Addition Formulas of Leaf Functions and Hyperbolic Leaf Functions

Addition formulas exist in trigonometric functions.Double-angle and half-angle formulas can be derived from these formulas.Moreover,the relation equation between the trigonometric function and the hyperbolic function can be derived using an imaginary number.The inverse hyperbolic function arsinher(r)■ro 1/√1+t^(2)dt p1tt2 dt is similar to the inverse trigonometric function arcsiner(r)■ro 1/√1+t^(2)dt p1t2 dt,such as the second degree of a polynomial and the constant term 1,except for the sign−and+.Such an analogy holds not only when the degree of the polynomial is 2,but also for higher degrees.As such,a function exists with respect to the leaf function through the imaginary number i,such that the hyperbolic function exists with respect to the trigonometric function through this imaginary number.In this study,we refer to this function as the hyperbolic leaf function.By making such a definition,the relation equation between the leaf function and the hyperbolic leaf function makes it possible to easily derive various formulas,such as addition formulas of hyperbolic leaf functions based on the addition formulas of leaf functions.Using the addition formulas,we can also derive the double-angle and half-angle formulas.We then verify the consistency of these formulas by constructing graphs and numerical data.

Differences in leaf functional traits between red and green leaves of two evergreen shrubs Photinia×fraseri and Osmanthus fragrans

Leaf functional traits are adaptations that enable plants to live under different environmental conditions. This study aims to evaluate the differences in leaf functional traits between red and green leaves of two evergreen shrubs Photinia × fraseri and Osrnanthus fragrans. Specific areas of red leaves are higher than that of green leaves in both species. Thus, the material investment per unit area and per lamina of red leaves is significantly lower than that of green leaves, implying an utmost effort of red leaves to increase light capture and use efficiency because of their low leafchlorophyll concentration. The higher petiole length of green leaves compared with that of red leaves indicates that adult green leaves may have large fractional biomass allocation to support the lamina structures in capturing light with maximum efficiency and obtaining a high growth rate. The high range of the phenotypic plasticity of leaf size, leaf thickness, single-leaf wet and dry weights, and leaf moisture of green leaves may be beneficial in achieving efficient control of water loss and nutrient deprivation. The high range of phenotypic plasticity of leaf chlorophyll concentration of red leaves may be advantageous in increasing resource （especially light） capture anduse efficiency because this leaf type is juvenile in the growth stage and has low leaf-chlorophyll concentration.

Variations in leaf functional traits and physiological characteristics of Abies georgei var.smithii along the altitude gradient in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Variations in leaf functional traits of Abies georgei var. smithii at 3700, 3900, 4100, 4300, and 4390 m altitude were investigated in 15 typical plots in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. In each plot, three seedlings were selected, of which functional leaves in current-year sunny branches were chosen for the measurement of morphological, photosynthetic, and physiological and biochemical characteristics, and their variations were analyzed. Results showed that significant variations existed among the leaf functional traits of A. georgei var. smithii along the altitudinal gradient, as well as their physiological adaption indicators. Leaf area decreased, while the mass per area and thickness of leaf increased at an altitude above 4,100 m. The maxima of pigment, total nitrogen concentration, net photosynthesis rate during light-saturated, and when water use efficiency appeared at 4100 m altitude. In addition, A. georgei var. smithii seedlings regulated the activities of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase to resist abiotic stress under 4100 m altitude. Meanwhile, malondialdehyde concentration and the dark respiration rate rapidly increased, which indicates that A. georgei var. smithii seedlingssuffered from heavy abiotic stress from 4100 m to 4390 m altitude. Basing on variations in leaf functional traits along the altitude gradient, we inferred that 4100 m altitude was the suitable region for A. georgei var. smithii growth in the Sygera Mountain. Moreover, the harsh environment was the main limiting factor for A. georgei var. smithii population expansion to high altitude.

