Rice leaf inclination2, a VIN3-1ike protein, regulates leaf angle through modulating cell division of the collar

As an important agronomic trait, inclination of leaves is crucial Ior crop architecture and grain yields. 10 understand the molecular mechanism controlling rice leaf angles, one rice leaf inclination2 （1c2, three alleles） mutant was identified and functionally characterized. Compared to wild-type plants, lc2 mutants have enlarged leaf angles due to increased cell division in the adaxial epidermis of lamina joint. The LC2 gene was isolated through positional cloning, and encodes a vernalization insensitive 3-like protein. Complementary expression of LC2 reversed the enlarged leaf angles of lc2 plants, confirming its role in controlling leaf inclination. LC2 is mainly expressed in the lamina joint during leaf development, and particularly, is induced by the phytohormones abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, auxin, and brassinosteroids. LC2 is localized in the nucleus and defects of LC2 result in altered expression of cell division and hormone-responsive genes, indicating an important role of LC2 in regulating leaf inclination and mediating hormone effects.

Effects of the Combined Use of Tobacco Special Inorganic Fertilizer and Cake Organic Fertilizer on the Quality of Tobacco K326

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of the combined use of cake organic fertilizer and tobacco special fertilizer on the growth and development as well as the quality of tobacco leaves.[Method] Different ratios of cake organic fertilizer and tobacco special fertilizer were applied.Then,the agronomic traits and leaf quality determining factors were measured and analyzed at different growing stages.[Result] Compared with the control,the tobacco plant height was increased by 3.01％-5.84％,while the number of valid leaves was increased by 5.56％-20.39％ in all the treatments with combined use of fertilizers.The ratio of sugar to nicotine of leaf was closer to 10±1,and the ratio of nitrogen to nicotine of leaf was closer to 1±0.1.In addition,the combined use of 750 kg/hm2 tobacco special base fertilizer and 292 kg/hm2 cake organic fertilizer had a better effect for improving the agronomic traits and flavor qualities than all the other treatments.[Conclusion] This study will provide reference for developing special full-aroma tobacco leaf product and new tobacco special fertilizers in Hunan.

Folin-Ciocalteu比色法测定牡丹籽饼、牡丹叶、牡丹籽种壳中总多酚的含量

采用Folin-Ciocalteu比色法测定牡丹籽饼、牡丹叶、牡丹籽种壳中总多酚含量,以没食子酸为对照品,通过单因素实验对测定条件进行优化。结果表明,Folin-Ciocalte比色法测定牡丹籽饼、牡丹叶、牡丹籽种壳中总多酚含量的最优条件为:福林酚试剂2.5 m L,10%Na_2CO_3溶液2.5 m L,在30℃条件下避光30 min,测定其在770 nm处吸光度,没食子酸在2.018~10.09μg/m L范围内与吸光度值线性关系良好,回归方程为A=0.667C-0.014 9(r=0.999 6),精密度、稳定性、重复性、加样回收率的相对标准差(RSD)分别为0.15%,1.87%,2.23%,2.44%。牡丹籽饼、牡丹叶、牡丹籽种壳中总多酚含量依次为6.35,9.16,1.60 mg/g。该方法简便、可行、重复性好,可用于牡丹籽饼、叶、荚中总多酚的定量分析。

The use of grass as an environmentally friendly additive in water-based drilling fluids

Excellent drilling fluid techniques are one of the significant guaranteed measures to insure safety, qual- ity, efficiency, and speediness of drilling operations. Dril- ling fluids are generally discarded after the completion of drilling operations and become waste, which can have a large negative impact on the environment. Drilling mate- rials and additives together with drill cuttings, oil, and water constitute waste drilling fluids, which ultimately are dumped onto soil, surface water, groundwater, and air. Environmental pollution is found to be a serious threat while drilling complex wells or high-temperature deep wells as these types of wells involve the use of oil-based drilling fluid systems and high-performance water-based drilling fluid systems. The preservation of the environment on a global level is now important as various organizations have set up initiatives to drive the usage of toxic chemicals as drilling fluid additives. This paper presents an approach where grass is introduced as a sustainable drilling fluid additive with no environmental problems. Simple water- based drilling fluids were formulated using bentonite, powdered grass, and water to analyze the rheological and filtration characteristics of the new drilling fluid. A particle size distribution test was conducted to determine the par- ticle size of the grass sample by the sieve analysis method. Experiments were conducted on grass samples of 300, 90, and 35 μm to study the characteristics and behavior of the newly developed drilling fluid at room temperature. The results show that grass samples with varying particle sizes and concentrations may improve the viscosity, gel strength, and filtration of the bentonite drilling fluid. These obser- vations recommend the use of grass as a rheological modifier, filtration control agent, and pH control agent to substitute toxic materials from drilling fluids.

