Hyperphosphatemia after sodium phosphate laxatives in low risk patients:Prospective study

AIM:To establish the frequency of hyperphosphate-mia following the administration of sodium phosphate laxatives in low-risk patients. METHODS:One hundred consecutive ASAⅠ-Ⅱindividuals aged 35-74 years,who were undergoing colonic cleansing with oral sodium phosphate(OSP) before colonoscopy were recruited for this prospective study.Exclusion criteria:congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease,diabetes,liver cirrhosis,intestinal obstruction,decreased bowel motility,increased bowel permeability,and hyperparathyroidism.The day before colonoscopy,all the participants entered a 24-h period of diet that consisted of 4 L of clear fluids with sugar or honey and 90 mL(60 g)of OSP in two 45-mL doses,5 h apart.Serum phosphate was measured before and after the administration of the laxative. RESULTS:The main demographic data(mean±SD) were:age,58.9±8.4 years;height,163.8±8.6 cm; weight,71±13 kg;body mass index,26±4;women, 66%.Serum phosphate increased from 3.74±0.56 to 5.58±1.1 mg/dL,which surpassed the normal value (2.5-4.5 mg/dL)in 87%of the patients.The highest serum phosphate was 9.6 mg/dL.Urea and creatinine remained within normal limits.Post-treatment OSP se-rum phosphate concentration correlated inversely with glomerular filtration rate(P<0.007,R 2=0.0755),total body water(P<0.001,R 2=0.156)and weight(P< 0.013,R 2=0.0635). CONCLUSION:In low-risk,well-hydrated patients, the standard dose of OSP-laxative-induced hyperphos-phatemia is related to body weight.

Review of efficacy and safety of laxatives use in geriatrics

AIM:To study the efficacy and safety of pharmacolo-gical treatment of constipation in geriatrics.METHODS:Pub Med,MEDLINE,google scholar,and Ovid were searched to identify human studies performed on the use of laxatives in elderly with constipation,which were conducted between January1990 and January 2013 using the specified keywords.Controlled studies that enrolled geriatric patients with a diagnosis of constipation and addressed the efficacy and/or the safety of pharmacological treatments were included.Studies were excluded from this review if they were non-controlled trials,case series,or case reports.RESULTS:Out of twenty three studies we initially retrieved in our search,only nine studies met the eligibility criteria of being controlled trials within geriatrics.The laxatives examined in the nine studies were senna,lactulose,sorbital,polyethylene glycol(PEG),lubiprostone,linaclotide,and prucalopride.In those studies,senna combinations had a higher efficacy than sorbitol or lactulose as well as,a very good adverse effect profile.PEG was also shown to be safe and effective in geriatric population.Furthermore,it has been shown that PEG is as safe in geriatrics as in general population.New agents like lubiprostone and prucalopride show promising results but the data about these agents in geriatrics are still limited which warrant further investigation.CONCLUSION:Senna combinations and PEG appear to have a more favorable profile over the other traditionally used laxatives in elderly patients with constipation.

Effects of Prophylactic Laxatives for Opioid-Induced Constipation on Constipation Severity and Quality of Life among Patients with Cancer

Background: To reduce patients’ unnecessary suffering, Opioids Induced Constipation (OIC) should be identified and treated as early as possible with the most current treatment. Aims: to investigate the effectiveness of prophylactic laxatives in reducing the severity of OIC and its impact on cancer patients’ quality of life. Methods: A Randomized Clinical Trial design was used. 57 cancer patients from one oncology clinic at a governmental hospital participated in the study. Patients in the intervention groups were given an oral colonic stimulant laxative (i.e. Bisacodyl, Dose = 3 tab/day) or an oral colonic osmotic laxative (i.e. Lactulose, Dose = 15 ml three times per day), while patients in the control continue receiving their routine care as usual. Results: A significant decrease in the severity of constipation symptoms among the intervention group at four weeks post-intervention was noted (p Conclusions: It can be concluded that the use prophylactic of first line laxatives concurrently with opioids decreased the severity of OIC and improved the QOL for cancer patients.

