Improve Labor Contract System, Safeguard Lawful Rights and Interests of Laborers——An interview with Prof. Guan Huai of Law School of Renmin University of China

EDITOR＇S NOTE： The Draft Labor Contract Law of the People＇s Republic of China has been completed and was published for soliciting comments on March 20. In a short period of one month, 191,849 pieces of comments and opinions were received. Prior to the promulgation of the law, this reporter interviewed Mr. Guan Huai, a noted Chinese expert in labor law, professor of the Law School of the Renmin University of China and law advisor to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions.

On the Lawful Rights and Interests of Mentally Retarded Children——A case study of a rehabilitation center in Liaoning Province

Mentally retarded children are the most disadvan- taged among disabled children. Since the reform and opening up, with sup- port from the Communist Party of China, the government and the public, the legitimate rights and interests of mentally retarded children have greatly improved. But problems in this respect remain serious, and vari- ous levels of government, relevant departments and the public should attach much importance to these problems. This paper, taking a reha- bilitation center in Liaoning Province for mentally retarded children as a single case, studies the protection of these children＇s lawful rights and in- terests in a systematic manner.

The Legal Support for the Protection of the Disabled Children's Rights and Interests

How to protect the disabled children’s rights and interests legally has been a very serious,urgent realistic subject.Today,the problems in the protection of the disabled children’s rights and interests become obvious,mainly including that the right to exist is not protected,the right to education is changed,the right to development is not implemented,the right to participate is not respected,and the right to be protected is not safeguarded,etc.As the legal position of the protection of the disabled children’s rights and interests is absent,it is imperative to choose the legal support ways for the protection of the disabled children’s rights and interests.

Discussion on Administrative Law protection for Pension Rights and Interests of the Lost Only-Child Elderly in China

Lacking of shelter and care from their children, Chinese lost only-child elderly are impoverished and their mental state compared to older people in general are more fragile and sensitive. They have even united themselves for self-help, while their efforts have been often unhelpful. Their scale has been increasingly expanding and risen to many serious social problems. Appearance of lost only-child old man people and vulnerability of protection for those elderly is mainly due to the faultiness of Birth Control Policy, lack of government finance and imperfect social security system. Chinese government should establish a mechanism to increase and maintain the value of administrative compensations, strengthen administrative pay and protection of administrative contracts, broaden administrative relief channels for the elderly, and effectively protect the pension interests of the lost only-child elderly.

Improvement of Legislation System of Protecting Women’s Rights and Interests in China——Taking the Amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests as an Opportunity

The Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests has been amended twice since it was promulgated 1992,and it has formed a relatively complete legislation system together with relevant laws and regulations,accumulating experience of judicial application in practice.In the current proposed amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests,the main issues that should be considered are:First,the legislative purpose of this law should be reviewed to clarify the three legislative positions of the Law on Women’s Rights and interests,in terms of protection,practice and foundation.Second,it is necessary to grasp whether the text content is appropriate and rectify any defects in the existing text.Third,it should explore how to reform and implement specific systems from the micro perspective to improve the specific systems of women’s personal,property,and social rights and interests.Fourth,it should strengthen the systematic interaction with other norms at different levels and implement the principle of gender equality stipulated in the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China.Fifth,attention should be paid to the necessity of invoking the Law in judicial practice,the possibility of operation and the effectiveness of enforcement.The proposed amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests should also sum up the experience of local legislation and judicial decisions and improve the quality of judicial application of the law so that is truly responds to the practical needs and challenges of the protection of women’s rights and interests and the implementation of gender equality in the new era.

Safeguarding Farmer Workers' Rights and Interests——An interview with Ye Jingyi, professor of Beijing University Law School

Farmer workers are a new powerful workforce that has sprung up amid China＇s reform and door opening and in the process of the country＇s industrialization and urbanization. They have made great contributions to urban prosperity, rural development and their country＇s modernization. At present, however, farmer workers face numerous difficulties and problems in income, work safety, social security, vocational training, the schooling of their children and living conditions. To safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of farmer workers, the State Council in March 2006 issued Ideas of the State Council on Solving Farmer Workers-related Problems. In the document, the State Council promises to strengthen and improve leadership over work regarding farmer workers and prioritize the solving of farmer workers-related problems.

Revision of Trade Union Law: For Better Protection of Workers' Rights and Interests

On October 27, 2001, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress adopted a decision on revision of the People's Republic of China Trade Union Law. Guan Huai, legal advisor to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, had the following to say in an interview with the Human Rights:

Creating an Institutional Environment for Protecting the Rights and Interests of China’s Dispatched Labor

Employment is fundamental in improving the livelihood of the people and social security is the source ofhuman happiness. This is how the international community protects and improves basic human rights. It is also the policy China has adopted to achieve sustainable economic and social development. Furthermore, it is clear evidence of China＇s respect and protection of human rights.