A new approach to retrieve leaf normal distribution using terrestrial laser scanners

Leaf normal distribution is an important structural characteristic of the forest canopy. Although terrestrial laser scanners（TLS） have potential for estimating canopy structural parameters, distinguishing between leaves and nonphotosynthetic structures to retrieve the leaf normal has been challenging. We used here an approach to accurately retrieve the leaf normals of camphorwood（Cinnamomum camphora） using TLS point cloud data.First, nonphotosynthetic structures were filtered by using the curvature threshold of each point. Then, the point cloud data were segmented by a voxel method and clustered by a Gaussian mixture model in each voxel. Finally, the normal vector of each cluster was computed by principal component analysis to obtain the leaf normal distribution. We collected leaf inclination angles and estimated the distribution, which we compared with the retrieved leaf normal distribution. The correlation coefficient between measurements and obtained results was 0.96, indicating a good coincidence.

Tracking leaf area index and coefficient of light extinction over the harvesting cycle of black wattle

The amount of photosynthetic radiation inter- cepted by a crop is a function of the incident solar radiation on the plants, the leaf area index （LAI）, and the light extinction coefficient （k）. We quantified LAI and k in stands of black wattle （Acacia mearnsii De Wild.） over a 7-year growth cycle at two locations in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Our study was conducted in commercial stands in agroecological regions with high densities of black wattle plantations. LAI was calculated as the ratio between the leaf area of a tree and its planting space, and k was derived from Beer＇s law. LAI depends on the planting site and stand age. Between the two sites, the LAI was similar over time, the amount of variation differed. Values of k depended only on stand age, with the highest average observed for stands up to 5 years old. The trend of k during the plantation cycle was inversely proportional to LAI and was correlated with LAI, leaf area, leaf dry mass, canopy volume, height, branches dry mass, total dry mass, and crown diameter.

Measurement of β-1,3 Glucanase Activity in Permeabilized Discs of Leaves of Healthy and Scald-Diseased Plants

Leaf discs of five cultivars of sugarcane exhibiting different degree of susceptibility to leaf scald were used to measure β-1,3 glucanase activity before and after experimental infection with Xanthomonas albilineans. Leaf discs were permeabilized with iso-propanol to facilitate the uptake of the enzyme substrate by intact tissues and to improve the enzyme assay. Bacterial infection significantly enhances β-1,3 glucanase activity of sensitive cultivars whereas significantly decreased that of the resistant one. Low concentrations of salicylate increase the hydrolase activity whereas jasmonic acid do not act as an elicitor of the enzyme and β-1,3 glucanase, such as laminarin, significantly inhibits the production of β-1,3 glucanase. Thus, the enzyme must be considered as a sensitivity factor induced by the pathogen.

炭基生物饼肥对土壤理化性状及烟草产质量的影响

为了种植出符合黄鹤楼品牌原料要求的高油分高香气中棵烟,研究以现有火土灰、饼肥为基础原料(以下简称火土饼肥),加入不同比例的矿源黄腐酸钾、碳基材料、氨基酸、糖类以及有增油增香作用的物质进行复配发酵,再加入功能微生物菌种,研制出一款新型炭基增油增香生物火土饼肥(下简称炭基生物饼肥),考察其对烟草产质量及土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明:炭基生物饼肥可以改善土壤结构和肥力,促进烟叶生长,提高烤烟品质和产量,其中T3处理(火土饼肥∶矿源黄腐酸钾∶碳基材料∶氨基酸∶糖类∶增油增香物质=10∶8∶3∶3∶3∶3)能改良土壤结构,且烟株的农艺性状和化学成分含量表现最优,平均产量也最高;T2处理(配比为10∶6∶2∶2∶2∶2)在农艺性状方面表现居中,但其上等烟比例和均价最高,经济性状表现最优;3个不同肥料配比处理均能有效提高平均产量和产值。

饼粕型有机专用肥对油茶生长及嫩叶化学成分的影响

本文采用田间小区试验,研究不同饼粕型油茶有机专用基肥(Ⅰ型基肥750 kg/hm^(2);Ⅱ型基肥750 kg/hm^(2);Ⅲ型基肥750 kg/hm^(2)+发酵三饼肥300 kg/hm^(2))对油茶生长发育及产量和嫩叶化学成分的影响。结果表明,施用饼粕型油茶有机专用基肥能有效促进油茶植株生长及嫩叶最大面积的占比,Ⅱ型基肥(饼粕750 kg/hm^(2))表现最佳。施用饼粕型基肥有利于油茶籽粒产量的提高,其中Ⅲ型基肥的作用最佳,高于纯化肥对照组13.54%,饼肥有利于嫩叶总氮的提高,Ⅲ型基肥对提高下部叶、中部叶总氮含量效果较优,Ⅱ型基肥对提高上部叶总氮含量效果较优。Ⅰ型基肥对下部叶、中部叶糖碱平衡效果较好,Ⅲ型基肥对上部叶糖碱平衡效果较好。从总体效果来看Ⅲ型基肥(750 kg/hm^(2)+发酵三饼肥300 kg/hm^(2))优于Ⅰ型及Ⅱ型基肥。

