Frequency-modulated continuous-wave multiplexed gas sensingbased on optical frequency comb calibration

Laser absorption spectroscopy has proven to be an effective approach for gas sensing, which plays an important rolein the fields of military, industry, medicine and basic research. This paper presents a multiplexed gas sensing system basedon optical frequency comb (OFC) calibrated frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) tuning nonlinearity. Thesystem can be used for multi-parameter synchronous measurement of gas absorption spectrum and multiplexed opticalpath. Multi-channel parallel detection is realized by combining wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and frequencydivision multiplexing (FDM) techniques. By introducing nonlinear optical crystals, broadband spectrum detection is simultaneouslyachieved over a bandwidth of hundreds of nanometers. An OFC with ultra-high frequency stability is used asthe frequency calibration source, which guarantees the measurement accuracy. The test samples involve H13C14N, C_(2)H_(2)and Rb vapor cells of varying densities and 5 parallel measurement experiments are designed. The results show that themeasurement accuracies of spectral absorption line and the optical path are 150 MHz and 20 m, respectively. The schemeoffers the advantages of multiplexed, multi-parameter, wide spectrum and high resolution detection, which can realize theidentification of multi-gas components and the high-precision inversion of absorption lines under different environments.The proposed sensor demonstrates great potential in the field of high-resolution absorption spectrum measurement for gassensing applications.

Precision Frequency Measurement of ^(87)Rb 5S_(1/2)(F=2)→5D_(5/2)(F″=4)Two-Photon Transition through a Fiber-Based Optical Frequency Comb

The absolute frequency of 87Rb 5S1/2 （F=2）→5D5/2 （F＂ = 4） two-photon transition at 778nm is measured in an accuracy of 44kHz. A home-made erbium-doped fiber laser frequency comb with frequency stability of 5.0 × 10-13@1 s is employed for the light source. By using a periodically poled lithium niobate, the femtosecond pulse operating in 1556 nm is frequency-doubled to 778 nm to obtain the direct two-photon transition spectroscopy of thermal rubidium vapor. Through sweeping the carrier envelope offset frequency （fceo）, the 5S1/2 （F=2）→5D5/2 （F＂ = 4） two-photon transition line is clearly resolved and its absolute frequency is determined via the peak-finding of the fitting curve. After the frequency correction, the measured result agrees well with the previous experiment on this transition. The entire potential candidate of optical frequency standard for system configuration is compact and robust, providing a telecommunication applications.

Two-photon spectrum of^(87) Rb using optical frequency comb

The high precision two-photon excitation measurements for 5S1/2 （Fg = 2） to 5D5/2 （Fe = 4 to 1） of 87Rb are per- formed by using an optical frequency comb. The two counter-propagating femtosecond pulses （5S1/2 →5P3/2 at 780 nm, and 5P3/2→5D5/2 at 776 nm） act on 87Rb vapor, and the Doppler broadened background signal is effectively eliminated. The temperature and power dependences of the two-photon spectrum are studied in this paper.

Optical Frequency Comb-Based Cavity-Enhanced Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy:Application to Collisional Line-Shape Study

Direct-comb spectroscopy techniques uses optical frequency combs(OFCs)as spectroscopic light source.They deliver high sensitivity,high frequency resolution and precision in a broad spectral range.Due to these features,the field has burgeoned in recent years.In this work we constructed an OFC-based cavity-enhanced Fourier-transform spectrometer in the nearinfrared region and used it for a line-shape study of rovibrational transitions of CO perturbed by Ar.The highly sensitive measurements spanned the wavenumber range from 6270 cm^-1 to 6410 cm^-1,which covered both P and R branch of the second overtone band of CO.The spectrometer delivers high-resolution surpassing the Fourier-transform resolution limit determined by interferogram length,successfully removing ringing and broadening effects caused by instrumental line shape function.The instrumental-line-shape-free method and high signal-to-noise ratio in the measurement allowed us to observe collisional effects beyond those described by the Voigt profile.We retrieved collisional line-shape parameters by fitting the speed-dependent Voigt profile and found good agreement with the values given by precise cavity ring-down spectroscopy measurements that used a continuous-wave laser referenced to a stabilized OFC.The results demonstrate that OFC-based cavity-enhanced Fouriertransform spectroscopy is a strong tool for accurate line-shape studies that will be crucial for future spectral databases.