A Study on China＇s Marine Rights and Interests and Their Maintenance

Marine rights and interests is an important part of national sovereignty, it is also an important part of national interests. At present, the maritime economy and coastline security of China is facing some new situation and challenges. In view of the strategic significance and maritime situation of ocean development, it needs to work out a feasible ocean strategy of China from the need of safeguarding the interests of the whole country urgently. We must establish the maintenance strategies of China＇s marine rights and interests in order to realize the sustainable development of marine fights and interests.

数据产权刑法保护模式的构建

数据产权是一种具有财产权属性的新型权利,该权利与虚拟财产权和知识产权具有明显差异。数据产权属于刑法保护的公法益范畴,其应归属于市场经济秩序法益之中。现行刑法有关财产犯罪、知识产权犯罪和数据犯罪的规定均无法实现对数据产权的全面保护。刑法对数据产权的保护应以促进数据流通为主要目标,且应当覆盖数据处理的各流程阶段。对侵犯数据产权行为进行刑法规制时,应对“未经同意”获取数据行为审慎入罪。应增设妨害数据流通管理秩序罪,对“情节严重的”妨害数据流通管理秩序行为予以刑法规制。

劳动关系微分化视角下网约工劳动权益的法律保障

在算法技术与平台经济相得益彰共同推进数字经济向纵深方向发展的过程中,劳动关系日益呈现出微分化的演化趋势,使得以网约工为代表的新业态从业人员陷入了“身份不明确”的主体性危机与“权益保障难”的双重困境,不仅对传统的劳动从属基础性理论提出了新的挑战,而且也日益凸显现行法律制度供给不足的现状。基于网约工群体经济从属性、人格从属性与组织从属性微分化趋势之系统理论分析,科学审视与证成微分化视阈下具有劳动从属性的网约工“第三类劳动者”之身份,并将“内在经济与人格从属程度的差距均以外在劳动量的差别为表现形式”这一从属性微分化之核心作为识别与判定标准,对具有不同强度从属性的“第三类劳动者”给予不同程度的劳动法倾斜保护,希冀能平衡平台经济有序发展与网约工劳动权益合法保障之间的关系,为健全和完善我国劳动法律制度体系提供符合数字经济内在运行规律的科学立法选择。

全面禁止抑或严格限制:我国竞业限制制度的模式选择与规范进路

竞业限制涉及用人单位的商业秘密权与劳动者的就业权,并对公共利益产生影响,相关制度设计及其司法适用应当平衡好各方权益。立法的不完善和司法审查的宽松标准助长了用人单位滥用竞业限制。在大力发展新质生产力的背景下,虽然我国不能移植美国最新的“全面禁止”规则,但可以借鉴美国审理竞业限制可执行性的司法经验,在竞业限制领域建立起较为严格的二重审查基准,并配套以预防“事实竞业限制”的相关措施。

新时代高校劳动法治教育新探索

无论从保护、关爱高校毕业生,关注学生就业实际出发;还是从提升大学生法治素养达成高校法治育人目标;抑或是为了建立稳定的劳动关系、促进和谐社会的发展、建立社会主义法治国家,高校劳动法治教育都不可或缺。高校应为学生搭建一个比较完整的劳动法治教育体系,依托劳动教育课程向大学生普及劳动法相关内容;同时多层次、多形式地开展劳动法治活动,进而帮助大学生形成劳动权利意识、证据意识以及维权意识,不断提升劳动法治素养。

论外资立法的国内法国际化原则

国家外资立法是衡量一国对外开放程度的重要标志,应当遵循“国内法国际化”原则。该原则要求国家在制订和实施国内法时遵守国际规则,也可以让国内法对国际规则产生影响。全球治理格局已经变化,国内法性质的外资立法面对国际上性质不同、程度差别的投资竞争性规则,亟需坚持“立基于整体、从个体切入”的共同体利益。一方面,国内外资立法的健全和实施不能忽略国际规则,也应科学合理地设定东道国的“剩余控制权”;另一方面,还应坚持国际上的义利平衡和兼顾,在关键议题上把握高水平与适应性、渐进性之间的均衡,以此形成对国际公法产生影响的中国方案。

为形成新型生产关系提供数据法治保障

随着大数据、人工智能等数字技术的飞速发展与广泛应用,数据已成为推动经济社会发展的重要驱动力。数据不仅成为一种新型生产要素,而且还引发传统生产模式和生产主体关系发生变革,因此,必须形成与之相适应的新型生产关系。在此背景下,形成新型生产关系需要遵循数据法治逻辑,建立明晰的数据产权制度、合理的数据流通制度和公正的数据权益分配制度。为此,有必要制定综合性的数据法律规范、建立跨部门协同的数据治理机制、推动数据技术的负责任创新和构建数字化的权利救济机制。