Lemniscate of Leaf Function

A lemniscate is a curve defined by two foci,F_(1) and F_(2).If the distance between the focal points of F_(1)−F_(2) is 2a(a:constant),then any point P on the lemniscate curve satisfy the equation PF_(1)·PF_(2)=a^(2).Jacob Bernoulli first described the lemniscate in 1694.The Fagnano discovered the double angle formula of the lemniscate(1718).The Euler extended the Fagnano’s formula to a more general addition theorem(1751).The lemniscate function was subsequently proposed by Gauss around the year 1800.These insights were summarized by Jacobi as the theory of elliptic functions.A leaf function is an extended lemniscate function.Some formulas of leaf functions have been presented in previous papers;these included the addition theorem of this function and its application to nonlinear equations.In this paper,the geometrical properties of leaf functions at n=2 and the geometric relation between the angle θ and lemniscate arc length l are presented using the lemniscate curve.The relationship between the leaf functions sleaf_(2)(l)and cleaf_(2)(l)is derived using the geometrical properties of the lemniscate,similarity of triangles,and the Pythagorean theorem.In the literature,the relation equation for sleaf_(2)(l)and cleaf_(2)(l)(or the lemniscate functions,sl(l)and cl(l))has been derived analytically;however,it is not derived geometrically.

Differences in leaf functional traits between exotic and native Compositae plant species

This study aims to determine the differences in leaf functional traits and phenotypic plasticity of leaf functional traits between exotic and native Compositae plant species. Leaf width of exotic plants was significantly lower than that of native species. Leaf length, specific leaf area(SLA), single-leaf wet and dry weights, leaf moisture, and leaf thickness of exotic plants were also lower than those of native species but not significantly. The leaf shape index of exotic plants was higher than that of native species but not significantly. This implies that the relatively low leaf construction cost for exotic plants may play an important role in the success of their invasions. The higher leaf shape index and lower leaf width of exotic plants can enhance the efficiency of resource capture(especially sunlight capture) via adjustments to leaf shape and size, thereby increasing the survival of exotic plants. The plasticity indices of single-leaf wet weight and leaf thickness of exotic plants were significantly lower than those of native species. The lower phenotypic plasticity of single-leaf wet weight and leaf thickness of exotic plants may be the result of a cost to plasticity. That is, if the plasticity is too high, the fitness of plant species might be reduced sharply under unfavorable environments. Thus, lower plasticity of leaf functional traits may compensate for the negative impact of adverse environments and stabilize leaf construction costs for exotic plants. Moreover, reduced phenotypic plasticity might be one of the key competitive strategies by which exotic plants successfully invade new habitats. Overall, exotic plants did not always exhibit higher values of leaf functional traits or increased phenotypic plasticity of leaf functional traits compared with native species.

Latitudinal pattern and the driving factors of leaf functional traits in 185 shrub species across eastern China

Aims To explore the pattern of the leaf functional traits of shrub species along a latitudinal gradient in eastern China and determine the driv-ing factors of leaf trait variation at a large scale.Methods We investigated the leaf thickness(LT),leaf area(LA),specific leaf area(SLA)and leaf dry mass content(LDMC)of 185 shrub species from 13 sites across eastern China.The trends of these four-leaf traits were ana-lyzed with respect to latitude,and the differences between different life forms(e.g.,evergreen and deciduous)and habitats(e.g.,understory and typical)were compared.We quantified the effects of the plant life forms and environmental factors on the leaf traits via mixed-model analyses.Important Findings The LT and LA decreased,whilst and the LDMC increased,as the latitude increased,and significant differences in these traits were observed between the different plant life forms.The LT and LA were smaller,whereas the SLA and LDMC were larger in decidu-ous shrubs than in evergreen shrubs.Among the different habitats,the LA and SLA were larger,while the LDMC was smaller in under-story shrubs than in typical shrub species.These results indicate that typical shrub species are better adapted to drier environments,as indicated by a reduced LT and increased LDMC.Furthermore,general linear models showed that variations in the four-leaf traits with respect to latitude were mainly caused by a shift in plant life forms.

