Seismic evaluation of frequency influence and resonant behavior for lead rubber bearing isolated rigid rectangular liquid tanks

The seismic behavior of a partially filled rigid rectangular liquid tank is investigated under short-and longduration ground motions.A finite element model is developed to analyze the liquid domain by using four-noded quadrilateral elements.The competency of the model is verified with the available results.Parametric studies are conducted for the dynamic parameters of the base-isolated tank,using a lead rubber bearing to evaluate the optimum damping and time period of the isolator.The application of base isolation has reduced the total and impulsive hydrodynamic components of pressure by 80 to 90 percent,and base shear by 15 to 95 percent,depending upon the frequency content and duration of the considered earthquakes.The sloshing amplitude of the base-isolated tank is reduced by 18 to 94 percent for most of the short-duration earthquakes,while it is increased by 17 to 60 percent for the majority of the long-duration earthquakes.Furthermore,resonance studies are carried out through a long-duration harmonic excitation to obtain the dynamic behavior of non-isolated and isolated tanks,using a nonlinear sloshing model.The seismic responses of the base-isolated tank are obtained as higher when the excitation frequency matches the fundamental sloshing frequency rather than the isolator frequency.

Effect of Alternation of Aging and Seawater Erosion on Properties of Rubber Material Used in Lead Rubber Bearing

An artificially accelerated alternation of aging and seawater erosion test of rubber materials used in lead rubber bearing(LRB)was performed,mainly to study the time-varying laws of rubber materials mechanical properties.Time-varying laws of the Mooney–Rivlin and Neo-Hookean constitutive parameters of rubber materials under the alternation of aging and seawater erosion were also analyzed.Results indicate that the rubber material mechanical properties were significantly affected by alternation of aging and seawater erosion.Hardness and elongation stress increased exponentially with test time.And 120 days after the test,the hardness increased by 14%,the maximum percentage increase in stress of 124.76%occurred at 100%constant elongation and the minimum percentage increase in stress of 68.32%occurred at 300%constant elongation;Tensile strength and elongation at break decreased by 44.96%and 53.09%.Besides,constitutive parameters of Mooney–Rivlin and Neo-Hookean all changed greatly with test duration.Finally,time-varying laws of constitutive parameters were verified by comparing the simulated and experimental results of the lead rubber bearing’s stiffness.Research results are of great significance to the seismic performance research and life-cycle performance analysis of offshore traffic engineering such as cross-sea bridges and bridges in the marine environment.

Influence of Vertical Irregularity on the Seismic Behavior of Base Isolated RC Structures with Lead Rubber Bearings under Pulse-Like Earthquakes

Nowadays,an extensive number of studies related to the performance of base isolation systems implemented in regular reinforced concrete structures subjected to various types of earthquakes can be found in the literature.On the other hand,investigations regarding the irregular base-isolated reinforced concrete structures’performance when subjected to pulse-like earthquakes are very scarce.The severity of pulse-like earthquakes emerges from their ability to destabilize the base-isolated structure by remarkably increasing the displacement demands.Thus,this study is intended to investigate the effects of pulse-like earthquake characteristics on the behavior of low-rise irregular base-isolated reinforced concrete structures.Within the study scope,investigations related to the impact of the pulse-like earthquake characteristics,irregularity type,and isolator properties will be conducted.To do so,different values of damping ratios of the base isolation system were selected to investigate the efficiency of the lead rubber-bearing isolator.In general,the outcomes of the study have shown the significance of vertical irregularity on the performance of base-isolated structures and the considerable effect of pulse-like ground motions on the buildings’behavior.

Experimental and Finite Element Analysis for Multi-lead Rubber Bearings:A Comparative Study

The mechanical properties of multi-lead rubber bearings （MLRBs） were investigated by experiment and finite element analysis. First, the vertical stiffness, horizontal stiffness and yielded shear force were tested for four MLRB specimens and two specimens of the single-lead rubber bearings （ SLRBs）. Then, the MLRBs were modeled by the explicit finite element analysis software ANSYS/ LS-DYNA, in order to evaluate the horizontal force-displacement hysteretic curves under static vertical and dynamical horizontal loadings. The disagreement between the tested and theoretical values was less than 11.4%, and MLRBs and SLRBs were similar in vertical stiffness, pre-yield stiffness and yield stiffness.

A Study on the Seismic Isolation Systems of Bridges with Lead Rubber Bearings

This study consists of the development and presentation of example of seismic isolation system analysis and design for a continuous, 3-span, cast-in-place concrete box girder bridge. It is expected that example is developed for all Lead-Rubber Bearing (LRB) seismic isolation system on piers and abutments which placed in between super-structure and sub-structure. Design forces, displacements, and drifts are given distinctive consideration in accordance with Caltrans Seismic Design Criteria (2004). Most of all, total displacement on design for all LRBs case is reduced comparing with combined lead-rubber and elastomeric bearing system . Therefore, this represents substantial reduction in cost because of reduction of expansion joint. This presents a summary of analysis and design of seismic isolation system by energy mitigation with LRB on bridges.

