosphor-in-glass(PiG)film is a promising luminescent material in high-brightness laser lighting for its advantages of high efficiency,outstanding color quality,and low-cost preparation,which must bear high laser power(LP)and laser power density(LPD)simultaneously to enable high-luminance light.Herein,laser spot associated high-saturation PiG film was proposed for transmissive and reflective high-brightness laser lighting.Two types of PiG films were prepared by printing and sintering La_(3)Si_(6)N_(11):Ce^(3+)(LSN)phosphor-borosilicate glass pastes on a sapphire substrate(PiG-S)and an AlN substrate(PiG-A),respectively.The PiG films with perfect crystal structure of phosphor were reliably bonded on the substrates.The effects of laser spot areas on the luminescence saturation of LP and LPD were investigated in the PiG films.With the increase of laser spot area from 0.5 to 2.5 mm^(2),the LP threshold of PiG films is gradually raised,while the LPD threshold of PiG films is decreased.The PiG-S withstands a high LP of 23.46 W and a high LPD of 20.64 W/mm^(2),enabling white light with a luminous flux of 3677 lm.The PiG-A withstands a high LP of 41.12 W and a high LPD of 35.56 W/mm^(2),enabling white light with a luminous flux of 2882 lm.Moreover,the PiG-A maintains lower working temperature compared with the PiG-S,and the temperatures reduce with the increasing laser spot area.The results demonstrate that the laser spot associated PiG films realize high saturation thresholds of LP and LPD simultaneously,and enable high luminance for laser lighting.

Automatic Monitoring System for 3-D Deformation of Crustal Fault Based on Laser and Machine Vision

An automatic monitoring method of the 3-D deformation is presented for crustal fault based on laser and machine vision. The laser source and screen are independently set up in the headwall and footwall, the collimated laser beam creates a circular spot on the screen, meanwhile, the industrial camera captures the tiny deformation of the crustal fault by monitoring the change of the spot position. This method significantly reduces the cost of equipment and labor, provides daily sampling to ensure high continuity of data. A prototype of the automatic monitoring system is developed, and a repeatability test indicates that the error of spot jitter can be minimized by consecutive samples. Meanwhile, the environmental correction model is determined to ensure that environmental changes do not disturb the system. Furthermore, the automatic monitoring system has been applied at the deformation monitoring station(KJX02) of China Beishan underground research laboratory, where continuous deformation monitoring is underway.

Small laser spot versus standard laser spot photodynamic therapy for idiopathic choroidal neovascularization： a randomized controlled study

Background Idiopathic choroidal neovascularization （ICNV） affects young patients and thus may have a significant impact on vision and life quality over a patient＇s lifespan. This study was designed to compare the visual outcome and retinal pigment epithelium （RPE） damage after photodynamic therapy （PDT） with small laser spot and PDT with standard laser spot for idiopathic choroidal neovascularization （ICNV）. Methods This was a randomized controlled study. Fifty-two patients with ICNV were enrolled and randomly divided into a study group （small laser spot PDT, n=27） and a control group （standard laser spot PDT, n=25）. Best corrected visual acuity （BCVA）, optic coherence tomography （OCT） and fluorescein angiography （FA） findings were the main measurements. The patients were followed up 1 week, 1, 3, 6, 9 months and 1 year after PDT. Results BCVA improvement was statistically significantly higher in the study group than the control group at 6-month （（25.53±15.01） letters vs. （14.71±11.66） letters, P=-0.025） and 9-month follow-ups （（27.53±17.78） letters vs. （15.59±12.21） letters, P=0.039）. At 3- and 6-month follow-ups, the quadrants of RPE damage between the two groups varied significantly （P 〈0.001 and P=0.023, respectively）. In each follow-up, the number of cases with decreased or unchanged leakage of choroidal neovascularization by FA and reduced subretinal fluid by OCT did not vary significantly between the two groups. Ten cases （37.0%） in the study group and eight cases （32.0%） in the control group suffered from recurrent CNV （P=-0.703）. Conclusions Better visual improvements, less RPE damage, a similar recurrent rate of CNV and change of subretinal fluid were observed in the small laser spot PDT group than in the standard laser spot PDT group for ICNV.