Genetic differentiation in functional traits among wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) half-sib lines

Understanding intra-specific variation in leaf functional traits is one of the key requirements for the evaluation of species adaptive capacity to ongoing climate change, as well as for designing long-term breeding and conservation strategies. Hence, data of 19 functional traits describing plant physiology, antioxidant properties, anatomy and morphology were determined on 1-year-old seedlings of wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) half-sib lines. The variability within and among half-sib lines, as well as the estimation of multi-trait association, were examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's honestly significant difference test and multivariate analyses: principal component analysis (PCA), canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) and stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA). Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate linear correlation between the study parameters. The results of the ANOVA showed the presence of statistically significant differences (P < 0.01) among half-sib lines for all study traits. The differences within half-sib lines, observed through the contribution of the examined sources of variation to the total variance (%), had higher impact on total variation in the majority of the examined traits. Pearson’s correlation analysis and PCA showed strong relationships between gas exchange in plants and leaf size and stomatal density, as well as between leaf biomass accumulation, intercellular CO_(2) concentration and parameters related to antioxidant capacity of plants. Likewise, the results of SDA indicate that transpiration and stomatal conductance contributed to the largest extent, to the discrimination of the wild cherry half-sib lines. In addition, PCA and CDA showed separation of the wild cherry half-sib lines along the first principal component and first canonical variable with regards to humidity of their original sites. Multiple adaptive differences between the wild cherry half-sib lines indicate high potential of the species to adapt rapidly to climate change. The existence of substantial genetic variability among the wild cherry half-sib lines highlights their potential as genetic resources for reforestation purposes and breeding programmes.

Leaf N and P stoichiometry of 57 plant species in the Karamori Mountain Ungulate Nature Reserve,Xinjiang,China

Nitrogen （N） and phosphorus （P） are the major nutrients that constrain plant growth and development, as well as the structure and function of ecosystems. Hence, leaf N and P patterns can contribute to a deep understanding of plant nutrient status, nutrient limitation type of ecosystems, plant life-history strategy and differentiation of functional groups. However, the status and pattern of leaf N and P stoichiometry in N-deficiency desert ecosystems remain unclear. Under this context, the leaf samples from 57 plant species in the Karamori Mountain Ungulate Nature Reserve, eastern Junggar Desert, China were investigated and the patterns and interrelations of leaf N and P were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that the average leaf N concentration, P concentration, and N：P ratio were 30.81 mg/g, 1.77 mg/g and 17.72, respectively. This study found that the leaf N concentration and N：P ratio were significantly higher than those of studies conducted at global, national and regional scales; however, the leaf P concentration was at moderate level. Leaf N concentration was allometrically correlated with leaf P and N：P ratio across all species. Leaf N, P concentrations and N：P ratio differed to a certain extent among plant functional groups. C4 plants and shrubs, particularly shrubs with assimilative branches, showed an obviously lower P concentration than those of C3 plants, herbs and shrubs without assimilative branches. Shrubs with assimilative branches also had lower N concentration. Fabaceae plants had the highest leaf N, P concentrations （as well as Asteraceae） and N：P ratio; other families had a similar N, P-stoichiometry. The soil in this study was characterized by a lack of N （total N：P ratio was 0.605）, but had high N availability compared with P （i.e. the available N：P ratio was 1.86）. This might explain why plant leaves had high N concentration （leaf N：P ratio〉16）. In conclusion, the desert plants in the extreme environment in this study have formed their intrinsic and special stoichiometric characteristics in relation to their life-history strategy.

