Photosynthetic Light Utilization Efficiency, Water Relations and Leaf Growth of C3 and CAM Tropical Orchids under Natural Conditions

Native orchid species of Singapore in their natural conditions experience stress from high irradiance, high temperatures and periods of extended low rainfall, which impact orchid plant physiology and lead to reduced growth and productivity. In this study, it was found that there was a reduction in photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) in 6 native orchid species under high light (HL) and Bulbophyllum membranaceum under low light (LL). There was chronic photoinhibition in these 6 orchid species over a period of 3 months after transplanting onto the tree trunks without watering and fertilization, especially in Coelogynes mayeriana and Bulbophyllum membranaceum under both HL and LL. This chronic photoinhibition caused by sustained period of water deficit in their natural conditions was later reversed by natural re-watering conditions from higher rainfall. These results indicate that water deficit has a greater impact on photosynthetic light utilization efficiency than excess light. The present study also showed that after natural rewatering, relative water content (RWC) of leaves and pseudobulbs generally increased. During the natural re-watering, total leaf area also gradually increased and reached maximum expansion after 7 weeks under both HL and LL, with some exceptions due to leaf abscission or decline in total leaf area, possibly a strategy for water conservation.

Leaf Growth of Different Populations of Vetiveria zizanioides

Large sample sampling was adopted in this paper for the statistical analysis of leaves of four populations of Vetiveria zizanioides （ introduced, local wild, domesticated wild populations of different years）. The results showed that four populations varied in different degrees in terms of tiller height, leaf biomass, and leaf biomass ratio. Leaf length, leaf width, and ratio of leaf width to length of different populations also varied, but had similar power-function change regularity, and showed converging leaf biomass growth pattern and leaf growth process.

Kinematic Analysis of Leaf Growth in Grasses:A Comment on Spatial and Temporal Quantitative Analysis of Cell Division and Elongation Rate in Growing Wheat Leaves under Saline Conditions

Hu and Schmidhalter （2008） conducted a study with wheat seedlings growing in saline and non-stressed （control） conditions with the aim of identifying and quantifying the cellular basis for the reduction in leaf growth. We applaud their goals as salinity is an important issue for plant ecology and food production; however, we have concerns about the methodology used and the subsequent conclusJons that are drawn.

Discovery of and Preliminary studies on a Rapid-Leafing Rice Genotype at the Vegetative Growth Stage

The leafing rates of fourteen rice varieties were measured in a sowing-time experiment, and a rapid leafing genotype at the vegetative growth stage was discovered in an indica variety Yanhui 559. The leaf number on the main culm of Yanhui 559 was always 4-5 leaves more than that of Lemont, and the leafing rate of Yanhui 559 was significantly higher than that of Lemont based on similar growth durations from sowing to heading. Furthermore, the difference of the leafing rate was significant at the vegetative growth stage, but not distinctive at the panicle initiation stage. Genetic analysis of the leafing rates in the two backcross populations of Yanhui 559 and Lemont showed that major and quantitative genes controlled the expression of rapid leafing character. Based on results of investigation for some plants with similar growth durations in the backcrossing populations, the rapid leafing genotypes exhibited earlier tillering and more tiller numbers per plant, and its yield components including the number of panicles per plant and number of grains per panicle were superior to those of the slow leafing genotypes. Further research and application feasibility of the rapid leafing genotype in breeding were discussed.

Study on visualization simulation soybean leaf based on growth equation

According to the virtual crops model research＇s need, the paper emphasized on the modeling theory and dynamic modeling methods, and took the soybean leaf as the example, introduced the establishment of leaf growth model based on growth equation, finally realized the visualization result based on OpenGL in VC＋＋ platform. The paper has great significance on establishing the whole growth model and researching the crops growth principles.

Effect of leaf and bark aqueous extract of Anogeissus latifolia on growth performance of Vigna unguiculata

The present study was carried out to assess the effect of leaf and bark aqueous extract of Anogeissus latifolia tree on Vigna unguiculata traditional crop to understand the suitability of treecrop combination in agricultural fields. Different concentrations of leaf (1%, 3% and 5%) and bark (1%, 3% and 5%) aqueous extract of A. latifolia were used to study radicle and plumule growth of Vigna unguiculata. The leaf and bark aqueous extract have shown minimum allelopathic effect on V. unguiculata and suppressed/stimulated radicle and plumule growth under different concentrations. The wide distribution of Anogeissus latifolia in a subtropical region of Garhwal Himalaya, provides good fodder fuel wood and timber to the villagers. Therefore introducing Anogeissus latifolia in agricultural field and maintaining the existed trees at boundaries of agricultural fields can be useful to the villagers requirements for the villages and wherever the possible allopathic effect exit can be minimized by lopping the branches of trees and use of naturally flecked off bark for fuel wood purposes.