Numerical simulation of residual stress field induced by laser shock processing with square spot

Laser shock processing（LSP）,also known as laser peening,is a novel surface treatment technique in the past few years.Compressive residual stresses which imparted by LSP are very important for improving fatigue,corrosion and wea rresistance of metals.Finite element analysis（FEA） simulation using ABAQUS software has been applied to predict residualstresses induced by LSP on Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy with laser pulse duration 30 ns and water confined ablation mode.The residual stress field generated by different shape laser spots was studied,and the square laser spot is shown the most suitability for avoiding stress lack phenomenon and overlapping LSP.Surface residual stresses and plastically affected depth within single square spot both increased with the increase of laser intensity and laser shock times.Furthermore,compared with circle and ellipse spot,the residual stress distribution in overlapping square spots is very uniform only with small overlapping ratio.LSP with square spot can process advantageous residual stress field,and this technique will be used widely.

The special shaped laser spot for driving indirect-drive hohlraum with multi-beam incidence

In indirect drive, reducing peak intensity of a single beam and controlling overlap of multi-beams are two opposite requirements for laser focal spot design. In this paper, an improved laser spot design technique for indirect drive built upon the geometric structures of laser propagation into hohlraum has been introduced. The proposed technique is able to generate appropriate continuous phase plate(CPP) producing a special shaped spot that can balance the opposite requirements. The corresponding CPP does not bring difficulties to the design and fabrication. Phase aberrations are more sensitive to the special shaped spot; however, it can be tolerable for the current beam control level.

激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法微区原位定量分析锂铍矿物化学成分

锂、铍是当前全球战略性关键金属,采用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)建立分析方法可以实现微区原位定量分析天然矿物样品中的锂、铍元素含量,为锂铍资源高效利用以及赋存状态的研究提供分析技术支撑。锂辉石和绿柱石等矿物是提取锂、铍元素的主要原料,微区分析常用的电子探针方法对于能量较低的轻元素难以准确定量,而LA-ICP-MS方法亟待改进降低非基体匹配校准带来的基体效应提高分析的准确度和精密度。本文探讨了仪器工作条件(同位素选择及计数模式、载气He气流速、样品气Ar气流速、束斑直径、能量密度大小)和数据处理方法(外部标准物质、内标元素)对定量结果精密度和准确度的影响。实验结果表明:He和Ar气体流速不仅会影响锂、铍信号强度,而且适当降低载气He流速(0.6L/min)可以减小相对误差。增加束斑直径虽可以将数据精密度提高10%以上,但是对于准确度影响不大;对于绿柱石这类硬度高的透明矿物应提高能量密度(相对强度>75%,通量>2.7J/cm^(2))以保证产生稳定剥蚀信号。测定7Li时选择现有标准物质中含量较高的GSE-1G校准、9Be选择NIST610校准,以Al作为内标补偿元素,计算结果相对误差较小。LA-ICP-MS方法通过调整仪器工作条件和数据处理方法,可以降低基体差异,提高数据准确度,解决微区原位准确定量分析锂、铍轻元素的难题,为锂、铍资源的勘探开发和高效利用提供有力的技术支撑。但是也亟待开发高锂、铍含量的微区标准物质,解决因现有标准物质与样品中含量差异造成的基体效应来进一步提高数据质量。