沙拐枣叶功能性状对生境变化的响应

【目的】揭示民勤地区沙拐枣叶功能性状在不同生境的变异规律,探明沙拐枣对干旱荒漠环境的适应策略。【方法】以民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)为对象,采用样方法采集样株东西南北4个方向中部生长良好的叶片,用土钻采集植株根系附近深度为0—60 cm的土壤样本,比较分析丘间低地与流动沙丘2种生境下沙拐枣叶功能性状特征及相关性,揭示沙拐枣叶功能性状与土壤因子的关系。【结果】(1)沙拐枣叶功能性状的变异系数介于2.39%~24.94%,比叶面积(SLA)变异系数最大(24.94%),稳定碳同位素(δ^(13)C)变异系数最小(2.39%);沙拐枣叶片的全碳(LCC)、全磷(LPC)含量在样地之间存在显著差异,而SLA、LPC在2种生境间存在显著差异。(2)在丘间低地与流动沙丘2种生境下沙拐枣叶片含水量(LWC)与干物质含量(LDMC)分别呈极显著、显著负相关关系,LWC是2种生境下沙拐枣叶功能性状中综合排名前3的共同指标因子。(3)全氮(STN)、pH值和土壤含水量(SMC)是影响民勤沙拐枣叶功能性状变异的主要土壤因子。【结论】沙拐枣通过改变叶片形态和调节营养物质含量,以及与土壤因子的相互作用,以更好适应生境。

Relationship Between Allelopathic Effects and Functional Traits of Different Allelopathic Potential Rice Accessions at Different Growth Stages

In this study,effects of temperature,light and their interactions on allelopathic effects and the functional traits specific leaf area(SLA)and stem mass fraction(SMF)of different allelopathic potential rice accessions at different growth stages were analyzed.The main results were as follows:Allelopathic responses to temperature and light varied with different allelopathic potential rice accessions at different growth stages.With the rise of temperature and the extension of photoperiod,allelopathic effect increased firstly and then decreased at 2–3 leaf stage,but increased constantly at the 4–5 and 7–8 leaf stages in strong allelopathic rice accessions[O.longistaminata,F1(O.longistaminata×RD23),F2(RL159 and RL169)].Temperature had significant impact on allelopathic effect without considering light factors,but light showed little effect on rice allelopathy at the same temperature conditions.The greatest allelopathic effect was attained with moderate temperature and long photoperiod at 2–3 leaf stage in strong allelopathic rice accessions,but all the rice accessions showed weak allelopathic effects at the low temperature condition(15oC/10oC),and the influence of different factors on allelopathy followed a general trend as temperature>leaf stage>light,indicating that among the multiple factors impacting rice allelopathy,temperature was the main factor.Allelopathic characteristics of F1 and F2 to various temperature and light were similar to O.longistaminata,showing that allelopathic genes from wild rice can be expressed in its descendants.Temperature and light also had significant effects on SLA and SMF,and rice allelopathy was closely correlative to SLA in strong allelopathic rice accessions at the 4–5 and 7–8 leaf stages,but there was no correlation between rice allelopathy and SMF at different growth stages.These results suggested that rice adjust the relationship between allelopathy and SLA and adapt to the varied environments,and that high temperature and long photoperiod can enhance rice allelopathic activity.

广西猫儿山优势木本植物叶功能性状关联性沿海拔梯度的变化规律

为揭示植物对海拔差异导致的环境变化的适应策略,以猫儿山不同海拔梯度上的5个植物群落为研究对象,测定了群落优势树种的叶含水率(LWC)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)、比叶面积(SLA)、叶体积(LV)、叶厚度(LT)、叶组织密度(LTD)以及比叶重(SLW)等7个功能性状,运用单因素方差分析、Pearson相关分析以及标准化主轴法分析了猫儿山植物叶功能性状的海拔分异规律及性状组合关系。结果显示7个叶功能性状变异系数的大小顺序为SLA>LV>SLW>LTD>LT>LDMC>LWC。叶功能性状在海拔梯度上的差异均达极显著水平(P<0.01),不同性状随海拔的变化规律不一致,如SLA随海拔升高先升后降、LV则呈下降趋势。性状之间存在较为普遍的组合关系,如SLA与LDMC、LT、LTD及SLW间呈极显著负相关,LDMC与LTD及SLW间呈极显著正相关,多数性状组合间的相关关系只在部分海拔达显著水平。研究结果表明,猫儿山植物叶功能性状对海拔梯度引起的环境差异产生响应,叶功能性状组合的协同变异或权衡在海拔梯度上存在非同步现象。