Choice of laxatives and colonoscopic preparation in pregnant patients from the viewpoint of obstetricians and gastroenterologists

AIM： To elucidate the preferences of gastroenterologists at our institution and compare them to those of obstetricians when making decisions in the pregnant patient, including which type of bowel preparations to use for flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy, as well as which laxatives can be used safely.METHODS： Surveys were mailed to all attending gastroenterologists （n = 53） and obstetricians （n = 99） at our institution. Each survey consisted of the 14 most common laxative or motility agents used in pregnancy and inquired about the physician＇s prescribing habits in the past as well as their willingness to prescribe each medication in the future. The survey also listed four common bowel preparations used prior to colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy and asked the physician to rank the order of the preferred agent in each case.RESULTS： With regard to common laxatives, both gastroenterologists and obstetricians favor the use of Metamucil, Colace, and Citrucel. Both groups appear to refrain from using Fleets Phosphosoda and Castor oil. Of note, obstetricians are less inclined to use PEG solution and Miralax, which is not the case ,with gastroenterologists. In terms of comparing bowel preparations for colonoscopy, 50% of gastroenterologists prefer to use PEG solution and 50% avoid the use of Fleets Phosphosoda. Obstetricians seem to prefer Fleets Phosphosoda （20%） and tend to avoid the use of PEG solution （26%）. With regard to bowel preparation for sigmoidoscopy, both groups prefer Fleets enema the most （51%）, while magnesium citrate is used least often （38%）.CONCLUSION： It is clear that preferences in the use of bowel cleansing preparations between the two groups exist, but there have not been many case controlled human studies in the pregnant patient that give clear cut indications for using one versus another drug. In light of the challenge of performing controlled trials in pregnant women, more extensive surveys should be undertaken to gather a larger amount of data on physicians＇ experiences and individual preferences.

Diphenyl methane laxatives do not induce electrolyte imbalance

Aim: To analyse whether there are changes in sodium and potassium serum levels during chronic treatment with the diphenyl methanes bisacodyl and sodium picosulfate. Methods: A literature search was done using PubMed, and the reference lists of pertinent papers were screened for additional studies. Only studies of at least 4 weeks duration were considered for further analysis. Results: Four relevant studies were identified. In three randomised controlled trials with 5 to 10 mg daily of bisacodyl or sodium picosulfate, respectively, over four weeks no electrolyte losses were found. Hypokalemia was also not a problem in a group of patients with paraplegia using bisacodyl suppositories for 2 to 34 years. Conclusions: Electrolyte losses, particularly hypokalemia, are not a problem when bisacodyl or sodium picosulfate are used long-term.

α-螺旋蛋白中三分量高阶非线性薛定谔方程的怪波解

以三分量高阶非线性薛定谔方程为α-螺旋蛋白中生物能量沿蛋白质分子链传输的控制方程,研究三个相互耦合的波函数在极限状态下激发的怪波.基于控制模型的Lax对表示,利用规范变换得到了达布变换的行列式形式.通过Lax对的变量分离和平移参数的引入,给出了怪波激发的代数条件.进一步利用幂级数的多项分裂构造怪波解的基础特征函数,并由此导出退化的达布变换.最后通过退化的达布变换获得怪波解,并在不同参数下,用三维图形示例怪波的波形演化及其极值轨迹.

五阶耦合扩展mKdV方程的N阶孤子解

基于二分量五阶耦合扩展修正的Korteweg-de Vries(mKdV)方程,借助广义Darboux变换和Taylor展式,得到方程N阶孤子解的迭代表达式.对谱参数的实部和虚部分类讨论,取合适的自由参数,通过数值模拟展示孤子间的相互作用图,进一步分析不同参数对孤子间弹性及非弹性碰撞的影响.所得结果对高阶孤子的研究具有一定的理论意义.

