Single leaf area estimation models based on leaf weight of eucalyptus in southern China

Leaf area is an important parameter for modeling tree growth and physiological processes of trees. The single young and mature leaf area estimation models of eucalyptus were developed based on leaf fresh weight. In total, leaf area and leaf weight were measured from 455 fresh leaves of 25 trees of eucalyptus in southern China. The majority of the data （80%） were used for model calibration, and the remaining data （20%） were used for model validation. The linear, compound and power models were tested. Based on goodness of fit, prediction ability and residual performance, we found that linear and power models could best describe the relationship between leaf area and weight for young leaf and mature leaf, respectively. The study provides a simple and reliable method for estimating single-leaf area, which has a good potential in the functional- structural model of eucalyptus.

RELATIONSHIPS OF STARCH CONCENTRATION WITH SPECIFIC LEAF WEIGHT AND MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS IN POTATO LEAVES UNDER VARIED CO_2 AND TEMPERATURE

Foliar concentrations of starch and major nutrients N, P, K, Ca, and Mg along with specific leaf weight (SLW) were determined in the potato (Solanun tuberosum L.) cvs "Denali", "Norland "'and "Russet Burbank" grown for 35 days under the CO2 concentrations of 500, 1 000, 1 500 and 2 000 mol mol-1 at both 16 and 20℃ air temperature. The starch concentration, pooled from the three cultivars, increased with increasing CO2 concentration at both 16 and 20℃,, and was consistently higher at 16℃ than at 20℃. The SLW (g m-2) was positively related to the foliar starch concentration on the basis of leaf area or dry weight. The concentrations of N, P, Ca, and Mg in leaves were negatively related to starch concentration under 14% starch on a dry weight basis. Above 14%, there was no significant relationship between nutrient and starch concentrations . The similar patterns were seen when the SLW and nutrient concentrations were expressed on a starch-free basis. In contrast, the leaf concentration of K was not closely related to the starch concentration. The results indicated that the changes in SLW and concentrations of N, P, Ca, and Mg in potato leaves only partially resulted from the changed starch concentration.

Varietal difference in the correlation between leaf nitrogen content and photosynthesis in rice(Oryza sativa L.) plants is related to specific leaf weight

Increasing leaf photosynthesis per area（A） is of great importance to achieve yield further improvement. The aim of this study was to exploit varietal difference in A and its correlation with specific leaf weight（SLW）. Twelve rice cultivars, including 6 indica and 6 japonica varieties, were pot-grown under two N treatments, low N（LN） and sufficient N（SN）. Leaf photosynthesis and related parameters were measured at tillering stage. Compared with LN treatment, A, stomatal conductance（g_s）, mesophyll conductance（g_m）, leaf N content（N_（area））, and chlorophyll content were significantly improved under SN treatment, while SLW and photosynthetic N use efficiency（PNUE） were generally decreased. Varietal difference in A was positively related to both g_s and g_m, but not related to N_（area）. This resulted in a low PNUE in high N_（area） leaves. Varietal difference in PNUE was generally negatively related to SLW. Response of PNUE to N supply varied among different rice cultivars, and interestingly, the decrease in PNUE under SN was negatively related to the decrease in SLW. With a higher N_（area）, japonica rice cultivars did not show a higher A than indica rice cultivars because of possession of high-SLW leaves. Therefore, varietal difference in A was not related to N_（area）, and SLW can substantially interfere with the correlation between A and N_（area）. These findings may provide useful information for rice breeders to maximize A and PNUE, rather than over reliance on N_（area） as an indicator of photosynthetic performance.

Low Co-Cultivation Temperature at 20°C Resulted in the Reproducible Maximum Increase in Both the Fresh Weight Yield and Stable Expression of GUS Activity after <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i>-Mediated Transformation of Tobacco Leaf Disks

The importance of controlled temperature during the four-days co-cultivation period was evaluated under the most physiologically relevant conditions for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi (nn, Smith)) leaf disks. We compared the effect of temperatures ranging from 15°C, 18°C, 20°C, 22°C to 25°C on the stable expression of β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity of 14 days old hygromycin-selected leaf disks, and on the increase in the fresh weight yield of 28 days old kanamycin-selected calli. The highest average of GUS activity was obtained at 20°C among the five temperatures tested although the difference between the 18°C and 20°C treatment was not statistically significant. The GUS activity at 15°C was statistically lower than those at 18°C and 20°C. The GUS activity in 22°C treatment was an intermediate between the highest (18/20°C) and second highest averages (15°C), and was not statistically significantly different. The lowest average of GUS activity was observed at 25°C. The highest increase in the plate average of fresh weight yield was obtained at 20°C among the five temperature tested. The 20°C treatment was statistically significantly better than the 15°C and 18°C treatments. The 20°C co-cultivation treatment resulted in the higher FW yield than 22°C and 25°C even though the differences were not statistically significant. In conclusion, low co-cultivation temperature at 20°C resulted in the reproducible maximum increase in both the fresh weight yield and stable expression of GUS activity after transformation of tobacco leaf disks.