基于视觉传达技术的激光光斑图像超分辨率重建方法

激光光斑图像在成像过程中易受到成像条件和成像方式的限制,导致激光光斑图像的分辨率比较低,难以满足实际需求。为此,提出基于视觉传达技术的激光光斑图像超分辨率重建方法。采用视觉传达技术采集激光光斑图像,并使用双树复小波阈值方法对激光光斑图像去噪处理,通过改进稠密神经网络提取激光光斑图像特征,基于奇异值分解方法降低字典中原子的数目,改进稀疏表达正则化方法,实现激光光斑图像的超分辨率重建。实验结果表明,所提方法的低分辨率图像重建结果与原始图像更加接近,重建图像的结构相似度均在0.9以上,证明该方法的重建效果好、更适合实际应用。

多路激光集束的焦斑测试技术

为了实现多路激光集束焦斑测量,给出其时间和空间分辨的特性,搭建了基于成像系统、光电管结合示波器、条纹相机和科学CCD等主要部件组成的焦斑光学测试平台。实验之前,对科学CCD的灵敏度和动态范围及条纹相机增益系数、狭缝宽度、扫描时间等性能参数进行离线测试标定。采用CCD测试多路激光时间积分的集束焦斑空间分布;采用光电管结合示波器及条纹相机对多路激光到达靶点的时间同步进行测试;开展高质量集束焦斑的时间分辨特性测试,获得了光谱色散匀滑光束焦斑精细的时空演化图像。多路激光集束焦斑形态及多路光束时间同步测试为提升高功率激光装置焦斑测试技术和方法提供了支撑。

复杂光线环境下星载激光光斑图像特征参数提取

星载激光光斑图像易受采集时复杂光线背景的影响,导致激光光斑特征参数提取精度不佳,由此提出复杂光线环境下星载激光光斑图像特征参数提取方法。首先,基于光照校正的Retinex图像增强算法光照补偿及增强星载激光光斑图像,以消除复杂光线环境的影响;其次,基于二次阈值分割与形态学消噪结合方法提取光斑边界;最后,使用一阶灰度重心法与椭圆拟合结合方法完成激光光斑图像特征参数提取。仿真结果表明,所提方法的星载激光光斑图像特征参数提取精度保持在95%以上,具有较好的提取性能。

激光束光斑漂移反演大气湍流各向异性实验研究

设计了两束正交激光束光斑漂移的实时影像记录系统,进行了一系列的激光束大气传输外场实验,对比研究大气湍流环境下两正交方向激光束的光斑漂移,反演研究大气湍流的各向异性。实验结果表明,近地面大气湍流具有各向异性且表现为:一、与风向相关,当激光传输路径与风向夹角很小时,其垂直和水平方向的光斑漂移量会出现较大的差异,当激光传输路径与风向正交时,其垂直和水平方向光斑漂移量基本一致。二、与实时气温相关,表现为两正交激光束的光斑漂移量统计值在垂直和水平方向的四个分量中的不均匀分配,且气温降低会使不均匀分配的强度增加。分析研究成果,本文提出大气湍流各向异性强度指数A的概念,该指数的大小可以综合性的表征大气湍流各向异性特征及其强度。

30%超分子水杨酸联合小光斑点阵CO_(2)激光治疗轻中度寻常痤疮

目的:探究30%超分子水杨酸联合小光斑点阵CO_(2)激光治疗轻中度寻常痤疮的有效性和安全性。方法:选取2022年11月-2023年6月就诊于吉林大学中日联谊医院30例面部轻、中度寻常痤疮患者,以患者面部矢状线为界,按照随机数表将患者的双侧面部随机分为对照侧和观察侧。对照侧(n=30),给予30%超分子水杨酸治疗(每4周治疗1次);观察侧(n=30),给予小光斑点阵CO_(2)激光治疗后即刻30%超分子水杨酸治疗(每4周治疗1次)。通过拍照、皮肤检测仪、皮损计数和痤疮综合分级系统(The global acne grading system,GAGS)评分等评估治疗的有效性;通过皮损清除率判定临床疗效,同时观察不良反应以评估安全性。治疗结束后12周对患者进行随访,评估复发情况。结果:治疗12周后,患者观察侧的临床疗效优于对照侧(P<0.05);观察侧的皮损清除效果明显优于对照侧(P<0.001);观察侧的GAGS评分改善程度明显优于对照侧(P<0.001)。治疗期间两侧均未出现严重不良反应。结论:30%超分子水杨酸联合小光斑点阵CO_(2)激光疗法对清除轻中度痤疮皮损优于30%超分子水杨酸单一治疗,具有见效快、安全性高、操作简单、患者满意度高等优点,且不增加患者相关不良反应。