Effect of Lead-Rubber Bearing Isolators in Reducing Seismic Damage for a High-Rise Building in Comparison with Normal Shear Wall System

Seismic earthquakes are a real danger for the construction evolution of high rise buildings.The rate of earthquakes around the world is noteworthy in a wide range of construction areas.In this study,we present the dynamic behavior of a high-rise RC building with dynamic isolators(lead-rubber-bearing),in comparison with a traditional shear wall system of the same building.Seismic isolation has been introduced in building construction to increase the structural stability and to protect the non-structural components against the damaging effects of an earthquake.In order to clarify the influence of incorporating lead rubber bearing isolators in the seismic response and in reducing seismic damages;a comparative study is performed between a fixed base system(shear wall system)and an isolated base system(Lead Rubber Bearing)on an irregular high rise reinforced concrete(RC)building located in Beirut consisting of 48 storeys almost asymmetric orthogonally.For this purpose,a non-linear analysis of a real earthquake acceleration record(EI Centro seismic signal)is conducted,so that the mode shapes,the damping ratio and the natural frequencies of the two models are obtained using ETABS software.The results prove a substantial elongation of the building period,as well as a reduction in the building displacement,the roof acceleration,the inter-storey drift ratio and the base shear force of isolated building relative to fixed-base building.This study proves that this technology is applicable to high rise buildings with acceptable results.

Sequestration of toxic Pb(Ⅱ) ions by chemically treated rubber(Hevea brasiliensis) leaf powder

Rubber leaf powder （an agricultural waste） was treated with potassium permanganate followed by sodium carbonate and its performance in the removal of Pb（II） ions from aqueous solution was evaluated. The interactions between Pb（II） ions and functional groups on the adsorbent surface were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） coupled with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDX）. The effects of several important parameters which can affect adsorption capacity such as pH, adsorbent dosage, initial lead concentration and contact time were studied. The optimum pH range for lead adsorption was 4-5. Even at very low adsorbent dosage of 0.02 g, almost 100% of Pb（II） ions （23 mg/L） could be removed. The adsorption capacity was also dependent on lead concentration and contact time, and relatively a short period of time （60-90 min） was required to reach equilibrium. The equilibrium data were analyzed with Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of lead was 95.3 mg/g. Three kinetic models including pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order and Boyd were used to analyze the lead adsorption process, and the results showed that the pseudo second-order fitted well with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99.

Preparation and characterization of iron-ore-imbedded silicone rubber materials for radiation protection

Iron-ore-imbedded silicone rubber materials were produced for radiation shielding. Samples were tested against a Co-60 gamma source, which is widely used in nuclear technology and medicine. Decreasing the particle size of iron ore resulted in better gamma radiation protection owing to more homogenous distribution. In addition, the materials had flexible properties up to the addition of 60 wt% iron ore content. Further, 0.5 mm Pb E gamma protection was provided by using 2.06-mm-thick SDT-60 as the Co-60 source. Iron ore–silicone rubber composites are candidate materials for lead-free flexible radiation protection systems owing to their relatively inexpensive and easy production.

空气弹簧-铅芯橡胶支座三维隔震装置力学性能

为提高柔性建筑结构的隔震能力,提出一种兼具水平和竖向隔震功能的空气弹簧-铅芯橡胶支座(AS-LRB)三维隔震装置.介绍了该三维隔震装置的构造,分别对该三维隔震装置水平和竖向力学性能进行了试验研究,提出了该三维隔震装置水平和竖向力学性能参数的计算方法.研究结果表明:该三维隔震装置采用空气弹簧(AS)进行竖向隔震,采用铅芯橡胶支座(LRB)进行水平隔震;竖向隔震的载荷-位移曲线表现出非线性变化的特点,其竖向力学性能受空气弹簧气压的影响明显;水平隔震的耗能能力强,其水平力学性能受加载幅值和空气弹簧气压的影响明显.通过与试验结果的对比表明,所提出的计算方法能够准确地计算该三维隔震装置的水平和竖向力学性能参数.