Loss Rate Estimation of Yield and Output Value of Tobacco Leaf Infected by Tobacco Blown Spot (Alternaria alternata)

[Objective] The paper was to study the effect of tobacco blown spot on the yield and output value of tobacco leaf.[Method]The upper,middle and lower leaves in tobacco plant were selected during the harvest period of tobacco to carry out loss rate estimation of yield and output value of tobacco leaf caused by different disease levels of brown spot.Regression correlation analysis was also conducted.[Result]The disease levels of brown spot had extremely significant strong negative correlation with single leaf weight of tobacco leaf,and it had extremely significant strong positive correlation with the loss rate of single leaf weight.The increase speed of loss rate of single leaf weight of middle and upper leaves was obviously faster than that of lower leaves.The loss rates of single leaf weight of upper,middle and lower leaves were 3.18%-28.95%,3.43%-28.88% and 10.07%-26.90%,respectively.The higher the disease level of blown spot was,the lower the yield and output value of tobacco leaf was,and the corresponding loss rate was also higher.Correlation analysis showed that the disease level of blown spot had extremely significant strong negative correlation with the yield and output value of tobacco leaf,and it had extremely significant strong positive correlation with the loss rate of yield and output value.The negative impact of blown spot on the output value of tobacco leaf was far greater than that on the yield.The highest loss rate of the yield of tobacco leaf was 28.56%,while the highest loss rate of output value reached 89.67%.[Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for accurately holding the critical period for the control of blown spot,thus reducing the damage on tobacco leaf and improving the output value of tobacco leaf.

不同叶长·叶宽和单叶重对广元烤后烟叶质量的影响

为明确广元优质烤后烟叶适宜的叶长、叶宽和单叶重范围,为广元地区生产优质烤烟提供数据支撑,2021年在四川省广元市剑阁县5个收购线分别挑选10户种植水平具有代表性的烟农,取X2F、C2F、C3F和B2F等级烟叶样品各2 kg,按等级划分不同叶长、叶宽和单叶重进行烟叶质量评价。结果表明:随着叶长的增加,X2F、B2F等级烟叶总糖、还原糖含量呈减少趋势。随着叶长的增加,C3F烟叶烟碱、钾含量升高;随着叶宽的增加,C3F烟叶总糖、还原糖含量逐渐增加。X2F和C3F等级烟叶随着单叶重的增加,总糖含量逐渐增加,钾含量减少。随着烟叶叶宽和单叶重的增加,X2F烟叶外观质量总分均表现为先增加后降低。随着叶长的增加,C2F和C3F烟叶外观质量总分均表现为逐渐增加,外观质量总分从高到低依次为>75 cm、>65~75 cm、>55~65 cm、≤55 cm。随着叶长、叶宽和单叶重的增加,C2F、C3F、B2F烟叶感官质量得分大多表现为先上升后下降。随着叶长、叶宽的增加,C2F、B2F烟叶感官质量得分表现为先上升后下降。当X2F烟叶叶长控制在>50~60 cm、叶宽控制在>15~19 cm、单叶重控制在>7~11 g时,X2F烟叶综合品质较好;当C2F烟叶叶长控制在>55~65 cm、叶宽控制在>15~23 cm、单叶重控制在>9~13 g时,C2F烟叶综合品质较好;当C3F烟叶叶长控制在>65~75 cm、叶宽控制在>15~23 cm、单叶重控制在>8~12 g时,C3F烟叶综合品质较好;当B2F叶长控制在>55~65 cm、叶宽控制在>15~23 cm、单叶重控制在>9~15 g时,B2F烟叶综合品质较好。

基于改进贝叶斯算法的卷烟叶组配方自动管控方法

由于卷烟原料复杂,卷烟叶组配方管控过程中无法准确分析原料之间的关系,提出基于改进贝叶斯算法的卷烟叶组配方自动管控方法。利用传感器并结合数据仓库技术获取历史数据,从中了解卷烟叶组原料的生产条件(输入特征),针对特征参数实施预处理,利用双重加权朴素贝叶斯算法构建管控模型,获取卷烟叶组配方并通过控制器执行配方,实现自动管控。结果表明,所研究方法得出的配方的焦油含量误差小,总氮含量、烟碱含量靠近最佳值2.6%、2.5%,自动控制效果好。

