Creating an Extraterritorial Application System of Chinese Law: From the Perspective of Advancing the Rule of Law in Domestic and Foreign-Related Affairs in a Coordinated Manner

The rule of law in foreign-related affairs breaks down the distinction between domestic law and international law,as well as between the rule of law in domestic affairs and that in international affairs,providing a bridge for China to build lawbased governance and to reform the global governance system for the new era.The extraterritorial application of domestic law can lead to legal conflicts between nations and conflicts between domestic law and international law.The principle of extraterritorially applying domestic law should be based on not violating the prohibitive provisions of international law and resolving legal conflicts through the conclusion of international treaties or negotiations.In the systematic undertaking of taking a coordinated approach to the rule of law in Chinese domestic and foreignrelated affairs,thebuilding ofChina's system of extraterritorial application of domestic law should be accelerated under the unified leadership by the Communist Party of China,with legislative,executive,and judicial authorities performing their respective duties.This building should be based on multilateralism,taking into account the legitimate concerns of other countries,and with the bottom line of not violating the prohibitive provisions of international law,and should be promoted with a balanced approach considering both"offense"and"defense."

Application of the direct blast adaptive suppression method to the forward scattered broadband signals

The basic principles of target detection by forward acoustic scattering are presented.A direct blast suppression approach based on adaptive filtering(DBS-AF) is proposed to suppress the direct blast.The DBS-AF technique is extended to the linear frequency modulation(LFM) signal,where the envelope of the signal is regarded as a 'general waveform' and imported into the adaptive filter.Application of the DBS-AF method to the data collected from a lake trial yields an output detection curve,in which the direct blast is mapped to the background while the acoustic field aberration is represented by the peak value fluctuation.The inhibitory effect in single hydrophone is approximately- 5 dB,and is then enhanced by exploiting the mean value removal approach as a preprocessing technique.The direct blast is further suppressed to a level of-10 dB by making full use of multichannel receptions.The main factors affecting the algorithm performance are as follows:the fluctuation degree of the receptions during the weighting vector training period and the power ratio of the forward scattered wave to the direct blast when the target is present.

One Direction Rough Law Generation and Its Security Transmission

By using function one direction S-rough sets (function one direction singular rough sets),the concept of one direction rough law is proposed,where one direction rough law is the law pair {w(x)-,w(x)-} composed by w(x)-and w(x)-. If the attribute set {α-,α-} of function one direction S-rough sets changes,then one direction rough law {w(x)-,w(x)-} will change,too. By employing ellipse curves,the concept of one direction rough law security is presented,the security theorem of one direction rough law is proposed and the applications are given. One direction rough law security,which is generated by the intersection and penetration between function one direction S-rough sets and ellipse curves,is a new applied research direction of function S-rough sets.

美国法中的“长臂管辖权”:从民事诉讼到法律的不当域外适用

“长臂管辖权”指的是美国法院对域外非美国居民(公民)的管辖权,它是美国民事诉讼中的概念,不能等同于法律的不当域外适用。但是,在美国的法律体系中,长臂管辖权是美国不当域外适用法律的关键性法律技术基础。一方面,美国行政机关通过民事诉讼程序实施行政处罚,也可以通过民事诉讼程序提起没收财产的对物诉讼以达到准刑事处罚的目的;另一方面,在刑事案件和民事诉讼中,美国法院依据民事诉讼程序确定案外非当事人的作证义务、配合扣押财产义务。美国的民事诉讼由于具有可单边性(适用缺席审判且送达方式灵活)、证明标准更低的特点,在法律上能够比刑事诉讼更加有效、简便地将美国的国家权力运用到本国领土以外。

《海洋环境保护法》的修订、完善和适用展望

2023年《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》在正式施行40周年之际完成了第二次全面修订。本次修订是对该法中过往存在问题的一次集中调整,同时也融入了大量我国推动海洋强国建设、践行海洋命运共同体理念的思考和实践,包括在总则方面正式引入风险预防原则,拓宽了法律域外适用的范围,创造性地完善了海洋生态保护和其他分则规定,并针对国际海洋治理的热点事件做出了合理的回应。但该法的适用依然需要更多配套法律、法规和规章的支持。总体来看,该法的修订为我国环境立法的改革和创新做出了重要贡献,并将成为我国倡导和践行海洋命运共同体理念、积极参与和引领全球海洋环境治理的重要法律基础。

论宪法基本权利条款的域外效力及边界

当前,中国宪法基本权利研究忽视了基本权利条款的域外空间效力,对基本权利条款域外适用问题重视不足。立足国际交往日益频繁的时代背景,需要重新思考宪法基本权利条款的适用范围,对传统的以领土边界为限的国家义务观念进行审视。同其他部门法一样,宪法的基本权利章节同样具有强大的域外适用潜力,即在国家领土外的人在一定条件下可向国家主张基本权利,相应地国家需承担在域外尊重和保障其基本权利的义务。比较法经验表明,基本权利条款域外适用在经济全球化时代已是大势所趋。我国宪法虽未明示域外空间效力,但基本权利条款域外适用有深厚的政治哲学基础,并可从宪法序言、我国加入的人权条约以及我国的国际关系立场获得解释动力。基本权利条款域外适用理论丰富了百年未有之大变局下宪法学的知识体系。