不同夏花生品种苗期发育规律研究

以高油酸花生品种豫花37号(YH37)和普通油酸花生宛花2号(WH2)为研究材料,采用盆栽试验,调查不同品种苗期形态发育规律、叶片功能、激素含量等的变化,为制定精准科学的管理措施提供理论依据。结果表明,两个品种苗期发育规律不同,豫花37号苗期以地下部生长为主,至出苗后28 d,豫花37号地下部赤霉素、细胞分裂素和生长素含量分别为宛花2号的1.06、1.22和1.09倍;根长、根尖数、地下部干质量、根冠比分别较宛花2号高75.51%、95.03%、10.64%和29.84%。宛花2号苗期以地上部生长为主,至出苗后28 d,主茎高、侧枝长、叶片数、分枝数、地上部干质量分别较豫花37号高12.41%、65.00%、6.12%、7.69%和17.47%。与宛花2号相比,豫花37号叶片光转化能力由低到高逐渐升高,phi2值由97.47%升高到100.93%,且在整个生育期内豫花37号叶片的光保护能力更强,受光损伤的程度更小。基于此,在苗期豫花37号应适当补充中微量元素,以保证其地上地下部协调生长;宛花2号应减少叶面肥和促进茎叶生长的调理剂用量,从而达到壮苗的目的。

A NEW QUANTITATIVE WAY FOR DETERMINING LEAF AREA INDEX AND NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY IN REGIONAL SCALE

An inversion of bidirectional reflection distribution fiJnedon (BRDF) wastested using NK Model and NOAA AVHRR datu. The test involVed sensitiveanalysis, optimum inversion selecting, ground simulated expenment, calibrahngmeasuremed with satellite and computer image processmg. Results of comparisonwith NDVI indicatal that inversion of BRDF will have brigh developing prospect inthe next decade.

Effects of Three Humic Acid Foliar Fertilizers on Quality and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Hawthorn

[Objectives]To investigate the effects of three foliar fertilizers on photosynthetic characteristics,fruit quality and yield of hawthorn.[Methods]Taking hawthorn foliar fertilization as the reference,the photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,intercellular CO 2 concentration,stomatal conductance and single fruit weight of hawthorn leaves were measured under different concentrations of foliar fertilizer.[Results]The results showed that the photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of hawthorn leaves increased significantly,while the intercellular CO 2 concentration decreased.Specifically,the fish protein peptide foliar fertilizer performed best,with net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate increased by 57.22%and 57.51%,respectively.All the three foliar fertilizers significantly reduced the intercellular CO 2 concentration.In addition,fertilization significantly increased the single fruit weight of hawthorn,and the effect of fermented fulvic acid foliar fertilizer was the most significant,with the highest growth rate of 68.49%.[Conclusions]Spraying foliar fertilizer significantly increased the content of Vc,titratable acid,anthocyanin and soluble solids of hawthorn fruit,among which fermented fulvic acid foliar fertilizer had the optimal effect.

不同良种杜仲叶主要营养成分的动态变化与综合评价

[目的]杜仲Eucommia ulmoides叶在医疗、保健、食品及无抗养殖等领域有广泛用途。通过比较不同良种杜仲叶主要营养成分的差异及动态变化,筛选优质叶用杜仲良种资源,为杜仲叶的高效利用提供参考。[方法]分别利用HPLC法和全自动氨基酸分析仪测定13个良种不同生长期杜仲叶9种重要活性成分和15种氨基酸组分的含量,基于主成分分析和隶属函数法开展不同良种杜仲叶的营养评价。[结果]与槲皮素、桃叶珊瑚苷和京尼平苷酸相比,原儿茶酸、芦丁、绿原酸、紫云英苷、山奈酚以及松脂素二葡萄糖苷的含量在不同良种杜仲叶之间差异较大;不同良种同一活性成分含量的生长动态变化趋势基本一致。13个良种杜仲叶必需氨基酸与总氨基酸的比值(EAA/TAA)为0.40~0.45,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值(EAA/NEAA)为0.66~0.82;天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸等5种氨基酸的动态变化趋势较为一致。总氨基酸、必需氨基酸、亮氨酸等9种组分的含量可作为杜仲叶营养价值的评判指标。[结论]13个良种杜仲叶的氨基酸组成和比例均达到理想蛋白质模式的标准。‘华仲10号’‘华仲24号’‘华仲13号’‘华仲30号’‘华仲12号’是优质的叶用杜仲良种资源,在规模化提取和利用杜仲叶黄酮类时应优先选用‘华仲12号’‘华仲24号’良种。