Sub-femtometer-resolution absolute spectroscopy with sweeping electro-optic combs

Optical frequency comb with evenly spaced lines over a broad bandwidth has revolutionized the fields of optical metrology and spectroscopy.Here,we propose a fast interleaved dual-comb spectroscopy with sub-femtometer-resolution and absolute frequency,in which two electro-optic frequency combs are swept.Electrically-modulated stabilized laser enables ultrahigh resolution of 0.16 fm(or 20 k Hz in optical frequency)and single-shot measurement in 90 ms.Total 20 million points are recorded spanning 3.2 nm(or 400 GHz)bandwidth,corresponding to a spectral sampling rate of 2.5×10^(8)points/s under Nyquist-limitation.Besides,considering the trade-off between the measurement time and spectral resolution,a fast single-shot measurement is also realized in 1.6 ms with 8 fm(or 1 MHz)resolution.We demonstrate the 25-averaged result with 30.6 d B spectral measurement signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)by reducing the filter bandwidth in demodulation.The results show great prospect for precise measurement with flexibly fast refresh time,high spectral resolution,and high SNR.

Precision spectroscopy with a single ^(40)Ca^+ ion in a Paul trap

Precision measurement of the 4s2 S1/2-3d2 D5/2 clock transition based on 40Ca＋ ion at 729 nm is reported. A single 40Ca＋ ion is trapped and laser-cooled in a ring Paul trap, and the storage time for the ion is more than one month. The linewidth of a 729 nm laser is reduced to about 1 Hz by locking to a super cavity for longer than one month uninterruptedly. The overall systematic uncertainty of the clock transition is evaluated to be better than 6.5 ×10^-16. The absolute frequency of the clock transition is measured at the 10^-15 level by using an optical frequency comb referenced to a hydrogen maser which is calibrated to the SI second through the global positioning system （GPS）, The frequency value is 411 042 129 776 393.0（1.6） Hz with the correction of the systematic shifts. In order to carry out the comparison of two 40Ca＋ optical frequency standards, another similar 40Ca＋ optical frequency standard is constructed. Two optical frequency standards exhibit stabilities of 1 × 10^-14 T-1/2 with 3 days of averaging. Moreover, two additional precision measurements based on the single trapped 40Ca＋ ion are carried out. One is the 3d2Ds/2 state lifetime measurement, and our result of 1174（10） ms agrees well with the results reported in [Phys. Rev. A 62 032503 （2000）] and [Phys. Rev. A 71 032504 （2005）]. The other one is magic wavelengths for the 4s2S1/2-3d2Ds/2 clock transition; λ ｜mj｜=1/2= 395.7992（7） nm and λ｜m｜=3/2 = 395.7990（7） nm are reported, and it is the first time that two magic wavelengths for the 40Ca＋ clock-transition have been reported.

冷镱原子光钟绝对频率测量及相关跃迁研究的进展

光学原子钟的稳定度和不确定度都已全面进入小数10-18量级,是目前最精密的时间频率测量工具之一。光学原子钟已在精密测量和基础物理研究等尖端科研领域展现出潜力,并有望重新定义时间单位“秒”。镱原子光钟因其独特的能级优势而成为了目前世界上发展最成熟、研究最广泛的光钟之一。镱原子钟跃迁的绝对频率测量和镱原子相关跃迁光谱的精密测量具有重要意义。综述了冷镱原子光钟的钟跃迁6s 21 S 0-6s6p 3P 0能级绝对频率测量的国内外进展,并介绍以7.3×10^(-16)的不确定度测量镱原子钟跃迁绝对频率的实验,测量值为518295836590863.30±0.38 Hz。综述了利用已完成绝对频率测量的镱原子光钟为基准,对镱原子的649,770和1389 nm抽运光的对应跃迁绝对频率进行精密测量的结果。