一种新型抗畸变激光光斑检测算法研究

为了研究大坝内部的沉降和水平位移,设计了一种精密的微位移测量装置。其中,基于二维图像处理的激光光斑位移检测算法为该装置重要的组成部分。本文提出了一种抗畸变激光光斑中心检测算法,通过对原始光斑进行阈值分割,得出光斑发散部分的图像,并通过闭操作和高斯滤波对之进行降噪和平滑。然后,用sobel算子对其进行边缘检测,从而得出较为光滑的边缘轮廓。最后,对其进行抗畸变激光光斑中心检测算法的处理,确定光斑中心。同时,又通过实验装置来采集一系列激光光斑图像,并用传统激光光斑中心检测算法和抗畸变激光光斑中心检测算法对其进行了处理并进行比较。结果表明,抗畸变激光光斑中心检测算法精度最高,有效消除了远距离光斑的畸变对光斑中心计算的影响。

基于稀疏表示的激光光斑复原方法

使用探测器阵列对远场激光光斑分布进行测量,是目前评价激光大气传输特性以及激光发射系统性能的重要方法。利用阵列探测器对高能激光系统性能进行评估,需要准确复原探测器测量所得的激光远场光斑。介绍了一种基于字典学习的阵列探测器激光光斑复原方法。首先利用改进后的线性插值算法对原始低采样光斑进行插值,其次介绍了K-SVD(K-singular value decomposition)字典学习算法,将所提方法运用到插值后的图像复原中。此外,用峰值信噪比(peak signal-to-noise ratio,PSNR)和光斑质心偏移量对复原图像进行量化对比。该算法复原的图像PSNR比传统算法高出4 dB~5 dB,光斑质心偏差量在x轴和y轴方向与传统算法相比分别降低了14.7%和12.2%。实验结果表明,所提方法在视觉和量化指标上都取得了良好的光斑图像复原效果。

存在旋转圆跳动的轧辊表面的送丝激光熔覆工艺研究

为解决轧辊旋转时产生的圆跳动影响送丝激光熔覆轧辊修复的问题,对轧辊旋转圆跳动对于丝材尖端与轧辊面位置及激光熔覆过程的影响规律进行理论分析,并针对激光功率和光斑直径对存在圆跳动的轧辊激光熔覆修复工艺的影响进行试验研究。研究结果表明:在熔覆过程中,由于圆跳动的影响,前沿送丝成形的熔覆道高度过低,后沿送丝成形的熔覆道易出现大量毛刺,但中间送丝成形的熔覆道表面形貌相对较好;在小光斑、低功率工艺状况下,中间送丝成形的熔覆道也会出现孔隙以及毛刺,增加激光功率和光斑直径可以减少此现象。在圆跳动误差不大于0.6 mm情况下,当激光功率P为2 400 W、指示红光直径为6.5 mm时,几乎不会出现缺陷。采用小搭接率进行多道搭接试验时,圆跳动会影响第1道熔覆道的实际成形位置,搭接率为40%时成形的熔覆道受影响不明显。