中国海洋环境保护法律的域外适用:国际实践、主要问题与完善建议

海洋环境保护法律的域外适用对于一国有效保障本国海洋环境权益,以及通过规则输出参与全球海洋环境治理具有重要的意义和作用。这一过程需要同时满足“行为主体是国家”以及“合法的域外管辖权”两个前提。然而,由于域外适用的立法规定不明确、国家之间的管辖权冲突以及国内法与国际法之间的冲突等问题的存在,海洋环境保护法律的域外适用并不易实现。通过横向比较美国和欧盟等不同国家和地区有关海洋环境保护法律域外适用的实践,有助于厘清中国海洋环境保护法律域外适用中存在的问题。应以《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》的二次修订为基础,进一步完善域外适用规定,并向国际社会就海洋环境保护法律的域外适用提供中国智慧及方案。

F-rough law and the discovery of rough law

By using function one direction S-rough sets （function one direction singular rough sets）, this article presents the concepts of F-law, F-rough law, and the relation metric of rough law; by using these concepts, this article puts forward the theorem of F-law relation metric, two orders theorem of F-rough law relation metric, the attribute theorem of F-rough law band, the extremum theorem of F-rough law relation metric, the discovery principle of F-rough law and the application of F-rough law.

F-generation law and recognition of system law

If a system is not disturbed （or invaded） by some law, there is no doubt that each system will move according to the expected law and keep stable. Although such a fact often appears, some unknown law breaks into the system and leads it into turbulence. Using function one direction S-rough sets, this article gives the concept of the F-generation law in the system, the generation model of the F-generation law and the recognition method of the system law. Function one direction singular rough sets is a new theory and method in recognizing the disturbance law existing in the system and recognizing the system law.

Hiding dependence-discovery of F-hiding laws and system laws

Function one direction S-rough sets have dynamic characteristics and law characteristics. By using the function one direction S-rough sets, this article presents the concepts of the f-hiding law, F-hiding law, f-hiding law dependence and F-hiding law dependence. Based on the concepts above, this article proposes the hidingdependence theorem of f-hiding laws, the hiding-dependence theorem of F-hiding laws, the hiding-dependence separation theorem, the hiding dependence-discovery principle of unknown laws. Finally, the application of the hiding dependence of hiding laws in the discovery of system laws is given.

F-interference law generation and its feature recognition

By using two-directional S-rough sets, the concepts of （f, f）-interference generation and （f, f）- interference law generation of knowledge, F-interference generation and F-interference law generation of two-directional S-rough sets are proposed. Based on the concepts above, the relation theoreras between F-interference loss and F-interference degree, the relation theorems between F-interference loss law and F-interference degree law, the dis- cernibility theorems between F-interference and F-interference law are presented. At last, the recognition criterion of F-interference law and its application are given.

F-Law collision and system state recognition

Using function one direction S-rough sets （function one direction singular rough sets）, f-law and F- law and the concept of law distance and the concept of system law collided by F-law are given. Using these concepts, state characteristic presented by system law collided by F-law and recognition of these states characteristic and recognition criterion and applications are given. Function one direction S-rough sets is one of basic forms of function S-rough sets （function singular rough sets）. Function one direction S-rough sets is importance theory and is a method in studying system law collision.

Rough law generation and its separation-recognition

By using function S-rough sets（function singular rough sets）, this paper gives rough law generation and the theorem of rough law generation.Based on these results above, the paper proposes rough law separation, the theorem of rough law separation, the compound generation theorem of rough law bands, and the principle of rough law bands.In the end, an application of rough law separation in recognizing the risk law of profit is presented.

■-law collision and system state recognition

Using dual function one direction S-rough sets, this article gives the f-law, the F-law, law distance and the concept of system law collided by the F-law. The characteristics presented by the system law collided by the F-law, the recognition of these characteristics and recognition criterion are also proposed. The dual function one direction S-rough sets is one of the basic forms of function S-rough sets. Its basic theory and application in the study of system law collision are reviewed.

