The three-layer model of the thermohaline structure in the shallow seas

A three-layer model of the thermohaline structure is developed on the basis of the two -layer model of thermocline. The model is able to simulate the depth,thickness and intensity of both thermocline and halocline, and the temperature and salinity of both upper layer and lower layer in the shallow seas.Camparison of simulation with data is favorable.Detailed analysis is made on a variety of factors affecting the intensity of the thermocline.

A 31-year Global Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature Dataset Created by an Ocean Mixed-Layer Model

A dataset of hourly sea surface temperature(SST) from the period 1 January 1982 to 31 December 2012, and covering the global ocean at a resolution of 0.3°× 0.3°, was created using a validated ocean mixed-layer model(MLSST). The model inputs were heat flux and surface wind speed obtained from the Coupled Forecast System Reanalysis dataset. Comparisons with in-situ data from the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean array and the National Data Buoy Center showed that the MLSST fitted very well with observations, with a mean bias of 0.07℃, and a root-mean-square error(RMSE) and correlation coefficient of 0.37℃ and 0.98, respectively. Also, the MLSST fields successfully reproduced the diurnal cycle of SST in the in-situ data, with a mean bias of -0.005℃ and RMSE of 0.26℃. The 31-year climatology revealed that the diurnal range was small across most regions, with higher values in the eastern and western equatorial Pacific, northern Indian Ocean, western Central America, northwestern Australia, and several coastal regions. Significant seasonal variation of diurnal SST existed in all basins. In the Atlantic and Pacific basins, this seasonal pattern was oriented north–south, following the variation in solar insolation, whereas in the Indian basin it was dominated by monsoonal variability. At the interannual scale, the results highlighted the relationship between diurnal and interannual variations of SST, and revealed that the diurnal warming in the central equatorial Pacific could be a potential climatic indicator for ENSO prediction.

A Micro-layer Model for the Lubrication Effect Near Collisions of Immersed Particles

A micro-layer model is proposed to account for the lubrication effect of liquid layer near collisions of immersed particles at moderate particle Reynolds number.This new model is to allow determination of the pressure profile within the micro-layer including the fluid inertia and viscosity.Then a correction based on the micro-layer model is applied to unsteady 3-D direct simulation of a particle approaching another one.The simulation is based on a modified immersed boundary method with direct force scheme.The quantitative agreement between numerical and experimental results validates the model presented in the study.The simulation results show that the fluid is squeezed prior to contact.When a particle approaches a flat wall or another particle,the lubrication force,obtained by integrating the pressure profile over the particle surface,is increased and prevents the particle from approaching.The model predicts that the velocity of approaching particle starts to decrease when separation distance of particles is less than 0.1dp,where dp is the particle diameter.

A New Ocean Mixed-Layer Model Coupled into WRF

A new mesoscale air-sea coupled model (WRF- OMLM-Noh) was constructed based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and an improved Mellor-Yamada ocean mixed-layer model from Noh and Kim (OMLM-Noh). Through off-line tests and a simulation of a real typhoon, the authors compared the performance of the WRF-OMLM-Noh with another existing ocean mixed-layer coupled model (WRF-OMLM-Pollard). In the off-line tests with Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Program's Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA-COARE) observational data, the results show that OMLM-Noh is better able to simulate sea surface temperature (SST) variational trends than OMLM -Pollard. Moreover, OMLM-Noh can sufficiently reproduce the diurnal cycle of SST. Regarding the typhoon case study, SST cooling due to wind-driven ocean mixing is underestimated in WRF-OMLM-Pollard, which artificially increases the intensity of the typhoon due to more simulated air-sea heat fluxes. Compared to the WRF- OMLM-Pollard, the performance of WRF-OMLM-Noh is superior in terms of both the spatial distribution and temporal variation of SST and air-sea heat fluxes.

A Novel Two-Layer Model for Overall Quality Assessment of Multichannel Audio

With the development of multichannel audio systems, corresponding audio quality assessment techniques, especially the objective prediction models, have received increasing attention. Existing methods, such as PEAQ(Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality) recommended by ITU, usually lead to poor results when assessing multichannel audio, which have little correlation with subjective scores. In this paper, a novel two-layer model based on Multiple Linear Regression(MLR) and Neural Network(NN) is proposed. Through the first layer, two indicators of multichannel audio, Audio Quality Score(AQS) and Spatial Perception Score(SPS) are derived, and through the second layer the overall score is output. The final results show that this model can not only improve the correlation with the subjective test score by 30.7% and decrease the Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) by 44.6%, but also add two new indicators: AQS and SPS, which can help reflect the multichannel audio quality more clearly.