光纤光频梳发展与应用

光频梳发明于世纪之交,建立了射频与光频的相干联系。历经20多年不间断的发展,光频梳革新了光学频率计量方法,并且已被广泛用于频率计量以外的精密测量领域。首先简要介绍光学频率梳,突出光纤光频梳的优势,进而分析光纤光频梳基本技术原理;接着概括了光纤光频梳目前主要发展方向,即低噪声、高功率和集成化;最后简述光纤光频梳在绝对频率测量、绝对距离测量、超低噪声微波产生、精密光谱探测、天文光谱定标等领域的应用进展。

Large Amplitude Motion in 9-Methylanthracene:High-Resolution Spectroscopy and Ab Initio Theoretical Calculation

CH3 internal rotation is one of the typical large amplitude motions in polyatomic molecules,the spectral analysis and theoretical calculations of which,were developed by Li-Hong Xu and Jon Hougen.We observed a Doppler-free high-resolution and high-precision spectrum of 9-methylanthracene(9MA)by using the collimated supersonic jet and optical frequency comb techniques.The potential energy curve of CH3 internal rotation is expressed by a six-fold symmetric sinusoidal function.It was previously shown that the barrier height(V6)of 9MA-d12 was considerably smaller than that of 9MA-h12[M.Baba,et al.,J.Phys.Chem.A 113,2366(2009)].We performed ab initio theoretical calculations of the multicomponent molecular orbital method.The barrier reduction by deuterium substitution was partly attributed to the difference between the wave functions of H and D atomic nuclei.

光梳光谱技术在六氟化硫分解产物检测中的应用

随着电力系统向高压、大容量、信息技术应用等方向发展,电力设备的高效运维对于保障电力系统安全运行和经济平稳增长具有重大意义。对六氟化硫气体分解产物的检测是电气绝缘设备检漏及判断故障类型的有效手段。基于光学频率梳的双光梳光谱检测技术具有高分辨、高精度、宽光谱、高速动态等优势,有望在电力设备漏气故障检修中,为判断特征气体种类及定量分析提供可靠手段。搭建了基于两台集成掺铒光纤光梳的双光梳光谱检测装置。通过精密频率控制及精细温控,光梳重复频率抖动从18.37 Hz降低至607.72μHz,光梳梳齿稳定度控制在10^(-12)。装置具有长时间稳定和小型化集成的特点,对外界环境干扰免疫性强,在室外环境运行两小时,光梳的重复频率及载波包络相位信号仍能保持相位锁定,两台光梳相干性无明显劣化。在光谱检测方面,结合使用超灵敏多通气室,对CO与CO_(2)混气进行了测量,在ms量级时间内实现了1540~1590 nm波段内CO和CO_(2)吸收峰的同时成谱检测,光谱分辨率达1 pm。分别以CO和CO_(2)在1585.47、1581.946 nm和1580.5、1579.575 nm的特征吸收峰为例,通过洛伦兹数据拟合反演出相应分子数密度。CO和CO_(2)的气体分子数密度的多峰测量不确定度分别为0.32%与0.24%,较单峰测量结果(2%)降低了近1个量级。该研究推进了双光梳光谱技术及系统在电力设备漏气故障特征气体非接触实时检测中的应用。传统接触式检测存在检测气体种类单一、积分时间长、难以做到长期在线实时监测的缺点,而双光梳光谱检测能够在ms量级对多组分气体的多峰非接触式同时成谱检测,在缩短检测时间的同时提高了检测精度,为电力设备漏气故障的及时排查及故障类型的诊断提供了有效途径。