辣木叶水提物对大鼠肝纤维化的改善作用及机制

研究辣木叶(Moringa oleifera Lam,LM)水提物对大鼠肝纤维化(Hepatic Fibrosis,HF)的改善作用和机制。60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、秋水仙碱组(100 mg/kg),以及LM高、中、低剂量组(200、100、50 mg/kg),除空白组外,其余组大鼠通过腹腔注射硫代乙酰胺(Thiacetamide,TAA)建立HF模型,自第5周开始灌胃给药。给药结束后检测大鼠体重、肝脏指数、血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(Alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(Aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、HF指标(血清Ⅲ型前胶原(procollagenⅢ,PCⅢ)、IV型胶原(IVcollagenIV-C)、层黏蛋白(laminin,LN)、透明质酸(hyaluronidase,HA)、肝脏羟脯胺酸(HYP)、Masson染色观察肝脏纤维组织病变、氧化应激指标(肝脏活性氧(reactiveoxygen,ROS)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxidedismutase,SOD),实时荧光定量PCR和蛋白质免疫印记检测肝脏转运生长因子β1(transforming growth factor beta1,TGF-β1)/Smads通路基因表达。结果表明,与空白组比较,HF模型组大鼠体重极显著降低(P<0.01),肝脏指数显著增加,血清ALT、AST、PCⅢ、IV-C、LN、HA和肝脏HYP浓度极显著增加(P<0.01);肝脏组织胶原纤维沉积显著增加,HF病变严重;肝脏ROS和MDA含量极显著增加(P<0.01),SOD活力极显著降低(P<0.01),表明模型组大鼠肝脏处于氧化应激和纤维化病变状态,肝脏功能受损。与模型组比较,LM各剂量组大鼠血清ALT、AST、PCⅢ、IV-C、LN、HA和肝脏HYP浓度不同程度的降低,肝脏组织胶原纤维沉积显著减少(P<0.05,P<0.01),肝脏ROS和MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),SOD活力显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),表明LM能够降低肝脏氧化应激水平,改善大鼠HF,保护肝脏功能。对TGF-β1/Smads通路基因表达检测发现,模型组TGF-β1、Smad2、Smad3和α-SMA基因mRNA和蛋白表达较空白组显著增加;相较于模型组,LM高、中剂量组大鼠肝脏TGF-β1、Smad2、Smad3和α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)基因表达显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),LM低剂量组大鼠肝脏Smad3和α-SMA基因表达显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),表明LM可下调HF大鼠肝脏TGF-β1/Smads通路基因表达。LM可能通过下调ROS-TGF-β1/Smads通路,改善TAA诱导的大鼠肝纤维化。

不同杂交桑品种叶片营养的综合评价

杂交桑草本化栽培具有产量高、生长快速、栽桑成本低,适合机械省力化的现代生产需求,具有很强的现实应用意义。为比较分析不同杂交桑叶片的营养价值,本研究针对9种杂交桑叶片测定的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、可溶性总糖和灰分含量,通过熵权法与隶属函数结合的综合评价。结果显示浙桑杂2号、浙桑杂1号和桂桑优62号位列前三,这为今后桑树种质资源的评价,以及桑树新品种选育和桑多元化利用提供指导参考。