分光光度法测定富油竹叶糕中亚硝酸盐的不确定度评定

分析了影响富油竹叶糕中亚硝酸盐含量测定的各种影响要素,包括样品称量、标准溶液稀释过程、标准曲线拟合和测量结果重复性等,并进行了定量评定。方法测量的合成不确定度和扩展不确定度分别为0.0544、0.0762 mg/kg。测量富油竹叶糕中亚硝酸盐含量的结果为(0.70±0.0762)mg/kg(k=2,置信区间95%)。

叶滤机滤渣中氧化铝高温溶出研究及工业应用

工业合成的六水铝酸三钙(TCA)及叶滤机滤饼(由TCA及赤泥组成)中的主要成分是氧化铝和氧化钙。在配料时,TCA或叶滤机滤饼中的CaO量占总CaO需求量的比例(μ)不超过45%时,3CaO·Al_(2)O_(3)·6H_(2)O分解产生的氧化钙促进矿石中氧化铝的溶出。但当μ过大时,氧化铝溶出率降低,以一水硬铝石的物相存在于赤泥中,且氧化钙的利用率较低,以氢氧化钙的物相存在。在工业生产中,将叶滤机滤饼回收后,送至高温溶出系统,在充分利用氧化钙的同时,实现氧化铝的回收,减少赤泥的外排量。

芝麻饼肥与化肥不同比例配施对烟叶香气质量的影响

芝麻饼肥与化肥不同比例配施对不同叶位烤烟烟叶化学成分和香气成分含量、组成的影响及其作用机制的探讨表明,以50%芝麻饼肥+50%化肥处理使上、中、下部烟叶糖碱比都较适宜,化学成分协调,新植二烯、酮类、醛类等香气物质总含量明显提高,明显改善了烟叶的综合品质,表现为烟叶香气质纯净、香气量大、柔和、杂气小、烟气净、余味舒适、劲头适中、燃烧性好,总得分提高,显著减小了叶位之间的质量差异,因此,推荐河南省植烟区烤烟生产以50%芝麻饼肥+50%化肥配施为宜。

农业生态措施对改善土壤性状及烟叶品质效应研究初报

对施用秸秆、饼肥、微生物肥等农业生态措施改善土壤性状及烟叶品质的效应进行了研究。结果表明，在土壤中施用3750 kg／hm2腐熟秸秆，配以复合肥和豆饼，可改善土壤物理性状，提高土壤有机质含量，并可改善烟叶质量，尤其对提高香气质、香气量效果较好；施用7500 kg／hm2腐熟秸秆，配以复合肥，虽然对改善土壤理化性状效果较好，但对烟叶品质有负面影响；在土壤中施用微生物肥料对改善烟叶质量，提高香气质、香气量效果较好，但由于施用微生物肥后，加速了土壤有机质的耗损，使土壤环境恶化，对持续发展不利；单独施用等氮量腐熟饼肥，对改善土壤环境及烟叶品质的效果均不及施3750 kg／hm2腐熟秸秆的处理。

腐殖酸和饼肥对土壤微生物和烤烟产质量的影响

通过大田试验,研究了腐殖酸肥和饼肥对土壤微生物和烤烟产质量的影响。结果表明:施用适量的腐殖酸肥和饼肥可以增加土壤微生物的总量,促进烤烟根系的发育,增加烤烟地上部干物质的积累,提高烤烟的产值,协调烟叶化学成分。整个生育期,施用有机肥对烟叶的后期生长更为有利,且仅施用腐殖酸肥的效果优于仅施用饼肥,同时施用适量的腐殖酸肥和饼肥的处理效果最好。

饼肥与沼渣配比对烤烟生长发育及其内在品质的影响

采用室内分析与大田试验相结合的方法,研究分析了沼渣与饼肥不同配合比例对烤烟生长发育及品质的影响。结果表明：在饼肥与沼渣氮素含量1∶1施用时,可以增加烟株叶片数、株高、叶长和叶宽,提高烟株的抗病性,促进烤烟生长发育,缩短烤烟生育期1-6 d;根、叶和全株干物质重量在饼肥与沼渣不同配比处理间的差异达到5%的显著水平,茎干物质重在处理间差异不显著;饼肥氮素含量较高的处理烟株干物质含量较高,烟叶产量和产值也较高;沼渣氮素含量较高的处理烟叶均价和等级结构较高;饼肥与沼渣氮含量1∶1施用能够兼顾烤烟产值和等级结构,还可以提高烟叶外观质量,增强烤烟内在化学成分协调性,改善感官评吸的香气质和香气量等。