Ionospheric time delay corrections based on the extended single layer model over low latitude region

Ionospheric delay error is considered to be one of the most prominent factors impacting the Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS) positioning and navigation accuracies. Due to dispersive nature and anisotropic of the ionosphere above certain regions, the positioning accuracy is seriously affected when using a precision-limited model. In this paper, an attempt has been taken to estimate ionosphere-delays based on Planar Fit(PF) and Spherical Harmonic Function(SHF) models by applying the commonly used single layer Model(SLM) and an extended single layer model(ESLM) which has been explored sparsely over the region. The results show that ESLM of PF and SHF techniques performed better in estimating ionospheric delay compared to the existing SLM model. Although the performance of the ESLM approach is almost comparable to the SLM results during the quiet ionospheric conditions, the ESLM-PF and ESLMSHF models led to respective improvements of 4.66% and 7.14% over the classically used SLM model under the disturbed ionospheric conditions. In view of the uneven variability of equatorial/low latitude ionosphere above the Indian subcontinental region, the suitability of ESLM-PF and ESLM-SHF models has been emphasized and suggested for assessing its completeness and reliableness across other parts of the globe. The output of this work may be useful for high precession GNSS positioning through mitigating the ionospheric delays under quiet as well as varied ionospheric conditions across the low/equatorial latitude regions.

A Two-Layer Model for Superposed Electrified Maxwell Fluids in Presence of Heat Transfer

基于一个 modified-DarcyMaxwell 模型，二维，不可压缩并且二围住的层的热转移流动，通过触电的麦克斯韦，在多孔的媒介的液体被执行。为在一个电场下面的不稳定性的驱动力，在免费费用上施加的静电的力量在划分接口被积累。正常模式分析被认为学习骚乱层的线性稳定性。有边界条件的运动的线性化的方程的答案导致在生长率和波浪数字之间的一种含蓄的分散关系。这些方程是由威伯数字，雷纳兹数字， Marangoni 数字，无尺寸的传导性，和无尺寸的电的潜力的 parameterized。长波浪的格界面的稳定性被学习了。稳定性标准在在哪个稳定性，图被获得理论上被执行。在限制的格中，一些以前出版的结果能被认为我们的结果的格同样特别。雷纳兹数字在稳定性标准起一个使动摇的作用，这被发现，当抑制影响为增加 Marangoni 数字和麦克斯韦松驰时间被观察时。

A boundary layer model for capture of inclusions by steel-slag interface in a turbulent flow

A boundary layer model was developed to predict the capture of inclusions by steel-slag interface in a turbulent fluid flow,which is based on the detailed analysis of inclusion trajectories.The effective boundary layer for inclusion removal was proposed by a statistical method.It is noticed that the capture of inclusions by steel-slag interface is not only dependent on the diameter of inclusions but also related to the local turbulent conditions.In high turbulent flow fields,the transport of inclusions is mainly dominated by the turbulent flow,and thus,the effective boundary layer thickness is mainly affected by the level of turbulent kinetic energy and is almost independent of the inclusion diameter.The inertia of inclusions gradually takes over the stochastic effect of turbulent flow,and the effect of inclusion diameter on effective boundary layer thickness becomes more noticeable with the decrease in the level of turbulent kinetic energy.Besides,the effective boundary layer thickness is more susceptible to the inclusion diameter for larger inclusions due to its greater inertia under the same turbulent condition while it principally depends on the level of turbulent kinetic energy for smaller inclusions.As the characteristic velocity increases,the time for inclusions transport and interaction with steel-slag interface decreases,and thus,the effective boundary layer thickness decreases.Moreover,the graphical user interface was developed by using the cubic spline interpolation for ease of coupling the current boundary layer model with the macro-scale model of a turbulent fluid flow in the metallurgical vessel.

Lower Bounds of Decay Rates for Solution to the Single-Layer Quasi-Geostrophic Model

In this paper, we study the long-time behavior of solutions of the single-layer quasi-geostrophic model arising from geophysical fluid dynamics. We obtain the lower bound of the decay estimate of the solution. Utilizing the Fourier splitting method, under suitable assumptions on the initial data, for any multi-index α, we show that the solution Ψ satisfies .