铅芯隔震橡胶支座力学性能试验研究

针对铅芯隔震橡胶支座力学性能试验,重点分析橡胶支座结构及粘接试验标准,设计一种新型抗剪粘接模块化试验装置,与现有试验装置进行分析比对,对新型试验装置的结构进行分析计算,对LRB750、LRB900两种支座进行压缩性能、水平性能、水平非破坏粘接性能和破坏粘接性能试验,结果表明:试验设计满足要求,相比垂向压缩、水平剪切对隔震橡胶支座粘接性能影响更明显,且支座压缩刚度、屈服力、屈服刚度、水平等效刚度均满足要求,LRB900初始粘接破坏载荷761 kN、位移735 mm。该研究成果为橡胶支座及同类产品研发和试验提供一定指导作用。

铅芯隔震橡胶支座关键抗震性能参数极低温效应试验研究

中国北方部分地区冬季易受到极寒气候的影响,研究铅芯隔震橡胶支座在此环境下的性能变化规律和规范适用性,对结构抗震安全性具有非常重要的意义。对3种不同形状的铅芯隔震橡胶支座,分别进行了不同温度(-60~40℃)和不同低温暴露时间(1、2、7 d)下的剪切性能试验,得出了支座的关键抗震性能参数(特征强度、水平等效刚度、屈服后刚度和等效阻尼比)随温度和低温暴露时间的变化规律。研究表明:支座形状对铅芯隔震橡胶支座的低温隔震性能影响较小;而橡胶配比在极低温时的影响至关重要;在满足各项性能需求的前提下,低温减隔震支座宜优先选择剪切模量较小的支座;支座的关键抗震性能参数在低温暴露时间约为2 d时达到一个相对稳定的状态。

管状铅柱叠层橡胶杆式阻尼器滞回性能分析

针对传统铅阻尼器易对环境污染、工艺要求高等缺点,本文提出了一种管状铅柱叠层橡胶杆式阻尼器,一方面通过叠层橡胶层与外壳封闭铅柱,防止铅粉泄露,另一方面采用模组化设计,使阻尼器生产过程更为简便。为了研究管状铅柱叠层橡胶杆式阻尼器滞回性能,首先对阻尼器试件进行循环加载试验,接着采用ABAQUS有限元软件,建立了阻尼器二维和三维模型,探究了阻尼器导杆直径、铅柱高度及叠层橡胶高度对阻尼器滞回性能的影响。结果表明:管状铅柱叠层橡胶杆式阻尼器的滞回效果良好,整体滞回性能呈双线性;铅柱高度和导杆尺寸对阻尼器的滞回性能影响较大。

高速公路多联连续梁桥隔震研究

针对高速公路多联连续梁桥的抗震问题,本文对铅芯橡胶支座和摩擦摆支座进行了隔震效应分析与设计优化。本文基于多联有限元模型和非线性时程分析方法,分析了多联体系下各墩地震响应的差异,及铅芯橡胶支座和摩擦摆支座的隔震和耗能效果,并对隔震支座的参数布置进行了优化。结果表明:多联桥梁交界墩的地震响应较联内墩一般增大20%以上,交界墩上部结构跨径差异较大时甚至可达75%。铅芯橡胶支座位移限制能力和大震耗能更好,且屈服前刚度越大、屈服强度和屈服后刚度越小,滞回耗能能力越强;摩擦摆支座小震时即可发挥其隔震效果,且滑动摩擦系数越小、曲率半径越大,隔震效果越好。通过在交界墩布置更多隔震支座可在保证一定隔震率的同时改善桥墩受力不均匀的问题,具有一定的工程参考价值。

济南某复杂综合体结构设计难点研究

济南某复杂综合体项目由两座约90m高塔楼+大底盘商业裙房+低区U形幕墙+高区拱形连桥组成,高区连体建筑采用铅芯橡胶隔震支座与塔楼相连,低区采用两端固定铰支座与塔楼相连,为大底盘多塔复杂连体结构。塔楼采用钢筋混凝土框架-核心筒结构体系,高区拱形连桥采用钢结构空腹桁架结构体系,低区U形幕墙采用劲性索体系。针对工程特点,着重阐述了大底盘裙房不分缝可行性及低、高区弱连体的合理支座形式,提出了采用两端固定铰U形劲性索的弱连体新形式。结果表明:低区U形幕墙采用两端固定铰连接形式,高区连桥采用铅芯橡胶隔震支座连接形式均能较好地实现弱连接,保证塔楼和连桥的抗震性能。

高速铁路高低塔斜拉桥减隔震装置研究

通过分析各类减隔震装置对高速铁路高低塔混合梁斜拉桥的减隔震作用,从而选取合理减隔震装置。以阜淮(阜阳—淮北)新建高速铁路跨颍河主跨230 m的高低塔混合梁斜拉桥为研究对象,建立铅芯橡胶支座、摩擦摆式减隔震支座、黏滞阻尼器有限元模型,采用非线性时程分析法对塔底弯矩、梁端水平位移等目标函数进行地震响应分析。结果表明:采用铅芯橡胶支座,塔底弯矩降幅达到49.9%;采用摩擦摆减隔震支座,塔底弯矩降幅达到54.3%;采用黏滞阻尼器,塔底弯矩降幅达到62.0%。对于高速铁路高低塔混合梁斜拉桥而言,黏滞阻尼器减隔震装置更合理,并给出合适设计参数。