复方苁蓉益智胶囊治疗轻中度血管性痴呆

目的探讨复方苁蓉益智胶囊治疗轻中度血管性痴呆的临床疗效及对患者各临床检测指标的影响。方法选择2022年9月-2023年5月收治的轻中度血管性痴呆患者140例,随机分为对照与治疗组,各70例。对照组给予银杏叶提取物注射液治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上联合复方苁蓉益智胶囊治疗。比较2组临床疗效结果,治疗前后认知、神经功能、精神行为症状、血液流变学、血流动力学、应激反应指标、血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)水平变化,比较2组不良反应发生情况。结果治疗组治疗6个月后临床疗效总有效率(95.71%,67/70)高于对照组(78.57%,55/70)(P<0.05)。2组治疗6个月后MMSE评分、大脑前动脉平均血流速度、中动脉平均血流速度及血清SOD、VEGF、BDNF水平高于治疗前(P<0.05),治疗组高于对照组(P<0.05);2组治疗6个月后NIHSS、NPI-Q评分、全血低切黏度、全血高切黏度、血浆黏度及血清MDA、Caspase-12、CRP78、MMP-9、MMP-2水平代于治疗前(P<0.05),治疗组低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗组治疗不良反应总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论复方苁蓉益智胶囊治疗轻中度血管性痴呆患者临床疗效较好,安全性较高。

喀斯特森林木本植物叶片功能性状对土壤特性的响应

为明确喀斯特森林植物叶片功能性状对土壤特性的响应,采用样地与样线相结合的方法调查茂兰喀斯特森林的木本植物群落,计算不同地形木本植物叶片加权平均性状值,运用单因素方差分析和冗余分析不同地形植物叶片功能性状的差异及其与土壤特性的关系。结果表明,在生长型(常绿、落叶)和群落水平上,植物叶片功能性状在不同地形间存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中叶面积最为敏感,对生境的响应明显,常绿植物的叶厚度大于落叶植物,比叶面积则相反,而叶绿素含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。不同地形间土壤特性差异显著(P<0.05),漏斗地形土壤的田间持水量、毛管孔隙度、全氮含量、全磷含量及有机质含量较高,土壤肥力最佳,槽谷和阴坡次之,而阳坡地段土壤相对贫瘠。不同地形植物叶片功能性状与土壤特性间具有相关性,但不同地形土壤特性对叶片功能性状变异的解释率不同,影响植物叶片功能性状的主要土壤特性为有机质含量、全氮含量、全磷含量、田间持水量和土壤容重。茂兰喀斯特森林不同地形植物叶片功能性状和土壤特性的差异较大,随着土壤特性的改变,叶片功能性状的响应特征不同,这有利于林区物种共存及生物多样性维持。

蒙古栎叶片功能性状变化特征及影响因素

为明确不同物候期叶片功能性状,揭示叶片在生长发育过程中资源分配及生态适应策略,以黑龙江小北湖自然保护区的蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)为研究对象,分析在不同物候期其叶片功能性状特征及各功能性状与气候因子的关系。结果表明:蒙古栎叶片功能性状在不同物候期间均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。展叶期,叶片含水率、比叶面积、总酚质量分数、过氧化氢酶活性达到最大值;花期,叶绿素质量分数、类胡萝卜素质量分数、淀粉质量分数、过氧化物酶活性最高;果期,叶干质量、叶厚达到最大值;变色期,可溶性糖质量分数、总黄酮质量分数、超氧化物歧化酶活性最高。蒙古栎叶片不同功能性状间存在显著相关性。比叶面积与可溶性糖质量分数呈显著负相关,与淀粉质量分数呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。总酚质量分数与叶片含水率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。可溶性糖质量分数与淀粉质量分数呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。总黄酮质量分数与叶绿素、类胡萝卜素质量分数呈极显著性负相关,相关系数分别为-0.946、-0.830;与可溶性糖质量分数呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.816(P<0.01)。过氧化氢酶活性与叶片含水率、总酚质量分数呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。月累计降水量对叶片功能性状的影响最大,贡献率为52.1%,其次为月平均温度及月累计日照时间,贡献率分别为21.8%及21.0%。蒙古栎叶片各功能性状间存在相互作用,且其顺应自身发育并受外部环境变化影响。