Jimbo-Miwa-Like方程的Lax可积性研究

基于双Bell多项式方法,将Jimbo-Miwa-Like方程化为双线性形式,运用Bell多项式的相关性质,构造出方程的双Bell多项式B?cklund变换、双线性B?cklund变换、Lax对、无穷守恒律和孤子解。运用试探函数法和符号计算软件Mathematica获得方程的复合型解,并选取适当的参数,绘制一部分精确解的图像来说明性质。

Higher-dimensional Chen-Lee-Liu equation and asymmetric peakon soliton

Integrable systems play a crucial role in physics and mathematics.In particular,the traditional(1+1)-dimensional and(2+1)-dimensional integrable systems have received significant attention due to the rarity of integrable systems in higher dimensions.Recent studies have shown that abundant higher-dimensional integrable systems can be constructed from(1+1)-dimensional integrable systems by using a deformation algorithm.Here we establish a new(2+1)-dimensional Chen-Lee-Liu(C-L-L)equation using the deformation algorithm from the(1+1)-dimensional C-L-L equation.The new system is integrable with its Lax pair obtained by applying the deformation algorithm to that of the(1+1)-dimension.It is challenging to obtain the exact solutions for the new integrable system because the new system combines both the original C-L-L equation and its reciprocal transformation.The traveling wave solutions are derived in implicit function expression,and some asymmetry peakon solutions are found.

椭圆链式KP系统的可积性分析

我们以前已经深入研究了求解椭圆链式KP方程的直接线性化方法,而求解该方程的柯西矩阵方法只是近年来的一个热门主题。本文将讨论基于柯西矩阵方法的椭圆链式KP方程的可积性,为下一步的求解做准备。本文首先从辅助向量u(2i)=(IXC)−1Pic出发得到椭圆链式KP系统的lax组,然后从Lax组中推导出椭圆链式KP系统来完成闭环。

Current Status of Clinical Application and Basic Research on Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Jujube Lung-Diarrhoea Soup

The clinical application and basic research of Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup focus on respiratory diseases and circulatory diseases, and its clinical application is more compared with the basic research, and Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup is mostly used in the form of “Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup with additional subtractions or other formulas combining Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup” in the clinical application. This article will focus on the main mechanisms of Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup and its main components in the treatment of respiratory and circulatory diseases, and will give a review of the basic research on Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup as follows.

An Eight Component Integrable Hamiltonian Hierarchy from a Reduced Seventh-Order Matrix Spectral Problem

We present an eight component integrable Hamiltonian hierarchy, based on a reduced seventh order matrix spectral problem, with the aim of aiding the study and classification of multicomponent integrable models and their underlying mathematical structures. The zero-curvature formulation is the tool to construct a recursion operator from the spatial matrix problem. The second and third set of integrable equations present integrable nonlinear Schrödinger and modified Korteweg-de Vries type equations, respectively. The trace identity is used to construct Hamiltonian structures, and the first three Hamiltonian functionals so generated are computed.

一类(1+1)维变系数复方程的可积性研究

该文基于双Bell多项式与Hirota双线性算子之间的关系,研究了一类(1+1)维变系数复方程的可积性.首先通过适当的变换,构造出方程的双线性表达式、双线性Backlund变换,又通过Hopf-Cole变换得到方程的Lax对,从而证明该方程具有Lax可积性.

修正Boussinesq方程的N-次Darboux变换与精确解

基于一个3×3矩阵Lax对,研究修正Boussinesq方程的N-次Darboux变换。首先给出修正Boussinesq方程Darboux变换的简捷证明。其次通过迭代给出N-次Darboux变换,最后利用Darboux变换获得修正Boussinesq方程和Boussinesq方程的精确解。

Functional constipation in children:What physicians should know

Functional constipation(FC)is considered the most common functional gastrointestinal disorder in children with a pooled global prevalence of 14.4%(95%confidence interval:11.2-17.6)when diagnosed based on the Rome IV criteria.Its pathophysiological mechanisms are thought be multifactorial and complicated,resulting in difficult management.Currently,the most effective medication,when used in parallel with toilet training,is osmotic laxatives.Children’s adherence to medication and parental concern regarding long-term laxative use are the main contributors to treatment failure.Recently,novel therapies with a high safety profile have been developed,such as probiotics,synbiotics,serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor agonists,chloride channel activators,and herbal and transitional medicines;nonetheless,well-designed research to support the use of these therapies is needed.This review aims to focus on multiple aspects of FC in children,including global prevalence,pathogenesis,diagnostic criteria,tools,as well as conventional and novel treatment options,such as non-pharmacological management,including adequate fiber and fluid intake,physiotherapy,or neuromodulators.We also report that in very difficult cases,surgical intervention may be required.