铅芯橡胶隔震支座与黏滞阻尼器在某高位连体结构中的应用研究

一项目两栋塔楼通过高位钢连廊连接为双塔连体结构,该项目采用了铅芯橡胶隔震支座与黏滞阻尼器的柔性支座连接方案。详细介绍了柔性支座连接方案的设计要点,并建立了考虑钢连廊与塔楼相互作用的高位连体结构整体计算模型。采用YJK软件对高位连体结构进行了风荷载和小震作用下的计算分析,并采用SAUSAGE分析软件进行了罕遇地震作用下的弹塑性时程分析,分析了铅芯橡胶隔震支座和黏滞阻尼器的非线性地震响应。分析结果表明,在风荷载和小震作用下,铅芯橡胶隔震支座均处于弹性工作状态;在罕遇地震作用下,铅芯橡胶隔震支座产生屈服变形并耗能,最大剪切变形值在规范允许范围内,黏滞阻尼器滞回曲线饱满,出力明显;此外柔性支座连接方案减弱了高位钢连廊对主体结构的影响,按各塔楼进行独立设计并局部采取加强措施能够满足实际工程要求,而且能够降低主体结构设计难度。

小型铅芯橡胶支座剪切性能试验研究

通过对小型铅芯橡胶支座(LRB)进行剪切试验,研究了支座剪应变、压应力和加载频率对支座等效水平刚度、屈服后刚度、屈服力和等效阻尼比的影响。结果表明:随着剪应变的增大,支座的等效水平刚度和屈服后刚度减小,屈服力增大,等效阻尼比呈线性减小;随着竖向压应力的增大,支座的等效水平刚度减小,屈服后刚度呈线性减小,屈服力和等效阻尼比呈线性增大;加载频率对支座的剪切性能基本没有影响,可以忽略;100%剪应变以内,施加的剪应变和压应力没有对隔震支座造成损伤;剪应变超过100%的大变形和大压应力会使支座进入塑性,造成支座部分永久性损伤。建议根据振动台试验的工况顺序及支座在振动台试验的最大实际变形设计拟静力试验的工况。提出日本规范等效水平刚度计算公式的修正系数,并与振动台试验实测值进行对照,证明了修正后的计算公式计算精度有所提高。

隔震支座布置对地铁上盖多塔楼隔震结构的抗震性能影响分析

隔震支座的布置方式影响整隔震层的刚度,从而影响隔震效果。基于铅芯橡胶支座刚度占比和偏心率,确定了隔震支座的布置方式,研究了不同隔震支座布置方式对地铁上盖多塔楼隔震结构地震响应的影响。研究了隔震结构的减震系数、楼层加速度、层间位移角、楼层位移和楼层剪力的变化规律。研究结果表明,铅芯橡胶支座刚度占比在一定范围内变化,对于隔震层及盖上结构,减震系数增大,楼层加速度、楼层位移、层间位移角和楼层剪力减小;对于盖下结构,减震系数和楼层剪力增大,楼层加速度和层间位移角减小,楼层位移几乎不变;偏心率在一定范围内变化,对于隔震层及盖上结构,减震系数和楼层加速度增大,楼层位移、层间位移角和楼层剪力减小;对于盖下结构,减震系数增大,层间位移角和楼层剪力减小;楼层加速度和楼层位移几乎没有变化。

柔性直流换流阀LRB隔震性能分析

以一柔性直换流阀为研究对象,进行了铅芯橡胶隔震支座(LRB)基础隔震设计,通过ANSYS有限元模拟得到隔震前后结构的动力响应,对比分析了LRB隔震性能,结果显示:该柔性直流换流阀LRB隔震方案隔震性能优异,可显著降低震中换流阀结构应力和加速度响应,提高柔性直流换流阀结构的安全性。

某复杂大跨度钢结构连体结构设计及分析

本工程为大跨度连体建筑,连体结构最大跨度46m。连体本身采用钢桁架结构,连体两侧主体结构为混凝土框架结构。文章着重分析比较了大跨连体钢结构与主体结构支座连接采用刚性连接、半刚性连接和柔性连接对支座内力的影响。根据分析比较,本工程大跨连体结构支座采用铅芯橡胶支座。同时,文章采用高级有限元软件MIDAS gen进行连体结构的整体分析。结构设计时,针对结构的关键部位、薄弱部位进行了细部分析并加强构造措施,确保结构在承载能力极限状态和正常使用极限状态下的安全性。