2-D Modeling and Calculations of Stratospheric Ozone and Influences of Convection, Diffusion, and Time

An engineering system approach of 2-D cylindrical model of transient mass balance calculations of ozone and other concerned chemicals along with fourteen photolysis, ozone-generating and ozone-depleting chemical reaction equations was developed, validated, and used for studying the ozone concentrations, distribution and peak of the layer, ozone depletion and total ozone abundance in the stratosphere. The calculated ozone concentrations and profile at both the Equator and a 60˚N location were found to follow closely with the measured data. The calculated average ozone concentration was within 1% of the measured average, and the deviation of ozone profiles was within 14%. The monthly evolution of stratospheric ozone concentrations and distribution above the Equator was studied with results discussed in details. The influences of slow air movement in both altitudinal and radial directions on ozone concentrations and profile in the stratosphere were explored and discussed. Parametric studies of the influences of gas diffusivities of ozone DO3 and active atomic oxygen DO on ozone concentrations and distributions were also studied and delineated. Having both influences through physical diffusion and chemical reactions, the diffusivity (and diffusion) of atomic oxygen DO was found to be more sensitive and important than that of ozone DO3 on ozone concentrations and distribution. The 2-D ozone model present in this paper for stratospheric ozone and its layer and depletion is shown to be robust, convenient, efficient, and executable for analyzing the complex ozone phenomena in the stratosphere. .

LayeredModel:一个面向室内空间的移动对象数据模型

基于室内空间的移动对象管理或称室内移动对象管理,是一个崭新而又富有挑战的研究领域.如何建立语义完备并且支持多种应用的室内移动对象模型是一个重要的基础性问题.提出了一个分层的室内移动对象数据模型:LayeredModel.该模型提出了室内空间距离的概念,并使用不同的层次关系表达室内元素、传感器以及移动对象之间的关系.从而能支持多种基于室内空间的应用,例如移动对象的跟踪、监控、导航以及室内最近邻查询等.LayeredModel模型也为后续的室内移动对象的索引、查询的研究奠定了基础.

Numerical calculation of multiple scattering with the layer model

The optical measurement technique based on Mie scattering has been applied to various areas, in which single scattering at low particle concentration is assumed. Nevertheless, since multiple scattering is usually unavoidable in online measurements, we present in this work a multiple scattering calculation method, in which a layer model is employed. The three-dimensional particle system is divided into a pile of layers the number of which is automatically determined, depending on the obscuration of the particle system. The calculation is found to be fast, reasonable and reliable.

Determination of Natural Logarithm of Diffusion Coefficient and Activation Energy of Thin Layer Drying Process of Ginger Rhizome Slices

This study is an extension of the previous work done with ARS-680 Environmental Chamber. Drying is a complex operation that demands much energy and time. Drying is essentially important for preservation of ginger rhizome. Drying of ginger was modeled, and then the effective diffusion coefficient and activation energy were determined. For this purpose, the experiments were done at six levels of varied temperatures: 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C. The values of effective diffusion coefficients obtained in this work for the variously treated ginger rhizomes closely agreed with the average effective diffusion coefficients of other notable authors who determined the drying kinetics and convective heat transfer coefficients of ginger slices.

A three-layer structure model for the effect of a soft middle layer on Love waves propagating in layered piezoelectric systems

A three-layer structure model is proposed for investigating the effect of a soft elastic middle layer on the propagation behavior of Love waves in piezoelectric layered systems, with ＂soft＂ implying that the bulk-shear-wave velocity of the middle layer is smaller than that of the upper sensitive layer. Dispersion equations are obtained for unelectroded and traction-free upper surfaces which, in the limit, can be reduced to those for classical Love waves. Systematic parametric studies are subsequently carried out to quantify the effects of the soft middle layer upon Love wave propagation, including its thickness, mass density, dielectric constant and elastic coefficient. It is demonstrated that whilst the thickness and elastic coefficient of the middle layer affect significantly Love wave propagation, its mass density and dielectric constant have negligible influence. On condition that both the thickness and elastic coefficient of the middle layer are vanishingly small so that it degenerates into an imperfectly bonded interface, the three-layer model is also employed to investigate the influence of imperfect interfaces on Love waves propagating in piezoelectric layer/elastic sub- strate systems. Upon comparing with the predictions ob- tained by employing the traditional shear-lag model, the present three-layer structure model is found to be more ac- curate as it avoids the unrealistic displacement discontinuity across imperfectly bonded interfaces assumed by the shearlag model, especially for long waves when the piezoelectric layer is relatively thin.