Effects of sulfur dioxide on growth， gas exchange rate and leaf sulfur content of massion pine seedlings

The effects of sulfur dioxide(SO_2) on the dry weight growth gas exchange rate and leaf sulfur content of massion pine(Pinus massoniana Lamb. )were investigated. The results obtained in this study show that the dry weight growth and net photosynthetic rate of masson pine seedlings are reduced by exposure to SO_2 at ≥100 ppb. From these results,one of the main causes in the dieback of masson pine forest reported in Chongqing,China may be relatively high concentrations of atmospheric SO_2 in the relevant area.

黄芪茎叶提取物对仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率及免疫指标的影响

文章旨在探究添加不同水平黄芪茎叶提取物对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率及免疫机能的影响。试验将120头健康的体重(25±0.5)kg的“杜×长×大”三元杂交仔猪随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复组10头,试验分别在基础日粮中添加0(1组)、1.0%(2组)、1.5%(3组)、2.0%(4组)黄芪茎叶提取物,预饲期10d,整个试验为期56d。结果表明:(1)试验3、4组平均日增重较1组分别显著提高11.6%、10.1%(P <0.05),其料重比较1组分别显著降低9.4%、7.0%(P <0.05);(2)试验3、4组粪便中的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维的养分表观消化率较1组分别显著提高10.9%、10.8%、10.8%、11.2%、16.5%、15.9%(P <0.05);(3)试验3、4组血清中IgA、IgG、IL-2含量较1组分别显著提高10.8%、11.7%、12.0%、13.7%、22.9%、25.1%(P <0.05),其血清中TNF-α含量较1组分别显著降低20.8%、22.1%(P <0.05)。综上所述,添加1.5%黄芪茎叶提取物可以提高“杜×长×大”二元杂交仔猪的生长性能、养分表观消化率及免疫机能。

东北槭属植物凋落叶对东北槭生长的影响及其化感作用初探

为解决东北槭小苗生长缓慢成材周期长,寻求促进其生长的途径,采用温室培养的方法,以一年生东北槭小苗为受体,通过高生长量、叶长、叶宽、冠幅、地上鲜重、地下鲜重及叶绿素含量、POD活性的测定,研究茶条槭、元宝槭凋落叶及假色槭和东北槭混合凋落叶粉碎物对东北槭小苗生长的影响。结果表明,茶条槭凋落叶对东北槭表现出了“低促高抑”的化感作用,当添加量最大120g/10kg时,小苗受到抑制。元宝槭凋落叶添加量最大时各指标促进作用显著,东北槭高生长量增加了1倍。混合凋落叶对东北槭生长无明显作用。

剑麻专用肥对石漠化山区剑麻生长及产量的影响

石漠化山区自然条件恶劣,剑麻具备耐瘠薄、耐旱、综合利用价值高、发展前景广阔等特点,成为石漠化山区产业扶贫的较好选择。试验结果表明,剑麻新增叶片数、叶长和鲜叶产量随专用肥施入量增加而增加,每株剑麻施用专用肥量为200 g时,鲜叶产量、经济效益最高。该结论为石漠化山区剑麻高产栽培技术提供技术参考。

3种寄主植物对白刺夜蛾生长发育、繁殖和寿命的影响

白刺夜蛾Leiometopon simyrides是荒漠植物白刺的重要害虫,为明确寄主植物对白刺夜蛾生长发育的影响,以便对其进行科学监测和防控,本研究在27℃下,利用3种寄主植物(大果白刺、泡泡刺、唐古特白刺)饲养白刺夜蛾,观察记录白刺夜蛾幼虫的取食量、各阶段的发育历期、存活率、羽化率、雌雄性比和成虫寿命等生物学特性,同时测定各寄主植物叶片的营养和次生代谢物质含量。结果表明,白刺夜蛾幼虫取食大果白刺叶片的总量最少,取食唐古特白刺的量最多。取食唐古特白刺的白刺夜蛾幼虫发育历期最短,其次为取食泡泡刺,取食大果白刺时历期最长。取食泡泡刺和唐古特白刺后,白刺夜蛾幼虫的存活率和羽化率较高,取食大果白刺存活率最低,且无成虫羽化。在唐古特白刺上,白刺夜蛾雌虫占比较高,成虫寿命较长。大果白刺的叶片总酚含量和简单酚含量最高,各营养物质含量最低,不利于白刺夜蛾的生长发育;唐古特白刺和泡泡刺酚类物质含量较低,营养物质含量较高,较适宜白刺夜蛾的生长发育和繁殖。唐古特白刺为白刺夜蛾的最适宜寄主植物,其次为泡泡刺。