双光梳光谱测量技术

双光梳光谱技术是一种先进的精密光谱测量技术,具有高分辨力、高频率精度、快速测量和宽带光谱覆盖等优点,已在光谱激光雷达、温室气体监测、燃烧诊断等测量领域中广泛应用。关于双光梳光谱的新原理、新方案和新技术不断涌现,因此有必要对其发展现状进行梳理和总结。本文详细地阐述了双光梳光谱技术的原理和性能指标,分析对比了光频参考、电光调制、单腔双光梳和光调制四种典型双光梳光谱测量系统的实验方案和优势,同时具体分析了双光梳光谱技术在工作波段拓展方向的发展现状,最后对双光梳光谱系统的发展趋势和应用前景进行了总结和展望,为双光梳光谱技术在全波段光谱测量和多场景应用中的进一步提升提供参考。

基于双波长激光器的集成化中红外双光梳系统(特邀)

中红外双光梳光谱检测系统因其高分辨、高灵敏、快速测量的特性为极低浓度气体的标定带来了革新技术。本文用单腔双波长激光器输出的异步双波长脉冲替代两台锁模激光器,结合非线性差频技术,发展了集成实用化的中红外双光梳系统。共腔产生的1034 nm与1039 nm双波长脉冲序列,其重复频率差约为1.18 kHz,且因共模噪声被抑制,脉冲间的相对稳定性较高。利用级联放大器将种子脉冲光功率提升至1.1 W后,与2 W的1549.315 nm的连续激光非线性差频,将激光器输出波段拓展至中红外。产生的中红外激光功率可达3.5 mW,光谱覆盖范围超过50 nm。对中红外双光梳的相干性进行测量,与1μm的底层双光梳相比,中红外双光梳拍频梳齿频率间隔、信噪比、线宽等无明显劣化,可为复杂环境下的痕量分析提供可行方案。

基于双光梳光谱技术的气体温度测量研究

双光梳光谱作为一项新兴技术,具备响应快、分辨率高、灵敏度高、光谱范围宽等优点,在分子精密光谱分析领域中有独特的优势和广阔的发展前景。提出了一种基于双光梳光谱的高温气体测量方案,利用两个存在微小重频差的光梳通过异步采样实现高温气体吸收光谱的高精度测量,并利用光谱-温度反演算法得到气体温度值。试验中采用了重复频率约为205.315 MHz和205.365 MHZ的双光梳系统,实现了1 057 K温度下CO_(2)气体在4.2μm波长附近吸收光谱的高精度测量。结果表明,该技术作为一种主动式测温技术,具备高温气体的准确测量能力,在国防军工装备高温计量测试领域有重要的应用前景。

光学频率梳空间应用及研究进展

光学频率梳具有时域超短脉冲和频域宽光谱、窄线宽、等间隔相干频率梳齿的优良特性,并兼具联系光学频率与微波频率的能力,在空间应用中具有广阔前景,目前已在多个领域取得突破性进展。文章梳理了光频梳产生方法的技术现状,分析了光频梳在空间时频基准、空间时频传递、精密测量以及大容量相干光通信等空间应用领域的研究进展。其中,光频梳在空间时频基准中为高精度时间和频率标准的建立提供了重要支持;在空间时频传递中,光频梳有助于实现精确的时间和频率同步,为星间、星地和洲际尺度的空间应用提供高精度时间频率对比分发;在精密测量中,光频梳可提供宽工作频率范围内的高精度快速测量,在精密测绘、光学定位、目标跟踪和遥感等领域有着广泛的应用潜力;而在大容量相干光通信方面,光频梳具有多载波强相干的突出优势,可用于实现高速、稳定的光通信系统,满足大容量数据传输的需求。随着光频梳产生技术、调控手段的进一步成熟,光频梳在空间应用的各个领域将发挥更重要的作用。但是面向工程化应用,仍需解决环境适应性、系统集成、稳定性和可靠性等方面的难题。