动物源营养液对卷叶霸王空气凤梨新叶生长及矿质元素含量影响

为分析动物源营养液在空气凤梨上的应用效果,以‘卷叶霸王’空气凤梨为研究对象,以清水作对照,研究动物源营养液、磷酸二氢钾、尿素喷施后对空气凤梨新叶生长、单株增重、光泽度及矿质元素含量等的影响。结果表明,动物源营养液中含有钙、镁、铁、锌、硼和锰等矿质元素,空气凤梨在各种处理后3月内都没有新根萌出,均未出现肥害与微量元素中毒现象,光泽度没有明显差异。2.50‰营养液处理的第1小叶生长率增加41.58%,增加幅度最大。0.10‰动物源营养液处理单株增重率最高,2.50‰、0.50‰营养液处理次之;不同浓度动物源营养液处理间单株增重率差异不显著。与CK相比,3.33‰营养液处理、1.00‰营养液处理显著增加空气凤梨新叶内钙、镁、铁和锰含量,3.33‰动物源营养液处理的钙含量增加27.80%,镁含量增加23.71%,铁含量增加10.75%,锰含量增加104.41%。3.33‰营养液处理新叶内钙、镁、锰和硼含量显著高于1.00‰营养液处理,但铁和锌含量显著低于1.00‰营养液处理,生产上可以将动物源营养液作为卷叶霸王空气凤梨新型叶面营养肥进行合理开发与利用。

Effects of sulfur dioxide on growth， gas exchange rate and leaf sulfur content of massion pine seedlings

The effects of sulfur dioxide(SO_2) on the dry weight growth gas exchange rate and leaf sulfur content of massion pine(Pinus massoniana Lamb. )were investigated. The results obtained in this study show that the dry weight growth and net photosynthetic rate of masson pine seedlings are reduced by exposure to SO_2 at ≥100 ppb. From these results,one of the main causes in the dieback of masson pine forest reported in Chongqing,China may be relatively high concentrations of atmospheric SO_2 in the relevant area.

荒漠草原植物在氮磷添加下叶功能性状特征及其可塑性

探究荒漠草原植物在N、P添加下叶功能性状特征及其变异,对揭示植被对环境的响应机制至关重要。以宁夏盐池县荒漠草原植物群落为研究对象,分析了N、P添加对植物群落叶片形态和化学性状的影响。结果表明:植物群落叶片氮磷比<14,表明研究区植物生长受到N限制,P添加对植物群落叶片功能性状无显著影响,N+P共同添加显著增加了叶片碳磷比,N添加下植物群落叶面积、比叶面积、叶组织密度和叶片氮含量显著上升,反映了植物在环境的变化下采取了较快的养分循环策略;根据可塑性指数排序结果可知,植物群落叶面积、比叶面积、叶片干物质含量、叶组织密度、叶片碳含量和叶片氮含量为响应N、P添加的敏感性状(PI>0.5),其中变异性较大的性状为叶面积、比叶面积和叶组织密度,表明植物群落主要通过改变自身形态来应对环境的变化;相关性分析结果表明,植物群落叶片性状之间存在显著的相关性,并且表现出应对养分环境变化的协同作用。本研究为预测植物和生态系统对全球变化因素的反应提供了理论依据,对探讨区域植被分布、恢复进程至关重要。

烤烟品种K326上部叶烤后单叶重与感官质量的关系

为探索张家界市上部烟适宜的单叶重,以主栽品种K326为研究对象,设置不同单叶重区间,分析了单叶重与烟叶主要物理特性及感官质量的关系,确定了适宜的单叶重。结果表明:综合各单叶重对烟叶物理性状、感官质量的影响可知,高峰试验点单叶重为8~10、>10~12、>12~14 g时均表现较优,江垭试验点单叶重为8~10、>10~12 g时上部叶质量较好,可用性较高。根据叶长与单叶重的相关性,得出张家界烟区适宜的叶长区间:高峰试验点可将上部叶叶长在51.25~67.82 cm的占比、江垭试验点可将上部叶叶长在51.21~63.13 cm的占比作为技术调控目标。

花生叶面积指数精准快速监测方法研究

为探索适用于花生叶面积指数快速精准测量方法,基于田间调查实测数据,分别采用网格法、比叶重法、系数法、AutoCAD法以及扫描法等5种方法计算了花生不同生育时期的叶面积指数,并以基于扫描法的估算结果为对照,评价了基于其他4种监测方法估算结果的精度,并优化了系数法和比叶重法调查花生叶面积的关键技术指标。结果表明,比叶重法精度较高、监测速度较快、可操作性强,利用比叶重法监测花生叶面积指数,苗期、花针期、结荚期和饱果期叶片取样数分别为24、30、24和30片,相对误差分别为4.13%、4.07%、0.02%和0.13%,标准均方根误差为7.494%,适宜的干重比系数分别为150.00、143.26、187.58和157.20 cm^(2)/g。比叶重法是适宜于花生叶面积快速精准测量的方法。