有机肥与化肥配施对烤烟品质及土壤的影响

为了改善植烟土壤的理化性状,提高土壤质量,研究了在高肥力土壤上几种有机肥(秸秆、菜籽饼和猪粪)与化肥配施对烤烟品质及土壤的影响。结果表明:与单施化肥相比(对照),化肥+秸秆处理有利于烟株的生长发育和提高烟叶的产量产值和上等烟比例;而化肥+菜籽饼处理对烟株前期的生长表现不佳,尽管产量比单施化肥增加12%,但上等烟比例较低;化肥+猪粪处理处于两者之间。有机肥与化肥配施明显提高了烟叶中的总糖、还原糖、糖碱比、氮碱比以及钾含量,同时降低了烟叶中总氮、烟碱和氯离子含量,从而使烟叶中的化学成分得到协调和平衡。有机肥与化肥配施后增加了土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾和有效锌含量,在一定程度上改善了土壤的理化性状。

不同制油工艺所产芝麻饼粕对烟叶产量、品质及经济效益的影响

为明确不同制油工艺所产芝麻饼粕作为烟草有机肥的施用效果,将热榨法、冷榨法、浸出法、水代法4种制油工艺所产的芝麻饼粕发酵成饼肥,采用田间试验,研究不同芝麻饼肥对烟叶产量和质量的影响。结果表明,与对照(不施用芝麻饼肥)相比,施用芝麻饼肥处理均可增加烟叶的农艺性状、品质和产值;其中,施用热榨芝麻饼肥处理效果最好。施用热榨芝麻饼发酵肥处理的烟叶产量较对照增加7.7%,产值提高12.3%;糖碱比为10.52∶1,总氮/烟碱为0.69∶1,钾氯比为3.8,化学成分较协调;香气质较纯净、香气量较足,总体的感官评分最高;烟叶致香物质总量最高。可见,采用热榨法所产芝麻饼粕发酵腐熟后作为烟草有机肥效果较优。

施用发酵油枯对烟草品质与产量的影响

[目的]改善烤烟品质,提高肥料施用效益。[方法]采用随机区组处理,设置了不同量油枯与复合肥配施的田间试验:①CK(不施肥);②纯施复合肥,施氮量为60.00 kg/hm2;③复合肥提供氮量48.75 kg/hm2加发酵油枯提供的氮11.25 kg/hm2;④复合肥提供氮量45.00 kg/hm2加发酵油枯提供氮量15.00 kg/hm2。[结果]处理④各方面表现最好。[结论]施用发酵油枯可促进烟株生长发育,提高烟叶产量,改善烟叶质量。

饼粕型有机肥与烟草专用基肥配施对烟叶品质的影响

【目的】研究饼粕肥与烟草专用肥配施对烟叶生长发育及烟叶品质的影响,为打造郴州浓香型特色烟叶品牌和加快烟草专用基肥更新换代提供依据。【方法】以不同比例饼粕有机肥与烟草专用基肥作基肥配施,调查烟株不同生育时期相关农艺性状,并对与烟叶品质密切相关的几种化学成分进行分析。【结果】不同比例饼粕肥与烟草专用肥配施处理与CK相比,烟草株高可提高3.01%～5.84%,有效叶片数增加5.56%～20.39%,烟叶糖碱比更趋近于10±1,氮碱比更趋近于1±0.1。【结论】750kg/ha的烟草专用基肥与292kg/ha饼粕肥配施对改善烟株农艺性状、提高烟叶品质指标效果最好。

HPLC法测定牡丹籽饼、牡丹叶、牡丹籽外壳中芍药苷的含量

建立牡丹籽饼、牡丹叶、牡丹籽外壳中芍药苷含量的测定方法。采用Agilent5TC-C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液(15∶85)为流动相,检测波长225 nm,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样体积10μL。结果表明,芍药苷在0.04~0.2 mg/mL范围内与峰面积具有良好的线性关系,回归方程为:Y=10 091X+21.22(r=0.999 5),精密度、稳定性、重复性的相对标准差(RSD)分别为1.09%,1.36%,2.24%,平均加样回收率为102.65%,RSD为2.88%。测得牡丹籽饼、牡丹叶、牡丹籽外壳中芍药苷含量依次为10.95,19.32,2.74 mg/g。该方法简便、准确,可用于牡丹籽饼、牡丹叶、牡丹籽外壳中芍药苷含量的测定。