育苗容器对紫叶紫薇容器苗生长、开花及生理的影响

【目的】探讨育苗容器类型和规格对紫叶紫薇容器苗生长、开花及生理的影响,筛选出培育紫叶紫薇容器苗的适宜育苗容器,为高效培育紫薇容器苗提供理论依据。【方法】以紫叶紫薇优良新品种‘丹红紫叶’2年生苗木为研究材料,选用黑色塑料营养杯(C1)、白色无纺布美植袋(C2)、黑色控根容器(C3)3个类型以及16×16(D1)、21×21(D2)、25×25(D3)3种规格(直径×高,cm),组成9种容器组合处理,测定不同处理容器苗生长、开花及生理指标。【结果】(1)不同育苗容器处理对紫叶紫薇容器苗的生长、开花及生理指标均影响显著,同一容器类型苗木的生长、根系、生物量、花期、花径、花序、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、相对叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等指标均随着育苗容器规格的增大而显著增加。(2)地径生长量、总根长、总根表面积、总根体积、根尖数、地上部干质量、地下部干质量、总干质量、花期均以C3D3处理最大,比最小的C1D1处理分别显著提高817.12%、108.12%、94.60%、75.66%、144.14%、135.67%、228.45%、164.65%、34.48%;苗高生长量、冠幅生长量、叶面积、花序长和宽均以C1D3处理最高,比最低的C1D1处理分别显著提高116.05%、81.39%、114.95%、70.44%和65.79%;相对叶绿素含量、水分利用效率均以C3D3处理最大,可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量、净光合速率、气孔导度均以C1D3处理最高;胞间CO2浓度、水分利用效率在各处理之间无显著差异。(3)各处理隶属函数法综合评价得分排序为:C3D3>C1D3>C2D3>C3D2>C2D2>C1D2>C2D1>C3D1>C1D1。【结论】黑色控根容器在地径生长量、根系生长指标、生物量、花期和花径、叶绿素相对含量及净光合速率方面表现最佳;紫叶紫薇2年生苗的最适宜育苗容器是直径25 cm、高25 cm的黑色控根容器。

遮阴处理对槲树幼苗生长及生理的影响

【目的】为了探明槲树(Quercus dentata)苗期生长的适宜光照强度,为其在城市森林建设应用中提供参考。【方法】以槲树幼苗为试验材料,设置全光照(CK)、75%全光照、50%全光照、25%全光照4个光照梯度,处理60 d后,测定生长指标、叶解剖结构、生理指标和光合参数。【结果】75%全光照下槲树幼苗生长状况最佳,有利于生长。随着遮阴程度增加,槲树幼苗的叶片、栅栏组织、海绵组织、主脉、上表皮和下表皮的厚度均减小,栅海比减小,而细胞疏松度增加。过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶的活性随着遮阴程度的增加先降低后升高,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸与丙二醛的含量表现出相似的变化规律。遮阴处理消除了槲树幼苗的光合午休现象,并且提高了光能利用效率,减少了暗呼吸消耗,有利于光合产物的积累。【结论】槲树幼苗具有一定的耐阴性,75%全光照是适宜槲树苗期生长的光照强度。

Varietal Differences in Plant Growth, Phosphorus Uptake and Yield Formation in Two Maize Inbred Lines Grown Under Field Conditions

Selection for phosphorus （P）-efficient genotypes and investigation of physiological mechanisms for P-use efficiency in maize has mainly been conducted at the seedling stage under controlled greenhouse conditions. Few studies have analyzed characteristics of plant growth and yield formation in response to low-P stress over the whore growth period under field conditions. In the present study, two maize inbred lines with contrasting yield performances under low-P stress in the field were used to compare plant growth, P uptake and translocation, and yield formation. Phosphorus accumulation in the P-efficient line 154 was similar to that of line 153 under high-P. Under low-P, however, P uptake in line 154 was three times greater than that in line 153. Correspondingly, P-efficient line 154 had a significantly higher yield than P-inefficient line 153 under low-P conditions （Olsen-P=1.60 mg kg-1）, but not under high-P conditions （Olsen-P=14.98 mg kg-1）. The yield difference was mainly due to differences in the number of ears per m2, that is, P-efficient line 154 formed many more ears under low-P conditions than P-inefficient line 153. Ear abortion rate was 53% in the P-inefficient line 153, while in line 154, it was only 30%. Low-P stress reduced leaf appearance, and delayed anthesis and the silking stage, but increased the anthesis-silking interval （ASI） to a similar extent in both lines. The maximum leaf area per plant at silking stage was higher in P-efficient line 154 than in P-inefficient line 153 under both P conditions. It is concluded that low-P stress causes intense intraspecific competition for limited P resources in the field condition which gives rise to plant-to- plant non-uniformity, resulting in a higher proportion of barren plants. As soon as an ear was formed in the plant, P in the plant is efficiently reutilized for kernel development.