域外管辖、“长臂管辖”与我国法域外适用:概念厘定与体系构建

域外管辖权是主权国家对其管辖范围外的行为或事项进行规制的权限,包括立法规制权、行政规制权和司法规制权,与域外效力内涵一致。当代国际法已形成判断域外管辖权是否合法的原则与标准。美国法律中的“长臂管辖”与国际社会诟病的美国“长臂管辖”存在本质区别,前者不涉及违反国际法的问题,后者则违反国际法。我国法域外适用包括三种具体情形,现阶段,中国学术界关注的我国法域外适用仅指国家权力机关对在域外发生的行为或事项在本国域内适用法律这一情形。当前,我国法域外适用体系已初步建立,未来应充分发挥国家治理体系优势,从立法、执法和司法三个维度统筹谋划、科学设计各项制度规则,为中国和平发展和构建人类命运共同体提供有力的涉外法治保障。

美国商业秘密法域外适用的扩张与中国应对——以《2022年保护美国知识产权法》为中心

美国商业秘密法的域外适用存在扩张趋势。《2022年保护美国知识产权法》进一步授权美国行政部门对域外商业秘密侵权行为进行制裁,扩大了美国的商业秘密域外执法权,对中国的产业安全和涉外法治建设带来新的挑战。为减少冲突:在政府层面,我国应通过效果标准和适当联系原则构筑中国法的域外适用规则,优化中国反制裁体系的防御和弥补功能,完善多元、开放的金融体制;在市场层面,相关主体应加强海外合规和风险预警机制,积极通过行政复议或司法审查获得救济,主动与法案质疑者、其他被制裁主体和因制裁受到连带损害的美国企业寻求利益联合。

美国公法域外适用的司法路径

公法域外适用历来是美国扩张内国法秩序适用范围,实施对外政策的重要途径。在美国法语境下,公法域外适用隶属立法管辖,与长臂管辖虽有关联但并无隶属关系,深受单边主义冲突法理论的影响,与公法域内适用的界限日益模糊。司法路径曾在扩张美国公法域外适用范围以及协调内外国公法适用冲突两方面皆扮演关键角色,却也饱受争议。反域外适用推定复兴后,司法能动性显著下降。美国立法机关在界定公法域外适用范围过程中发挥的作用日益显著,但并不能完全排除司法的作用。协调内外国规制权力冲突不应也不能排除司法利益衡量机制,应划定司法裁量的内外边界,并恰当处理司法对行政的遵从关系。当下,我国正在加速推进公法域外适用机制的构建,应重视司法路径的培育和保障。

主权形象视域下的法律域外适用体系构建问题

法律域外适用体系分为被动的域外适用体系和主动的域外适用体系两种。被动的域外适用体系重在防守,难以主动出击保护自身海外利益。从未来战略转型需要出发,要主动保护本国在海外的国民和海外利益,我国就有必要构建主动的法律域外适用体系,体现我国积极进取的主权形象。要做到这一点,具体路径是充分发挥管辖权的功能。管辖权是解决国家行为合法性的主要工具。一方面,必须在立法过程中高度重视相关法律在国际关系中的功能与定位问题,赋予其以相应的域外可适用性;另一方面,还需要重视私法公法化和公法私法化的两种不同路径在立法中的应用及其价值,实现二者的对接和互补。同时,必须重视不同主体在法律域外适用中的作用,尤其是行政机关和个人主体的作用。

美国《反海外腐败法》域外适用的制度镜鉴

美国《反海外腐败法》通过扩张其管辖权获得了广泛的域外效力。其全球腐败治理的初衷具备合理性,也直接推动了全球范围内企业合规制度的发展,但是其对国内管制放松与域外管辖扩张的矛盾引发诸多批判,在晚近的中美贸易争端中也成为美国政府基于长臂管辖制裁、威胁中国企业海外运营的重要手段。党的二十大报告指出,要加强涉外领域立法,统筹推进国内法治与涉外法治建设,这要求我们加快构建中国法的域外适用体系,更好维护国家主权、安全、发展利益。因此,我国不仅需要以企业合规建设和阻断法为主的直接应对方式,还需构建相应的中国法域外适用制度这一间接应对方式。在构建我国的反海外腐败法律体系中,应秉持开放性与谦抑性结合的涉外法治发展的价值取向,在立法上赋予我国法律一定的域外效力,在执法上加强执法机构的协调并采取鼓励举报人的制度,在司法上注重和解程序的建设。

国内法律文本中shall和must的使用和翻译研究

实定法是实现法治的必要基础,它以相辅相成的权利和义务为核心和实质内容;英文法律文本中用于设定强制性义务的助动词的选用,对权利(权力)的救济和保障至关重要。为解决国内法律文本中shall的滥用和误用问题,自1970年以来,绝大多数英语国家制定了文件对其用法进行规范,形成了两种主要做法:一是以英联邦主要国家为代表,全面禁止使用shall并使用must设定强制性义务;二是以美国为代表,将shall的词义限定为设立强制性义务并予以使用,但是因shall歧义引发的诉讼和不同判决时有发生。我国国内法律官方参考英译本中shall和must的使用还处于主要英语国家2000年之前的滥用和误用状态。为避免和减少涉外法律纠纷和诉累,加强国内外法律和法治文化沟通,推动我国法律的域外适用,在将外国国内法律文本中的shall和must翻译为中文时,需要基于它们在有关外国法中的用法和含义,根据我国的立法技术规范翻译为相关中文术语;在将我国国内法律文本翻译为英文时,应该采取英联邦主要国家的做法。