A Simplified Scheme of the Generalized Layered Radiative Transfer Model

In this paper, firstly, a simplified version （SGRTM） of the generalized layered radiative transfer model （GRTM） within the canopy, developed by us, is presented. It reduces the information requirement of inputted sky diffuse radiation, as well as of canopy morphology, and in turn saves computer resources. Results from the SGRTM agree perfectly with those of the GRTM. Secondly, by applying the linear superposition principle of the optics and by using the basic solutions of the GRTM for radiative transfer within the canopy under the condition of assumed zero soil reflectance, two sets of explicit analytical solutions of radiative transfer within the canopy with any soil reflectance magnitude are derived： one for incident diffuse, and the other for direct beam radiation. The explicit analytical solutions need two sets of basic solutions of canopy reflectance and transmittance under zero soil reflectance, run by the model for both diffuse and direct beam radiation. One set of basic solutions is the canopy reflectance αf （written as α1 for direct beam radiation） and transmittance βf （written as β1 for direction beam radiation） with zero soil reflectance for the downward radiation from above the canopy （i.e. sky）, and the other set is the canopy reflectance （αb） and transmittance βb for the upward radiation from below the canopy （i.e., ground）. Under the condition of the same plant architecture in the vertical layers, and the same leaf adaxial and abaxial optical properties in the canopies for the uniform diffuse radiation, the explicit solutions need only one set of basic solutions, because under this condition the two basic solutions are equal, i.e., αf = αb and βf = βb. Using the explicit analytical solutions, the fractions of any kind of incident solar radiation reflected from （defined as surface albedo, or canopy reflectance）, transmitted through （defined as canopy transmittance）, and absorbed by （defined as canopy absorptance） the canopy and other properties pertinent to the radiative transfer within the canopy can be estimated easily on the ground surface below the canopy （soil or snow surface） with any reflectance magnitudes. The simplified transfer model is proven to have a similar accuracy compared to the detailed model, as well as very efficient computing.

ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER CONCEPT MODEL OF THE PEARL RIVER DELTA AND ITS APPLICATION

Based on the geographical circumstance, climate and the boundary layer meteorology features of the Pearl River Delta, a boundary layer concept model of the Pearl River Delta was built. The concept model consists of four fundamental factors that affect the boundary layer meteorology of the Pearl River Delta and can convincingly explain the reason of the air quality change in the Pearl River Delta. The model can be used to the diffusion capability analysis, the air pollution potential forecasting or haze forecasting, etc.

Arnol＇d＇s Second Nonlinear Stability Theorem for General Multilayer Quasi－geostrophic Model

Arnol'd's second nonlinear stability criterion for motions governed by a general multilayer quasi-geostrophic model is established. The model allows arbitrary density jumps and layer thickness, and at the top and the bottom of the nuid, the boundary condition is either free or rigid. The criterion is obtained by the establishment of the upper bounds of disturbance energy and potential enstrophy in terms of the initial disturbance field.

ALGEBRAIC TURBUL ENCE MODEL WITH MEM ORY FOR COMPUTATION OF 3-D TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS WITH VALIDATION

Additional equations were found based on experiments for an algebraic turbulence model to improve the prediction of the behavior of three dimensional turbulent boundary layers by taking account of the effects of pressure gradient and the historical variation of eddy viscosity, so the model is with memory. Numerical calculation by solving boundary layer equations was carried out for the five pressure driven three dimensional turbulent boundary layers developed on flat plates, swept wing, and prolate spheroid in symmetrical plane. Comparing the computational results with the experimental data, it is obvious that the prediction will be more accurate if the proposed closure equations are used, especially for the turbulent shear stresses.

Three-Dimensional Simulations of RESET Operation in Phase-Change Random Access Memory with Blade-Type Like Phase Change Layer by Finite Element Modeling

An optimized device structure for reducing the RESET current of phase-change random access memory （PCRAM） with blade-type like （BTL） phase change layer is proposed. The electrical thermal analysis of the BTL cell and the blade heater contactor structure by three-dimensional finite element modeling are compared with each other during RESET operation. The simulation results show that the programming region of the phase change layer in the BTL cell is much smaller, and thermal electrical distributions of the BTL cell are more concentrated on the TiN/GST interface. The results indicate that the BTL cell has the superiorities of increasing the heating efficiency, decreasing the power consumption and reducing the RESET current from 0.67mA to 0.32mA. Therefore, the BTL cell will be appropriate for high performance PCRAM device with lower power consumption and lower RESET current.

Multi-layer Tectonic Model for Intraplate Deformation and Plastic-Flow Network in the Asian Continental Lithosphere

In a large area of the east—central Asian continent there is a unified seismic network system composed of two families of large—seismic belts that intersect conjugately. Such a seismic network in the middle—upper crust is actually a response to the plastic flow network in the lower lithosphere including the lower crust and lithospheric mantle. The existence of the unified plastic flow system confirms that the driving force for intraplate tectonic deformation results mainly from the compression of the India plate, while the long-range transmission of the force is carried out chiefly by means of plastic flow. The plastic flow network has a control over the intraplate tectonic deformation.