冀北山地不同坡向白桦枝叶异速生长关系研究

当年生小枝作为植物生长的独立构件单元,研究其大小关系对于理解植物生存适应策略具有重要意义。以冀北山地不同坡向白桦枝叶为研究对象,测定小枝的茎干质量、叶片干质量、叶片面积、叶柄干质量以及小枝干质量,分析不同坡向白桦枝叶生长关系,揭示白桦枝叶生长对坡向的生态策略和适应性。结果表明:(1)除茎干质量外,其余干质量皆显示为半阳坡显著大于阴坡,叶片面积在坡向间无显著差异。(2)标准化主轴回归分析(SMA)表明,在小枝水平上,不同坡向间茎干质量与小枝干质量、总叶片干质量与小枝干质量、总叶片面积与小枝干质量均为等速关系,而总叶柄干质量与小枝干质量为异速关系;且茎干质量与小枝干质量、总叶柄干质量与小枝干质量的共同斜率1.12和1.22大于总叶片干质量与小枝干质量的共同斜率1.04。(3)在叶水平上,阴坡和半阳坡总叶片干质量与总叶柄干质量为异速关系,在半阴坡为等速关系;总叶片面积与总叶柄干质量在阴坡为等速关系,其余坡向为异速关系。(4)每个坡向叶大小与出叶强度呈负等速关系;叶大小以叶干质量表示时,阴坡异速生长常数-0.18为最小;叶大小以叶面积表示时,半阳坡异速生长常数2.01为最小。结果表明,白桦为适应坡向的变化,会优先将资源分配给茎和叶柄,且阴坡白桦小枝上会着生更多面积大而干质量小的叶片,以扩展其生长空间,获得更多的光照,利于白桦的生长。

4种忍冬属树种物候与叶生长研究

以长白忍冬Lonicera ruprechtiana、蓝叶忍冬L.korolkowii、早花忍冬L.praeflorens和金银忍冬L.maackii为研究对象,采用树木物候观测法对4种忍冬属树种的物候期进行观测记录,同时对其叶片的长度、宽度、叶面积和叶生物量进行了连续4个月的测量。结果显示:(1)4种忍冬属树种的叶期为长白忍冬(169d)>蓝叶忍冬(165d)>金银忍冬(161 d)>早花忍冬(159 d);花期为早花忍冬(18 d)>蓝叶忍冬(14 d)>金银忍冬(13 d)>长白忍冬(9 d);果实宿存为金银忍冬(198 d)>长白忍冬(50 d)>蓝叶忍冬(39 d)>早花忍冬(9 d)。结果表明:长白忍冬叶期最长,早花忍冬花期最长,金银忍冬果实宿存期最长。(2)叶片长度、宽度和叶面积变化趋势较一致。长白忍冬的叶片长度、宽度和叶面积在6月上旬达到最大,蓝叶忍冬和早花忍冬在7月上旬达到最大,金银忍冬在7月下旬达到最大。(3)4种忍冬属树种比叶面积从大到小为金银忍冬(197.88 cm2·g-1)>蓝叶忍冬(173.54 cm2·g-1)>早花忍冬(164.21 cm2·g-1)>长白忍冬(163.88 cm2·g-1),表明长白忍冬比其它3种忍冬属树种更能适应资源贫瘠和干旱的生境。在园林绿化中应充分考虑4种忍冬属树种的物候特征和生态学特性进行合理优化配置,以达到较高的观赏和应用价值。