基于Bell多项式的一类(3+1)维变系数广义浅水波方程的可积性研究

本文基于Bell多项式研究了一类(3+1)维变系数广义浅水波方程的可积性问题.首先,引入变量变换,借助Bell多项式与Hirota双线性算子之间的关系,导出方程的Hirota双线性形式,求出方程的N-孤子解,并对单孤子、双孤子和三孤子在不同情形下的传播进行图像模拟;其次,基于双线性方程,结合Bell多项式获得方程的双线性Backlund变换;然后,通过Hopf-Cole变换,将双线性Backlund变换线性化,求出方程的Lax对;最后,利用级数展开法得到方程的无穷守恒律.从而证明该方程具有可积性.

散焦型非线性薛定谔方程的Whitham调制理论及其间断初值问题解的分类和演化

Whitham调制理论自1965年被首次提出后,由于其在研究色散流体动力学和处理间断初值问题上的独特优势得到了人们的广泛关注.本文发展了散焦型非线性薛定谔方程的Whitham调制理论,研究它的间断初值问题解的分类和演化,并利用直接数值模拟验证结果的正确性.具体地,推导出稀疏波和色散冲击波解及其相应的Whitham方程,详细讨论了每种分类中黎曼不变量和色散流体的密度分布.最后,分析了色散流体的活塞问题,发现了新奇的波状涌潮结构.

广义Ablowitz-Ladik方程的守恒律和Darboux变换

基于新的2×2离散矩阵谱问题,研究广义Ablowitz-Ladik(AL)方程的守恒律和Darboux变换.首先,利用Riccati方法给出广义AL方程的无穷守恒律,并得到其显式表示;其次,借助Lax对和规范变换构造广义AL方程的Darboux变换;最后,选择恰当的种子解,给出广义AL方程的显式精确解,得到2-扭结孤子解,并分析解的动力学性质.

水稻稀穗突变体lax3的遗传分析及基因定位

穗粒数是构成作物产量的三大要素之一,与作物产量具有显著的正相关关系,定位、克隆与穗粒数有关的新基因为解析作物产量构成具有十分重要的意义。利用穗颈注射法将高粱基因组DNA导入水稻品种9311中,在后代筛选到1个稀穗突变体,暂定名为lax3。研究了该突变体的主要农艺性状和稀穗的遗传方式,并对该稀穗突变基因进行了精细定位。研究结果表明,该稀穗突变体lax3在株高、分蘖、枝梗和穗粒数上与受体9311相比存在显著的差异。遗传分析表明该突变体的稀穗性状受1对隐性核基因控制,用lax3/02428F_(2)群体将该基因初步定位在水稻第4染色体上,位于SSR标记RM16335和RM16424之间,交换单株分别为5株和3株。通过扩大遗传群体和进一步开发标记,最后将该基因定位在RM16349和Indel标记In4-8之间,两者之间的物理距离约为96.9kb。本研究结果为进一步克隆该基因、解析水稻穗粒结构调控机制和分子辅助选育奠定一定的基础。

一类可积非局部CLL方程的求解

本文基于耦合的Chen-Lee-Liu方程,通过约化得到一类可积非局部的CLL方程,并由可积非局部CLL方程Lax对出发,构造了双边Darboux变换,从而得到零背景下解的表达式。经典的Chen-Lee-Liu (CLL)方程是数学和物理中最重要的可积系统之一,可用于描述光纤中的传播脉冲。目前已经通过Darboux变换法、黎曼–希尔伯特方法、逆散射方法等方法对CLL方程进行求解,得到许多有趣的解。本文从经典耦合的CLL方程扩展到非局部的CLL方程,增添了些与经典CLL方程不同的数学物理性质,具有研究意义。