数字经济背景下反垄断法的时代使命

数字经济领域日益严峻的垄断问题引发了全球范围内的反垄断热潮,理解数字经济背景下反垄断法的时代使命,有助于我们更好地把握反垄断执法的方向和力度。首先,反垄断法肩负着维护经济民主的使命,它贯穿于经济运行的各个环节,在当下中国集中体现为实现共同富裕的伟大目标。其次,反垄断法肩负着维护政治民主的使命,数字平台通过各种方式获得了广泛的政治权力,而技术性反垄断忽视了反垄断法的政治性基因。再次,反垄断法肩负着促进知识共享的文化使命,“知识垄断型资本主义”严重阻碍了知识传播,要重视知识产权领域的反垄断。最后,反垄断法还肩负着维护劳动力市场自由竞争、保障劳动幸福的社会使命,长期忽视劳动力市场反垄断会导致劳动者不断被剥削,我们需要在既有的消费者福利标准外为反垄断法注入劳动者福利标准。

集体成员诉权的组织法配置:法理、实践和解释性构造

《农村集体经济组织法》从体系性视角初步构建集体成员诉权机制,但仍然存在粗疏遗漏和诉权克减现象。运用组织法逻辑配置集体成员诉权并构设诉讼规则,纵向维度上应当尊重其不同诉讼阶段动态递进的三阶构造,横向维度上适用以诉讼目的为依据划分形成的三种类型。《农村集体经济组织法》主要沿着以撤销权保护成员权益、以代表诉权保护组织权益、以行政行为监督决议合法性的进路展开,尚存撤销诉讼规则错裂、代表诉讼规则疏漏、决议纠纷可诉性不明的问题,在司法实践的具体适用仍有极大解释空间。应结合集体成员诉权原理构设侵权诉讼、代表诉讼和决议诉讼,通过出台司法解释或法官采取扩张性解释拓展细化具体规则。

民行交叉视域下居住权与抵押权的权利冲突与协调

为尽可能避免居住权对抵押权实现的不利影响,部分不动产登记机构、住房公积金管理中心等通过行政规范性文件规定居住权的设立前置条件及其消极法律后果。这类规则既缺乏上位法依据,亦难与既有民法体系兼容,甚至已僭越了行政权合理介入物权的权力半径,不具备增设限制性条款的可行性。考虑到抵押权人及行政机关的风险防范与特殊利益,居住权与抵押权的权利冲突与协调应回归民法的私益对抗范畴,排除与民法规范相悖的绝对限制性规则,允许当事人在相对限制的界限内自主分配各自所应承担的风险并在一定条件下赋予抵押权人防御性救济权,减少抵押权人对居住权的抵触心理。为了发挥当事人之约定应有的对抗性效力,需辅之以不动产登记中心的特殊约定记载义务与风险提示义务,完善住房公积金管理中心、银行等机构的事前风险预警机制,从根本上消解居住权与抵押权的权利冲突状态。

高价彩礼的法治因应

彩礼以缔结婚姻为目的,传统婚姻模式、现代婚姻模式与理想婚姻模式下彩礼的制度原理各不相同。现代婚姻与理想婚姻模式之下,适当彩礼作为一种不违反法律与公序良俗的赠与行为,发挥着平衡男女双方婚育成本和保障女性权益的功能,具备合法性与合理性,被法治社会所允许。由于存在婚育隐忧、攀比之风、儿女有别及性别失衡现象,适当彩礼在一些地方畸变为高价彩礼。后者有悖社会公共利益,国家法律介入符合比例原则,具备法治正当性。高价彩礼呼吁“软硬混治”:在硬法治理层面,需要明确彩礼的范围并增加倡导性规则,同时完善用人单位保障、社会保障以及家庭保障等综合配套措施。在软法治理层面,要善用软法工具、提高立“法”科学性,宣扬先进文化、完善激励机制并打造多元治理主体格局、树立多措并举意识,让彩礼止于礼。

论“环境执法非诉执行类”检察行政公益诉讼的反思与优化

负有环境资源监督管理职责的主管部门对其生效的行政决定怠于向人民法院申请强制执行,检察机关在诉前程序无果的情形下向人民法院提起的检察行政公益诉讼虽“于法有据”,但司法实践案例中呈现出的“诉讼的耗时性与环境公益保护的紧迫性存在冲突”“检察机关的胜诉对生效行政决定的执行仅有间接影响”以及“挤占虚耗司法资源”等问题却一再表明,对“怠于申请非诉执行的行为”不加区分地提起检察行政公益诉讼欠缺合理性。“环境执法非诉执行类”检察行政公益诉讼的泛化适用,既是对检察机关“全链条式”监督理念的误用,也是对检察行政公益诉讼“有限监督原则”的违背,还与行政诉讼之“诉的利益理论”存在冲突,建议将“环境执法非诉执行类”检察行政公益诉讼区分为履行职责类诉讼与确认违法类诉讼,对于前者国家可通过立法直接赋予检察机关强制执行申请权的方式予以“赋权替代”,对于后者检察机关可通过提起确认违法类诉讼对生态环境和资源保护主管部门怠于履职行为的违法性予以“宣示”,实现“环境执法非诉执行类”检察行政公益诉讼的区分构造。