翅荚木太空种和普通种林木主要生长及叶片碳氮磷计量特征

为了探究林木太空育种的诱变机制,对比分析其林木生长与叶性状关系,为初步揭示林木太空育种的诱变机制、开展其他树种的太空育种研究等提供参考。以福建省南平市顺昌县内6年生翅荚木太空种和普通种林木为研究对象,通过测定其株高、胸径、材积等生长指标及叶片性状,分析太空育种与普通育种对翅荚木生长的影响。结果表明,1)太空种和普通种的生长指标平均值相近,但总体上表现为太空育种后翅荚木胸径、株高生长稍高于普通育种,材积生长则表现为太空种稍低于普通种。2)两者的比叶面积、叶片相对含水量及叶片C、N、P含量、C/P和N/P均无明显差异,但其C/N差异显著。除比叶面积及C/N和C/P外,其他主要叶性状(叶相对含水量及叶片C、N、P含量)均为太空种>普通种;除叶相对含水量外,其他主要叶性状变异系数均为太空种>普通种。3)主成分分析结果显示不同育种方式下翅荚木资源获取策略不同,叶片面积、叶干物质含量与翅荚木胸径生长呈显著正相关。研究结果表明相对于普通种,太空种翅荚木在林木生长进程、生物量积累、叶片表型性状与养分含量积累利用等方面,表现出一定程度的更优性状,为提高翅荚木良种选育和林木种质资源的丰富提供科学依据。

干旱胁迫对伊犁绢蒿幼苗生长及叶片解剖结构的影响

为探究干旱胁迫对伊犁绢蒿(Seriphidium transiliense)幼苗生长及叶片解剖结构的影响,本研究采用控水实验,对培养45 d后的幼苗进行持续干旱胁迫处理,测定幼苗的株高、根长、地上、地下生物量以及叶片解剖结构。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,幼苗地上部分生长逐渐减缓,地下部分生长和根冠比则持续增加。当土壤相对含水量降至6.38%时,株高和地上生物量较对照分别降低了73.83%和73.05%(P<0.01),而根长、地下生物量和根冠比较对照分别增加了6.09%,67.92%和527.49%(P<0.01)。随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,叶片厚度、上下表皮细胞厚度、维管束直径均呈先增后降趋势,而上下角质层厚度则表现出逐渐增加的趋势,栅栏组织呈逐渐下降趋势。综上所述,伊犁绢蒿幼苗通过调节地上部分和地下部分的生长以及叶片解剖结构的变化来应对干旱胁迫。

12种竹子的叶表型变异及其与环境因子的关系

为了解不同竹种的叶表型变异特点及其受环境因子的影响,筛选出与抗寒性相关的叶表型性状,选取并测定分布在河南博爱和山东青岛的12种竹子的叶表型性状(长、宽、厚、长/宽、鲜质量、饱和鲜质量和干质量),进行变异分析、主成分分析、性状与环境因子的相关性分析并解析性状间的异速生长关系。结果表明,由博爱引至青岛后(温度降低但降雨量增加),蓉城竹和筠竹的叶表型性状在两地间均无显著性差异(P>0.05);黄秆乌哺鸡竹等8个刚竹属竹种至少有1个叶表型性状显著减小(P<0.05);福建茶秆竹、狭叶青苦竹有多个叶表型性状显著增大(P<0.05)。所有竹种叶质量的变异系数>20%,且青岛竹种叶质量的变异系数大于博爱,主成分分析也表明叶质量基本可以反映叶表型性状的全部信息。所有竹种的叶厚与温度因子显著正相关,与降雨量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),表现出了与环境相适应的变异特点。异速生长分析表明,12种竹子引至青岛后,叶厚与叶质量的生长速率增加,且叶质量的生长速率大于叶厚。研究结果表明,相比刚竹属竹种,福建茶秆竹与狭叶青苦竹对温度降低但降雨增加的青岛适应性更强,且叶质量是叶表型变异的主要因子,可作为竹类植物耐寒性的重要评价指标。

杜仲叶提取物对育肥猪生长性能、血清生化指标和肉品质的影响

文章旨在研究杜仲叶提取物对育肥猪生长性能、血清生化指标、肉品质的影响。试验将160头杜长大三元杂交育肥猪平均分为对照组(基础日粮)、试验Ⅰ组(基础日粮+100 mg/kg杜仲叶提取物)、试验Ⅱ组(基础日粮+200 mg/kg杜仲叶提取物)、试验Ⅲ组(基础日粮+300 mg/kg杜仲叶提取物),每组4个重复,每个重复10头育肥猪,试验为期50 d。结果表明,各试验组育肥猪的末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比均与对照组具有显著性差异(P<0.05);各试验组的总蛋白(TP)、尿素氮(BUN)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)与对照组均具有显著差异(P<0.05);各试验组育肥猪的pH45min、pH24h、剪切力、肌肉脂肪、大理石纹评分、L、b与对照组相比均具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。综上所述,在日粮中添加杜仲叶提取物能有效提升育肥猪的生长性能,改善其血清生化指标及肉品质,在本试验条件下,日粮添加200或300 mg/kg杜仲叶提取物均能达到较好的效果。