片上孤子光学频率梳集成与测试研究

光学频率梳由一系列等间距分布的相干激光组成,作为高精度频率标准可以实现气体吸收光谱的超精细扫描,在光谱分析、燃烧诊断等领域有重要应用。基于克尔效应的微环谐振腔,具备尺寸小、重量轻、功耗低等优点,有望成为新一代集成光源。开展了片上孤子光学频率梳集成与测试研究,实现了孤子光学频率梳的集成封装,试验观测到了孤子的演化过程,实现了宽带孤子光频梳波长范围大于100 nm,重复频率大于49 GHz。同时,基于双微环谐振腔构建了双梳系统,重频差14.69 MHz,实现了C2H2吸收光谱的精细扫描。

飞秒光学频率梳高精度气体吸收光谱技术进展

飞秒光学频率梳以其频谱宽、脉宽窄、频率稳定度高等优点,对光学频率计量、绝对距离测量、高精度光谱测定产生重大影响。飞秒光学频率梳的时域特性和频域特性溯源至微波频率基准,使得高精度气体吸收光谱探测成为可能。飞秒光学频率梳光谱技术具有测量速度快、光谱灵敏度高、分辨率高、信噪比高等优点,因此加大对飞秒光学频率梳光谱技术的研究力度将更好地服务于环境保护、工业生产、生物医学、科学研究等各领域。飞秒光频梳高精度气体吸收光谱主要可分为光频梳腔衰荡光谱、光频梳腔增强光谱和双光频梳多外差光谱。其中,根据采集方式不同,光频梳腔增强光谱又可分为梳齿游标测量法、虚拟成像相位阵列测量法和傅里叶变换测量法。目前,国外已广泛开展相关研究,而国内仍处于起步阶段。本文综述了飞秒光学频率梳高精度气体吸收光谱探测的主要技术方法,展示了不同测量方法典型的实验方案,分析了各探测方法的优缺点,并追踪了主要研究小组的前沿成果。

光频梳在精密测量中的应用

光学频率梳在过去17年间极大地促进了精密科学领域的发展。光学频率梳首先建立了微波频率与光学频率的直接联系,为时频领域的相关研究带来了突破性的进展;在此基础上,利用光学频率梳稳定的频域梳齿特性极大地推动了激光精密计量与测试技术的进步,同时光学频率梳良好的时域相干性也为实现高速、宽带的高精密分子光谱探测提供了前所未有的手段。简述了光学频率梳的产生于发展,综述了光学频率梳在激光频率测定、绝对距离测量和精密吸收光谱探测、高速非线性光谱与光谱成像及高精度时间频率传递应用中的进展。这也说明了光学频率梳作为一种具有优秀时频特性的激光器必将继续推动精密科学领域的发展。

现代量子光学的发端和物理学精密测量的新巅峰——2005年诺贝尔物理学奖成果介绍

瑞典皇家科学院决定,授予路易·格劳伯(Roy J Glauber)、约翰·霍尔(John L Hall)和提阿多·汉斯(Theodor W Hnsch)2005年度的诺贝尔物理学奖。格劳伯是因为他在光相干的量子理论方面的贡献,霍尔和汉斯则是因为他们在发展激光精密光谱学,包括光频梳(optical frequency comb)技术方面的贡献,而分别获此殊荣的。按历史进程简单评述了现代量子光学的发端,给出了现代量子光学的内容概要,较详细地介绍了汉斯和霍尔是如何发展光频梳技术以精确测量光频的。

2005年诺贝尔物理学奖——光学再次被关注聚焦

瑞典皇家科学院决定,授予路易·格劳伯(ROYJGLAUBER)、约翰·霍尔(JOHNLHALL)和提阿多·汉斯(THEODORWHNSCH)2005年度诺贝尔物理学奖.格劳伯是因为他在光相干的量子理论方面的贡献,霍尔和汉斯则是因为他们在发展激光精密光谱学,包括光频梳(OPTICALFREQUENCYCOMB)技术方面的贡献,而分别获此殊荣的.本文按历史进程简单评述了现代量子光学的发端,给出了现代量子光学的内容概要,较详细地介绍了汉斯和霍尔是如何发展光频梳技术以精确测量光频的.

原子光频标中的基础理论与新方案

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