激光熔覆光斑形状对铁基涂层组织结构及耐磨性能的影响研究

采用线光斑激光熔覆技术和圆光斑激光熔覆技术在热作模具钢H13钢上制备铁基耐磨涂层,使用XRD、SEM、EDS等对比研究不同光斑形状对铁基涂层的熔覆效率、成分物相、组织结构和耐磨性能的影响。结果表明:采用圆光斑激光熔覆技术和线光斑激光熔覆技术制备的涂层皆为无缺陷涂层,由于线光斑激光熔覆技术具有更大的光斑面积、更快的扫描速度,使得线光斑激光熔覆涂层的熔覆效率是圆光斑激光熔覆涂层的4.4倍,稀释率更小,约为圆光斑激光熔覆涂层的1/5。因为圆光斑的线能量比线光斑的线能量大,导致圆光斑激光熔覆涂层中的马氏体和碳化物的含量高于线光斑激光熔覆涂层中马氏体和碳化物的含量,圆光斑激光熔覆涂层的硬度和耐磨性高于线光斑激光熔覆涂层。

激光功率对3/4H SUS301和SUS316异种不锈钢激光点焊成形特征及组织性能的影响

采用准连续激光器对测力传感器的3/4H SUS301弹性体和SUS316支撑体进行异种不锈钢激光焊接,探讨了激光功率对点焊接头成形特征和力学性能的影响。研究表明,采用准连续激光模式,在脉冲时间为2 ms、激光功率为180 W至270 W范围内,弹性体焊后的角变形量随着激光功率的增大而增大,激光功率为270 W时弹性体焊后的角变形远低于传感器容许的变形量。当激光功率为210W时,在焊接界面处产生气孔缺陷,焊接功率增大至270 W时,在匙孔底部形成严重的气孔缺陷。焊缝内部以胞状晶方式生长,从熔合区两侧向焊缝中心生长为粗大的柱状晶,焊缝中心为等轴状的树枝晶,随着激光功率的增大,等轴晶区域的宽度减小。焊缝区承受较高的焊接热量使得焊缝区内形变组织发生不完全再结晶,致使形变诱发马氏体相变被抑制,α'马氏体含量降低。点焊接头的剪切力随着激光功率先增大后减小,当激光功率为250 W时,接头的剪切力达到最大值0.49 kN,远高于行业要求。

CFRP厚度激光超声脉冲反射测试及工艺优化

为了提高碳纤维复合材料CFRP的厚度测试精度,设计了一种基于激光超声脉冲反射法的CFRP厚度测试方法,并进行工艺参数优化。研究结果表明:以凸透镜进行厚度测试时,可以达到5.2%以内的相对误差。提高光斑外径后,形成了更低幅值的超声波信号。凸透镜聚焦形成的光斑面积比柱面透镜聚集形成的光斑面积更小,提高了能量密度,促进了更大幅值超声信号被激发,显著增强激光热弹效果。不存在外部光源的情况下,形成了具有稳定频率的反射信号。当光源功率提高后,信号中产生了更大噪声频率与幅值;背景噪声对多次反射回波也造成了淹没。功率0.45mW与0.60mW时,信号相对有效信号频率更大,对反射信号也造成明显影响。该研究可以拓宽到其它微观材料的厚度检测领域,具有很好的精度控制标准。

First demonstration of improving laser propagation inside the spherical hohlraums by using the cylindrical laser entrance hole

The octahedral spherical hohlraums have natural superiority in maintaining high radiation symmetry during the entire capsule implosion process in indirect drive inertial confinement fusion.While,in contrast to the cylindrical hohlraums,the narrow space between the laser beams and the spherical hohlraum wall is usually commented.In this Letter,we address this crucial issue and report our experimental work conducted on the SGIII-prototype laser facility which unambiguously demonstrates that a simple design of cylindrical laser entrance hole(LEH)can dramatically improve the laser propagation inside the spherical hohlraums.In addition,the laser beam deflection in the hohlraum is observed for the first time in the experiments.Our 2-dimensional simulation results also verify qualitatively the advantages of the spherical hohlraums with cylindrical LEHs.Our results imply the prospect of adopting the cylindrical LEHs in future spherical ignition hohlraum design.