12种竹子的叶表型变异及其与环境因子的关系

为了解不同竹种的叶表型变异特点及其受环境因子的影响,筛选出与抗寒性相关的叶表型性状,选取并测定分布在河南博爱和山东青岛的12种竹子的叶表型性状(长、宽、厚、长/宽、鲜质量、饱和鲜质量和干质量),进行变异分析、主成分分析、性状与环境因子的相关性分析并解析性状间的异速生长关系。结果表明,由博爱引至青岛后(温度降低但降雨量增加),蓉城竹和筠竹的叶表型性状在两地间均无显著性差异(P>0.05);黄秆乌哺鸡竹等8个刚竹属竹种至少有1个叶表型性状显著减小(P<0.05);福建茶秆竹、狭叶青苦竹有多个叶表型性状显著增大(P<0.05)。所有竹种叶质量的变异系数>20%,且青岛竹种叶质量的变异系数大于博爱,主成分分析也表明叶质量基本可以反映叶表型性状的全部信息。所有竹种的叶厚与温度因子显著正相关,与降雨量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),表现出了与环境相适应的变异特点。异速生长分析表明,12种竹子引至青岛后,叶厚与叶质量的生长速率增加,且叶质量的生长速率大于叶厚。研究结果表明,相比刚竹属竹种,福建茶秆竹与狭叶青苦竹对温度降低但降雨增加的青岛适应性更强,且叶质量是叶表型变异的主要因子,可作为竹类植物耐寒性的重要评价指标。

增温对杉木凋落叶和宿存叶分解过程养分释放的影响——基于移位试验模拟

凋落物分解是森林生态系统养分循环的重要组成部分,为探究气温变化对杉木枯死叶片分解的影响,以杉木人工林的凋落叶和宿存叶为研究对象,采用分解网袋法,利用武夷山气温垂直分布特征,选择了620 m、1003 m、1410 m和1948 m四个海拔气温梯度,采用异地移位试验模拟增温对杉木凋落叶和宿存叶分解速率及分解过程中N、P、Mg、Ca元素释放的影响。结果表明:(1)凋落叶和宿存叶的干重残留率随分解时间的延长呈下降趋势,且在不同海拔气温下存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中凋落叶的分解速率(K)表现为K_(620 m)>K_(1003 m)>K_(1410 m)>K_(1948 m),宿存叶则表现为K_(1003 m)>K_(620 m)>K_(1410 m)>K_(1948 m)。增温缩短了凋落叶和宿存叶的半衰期和周转期。(2)增温显著影响凋落叶和宿存叶的N、P、Mg、Ca残留率(P<0.05),二者整体均表现为在T620 m下具有较低的养分残留率,而在300—360 d分解时段,宿存叶在T620 m下具有较高的P残留率。增温并未改变凋落叶和宿存叶P、Mg、Ca素的释放模式,但改变了宿存叶N素的释放模式。(3)凋落叶和宿存叶的干重残留率与N残留率呈极显著正相关(P<0.001),与P残留率呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。相较于N、P而言,Mg、Ca残留率与干重残留率间的相关性较弱。气温升高显著加快了凋落叶和宿存叶的质量损失速率及养分释放速率,促进杉木人工林生态系统的养分物质循环。研究结果为全面了解杉木枯死叶片分解过程中养分释放对气候变暖的响应机制提供科学依据。

基于多重气象要素的贵州省西部区域烤烟单叶重模型研究

【目的】探明气象要素对烤烟单叶重的影响,并构建基于多重气象要素的贵州省西部区域烤烟单叶重模型。【方法】根据贵州省西部烟叶种植区域2010—2021年分区县气象要素和大田烤烟单叶重数据,运用BP神经网络、随机森林、线性回归和逐步回归4种人工智能和统计学算法,分析近12年贵州省西部烟区烟叶单叶重变化趋势,在此基础上研究气象要素与烤烟单叶重的关系,构建多重气象要素与烤烟单叶重模型并验证。【结果】近12年贵州省西部烟区下部叶的单叶重平均为6.25 g,中部叶为9.95 g,上部叶为10.81 g;中部叶单叶重的变化不大,而下部叶和上部叶总体呈逐渐增重趋势。运用4种人工智能和统计学算法建立基于烟叶生长关键时期4个气象要素(成熟期气温、旺长期雨量、大田期日照时数和大田期可用时段,以下简称四要素)和3—9月逐旬气象要素(多要素)单叶重模型;模拟2010—2021年逐年单叶重发现,虽然建模时BP神经网络算法模拟准确率最高,但模拟实际单叶重时基于多要素的逐步回归算法模型模拟效果最优,相比其他模型可很好地模拟出各叶位逐年单叶重的峰值和谷值,随机森林算法次之。【结论】逐步回归和随机森林算法对贵州省西部地区烤烟单叶重模拟效果较好,建立烤烟单叶重预测模型时考虑预测气象要素的代入,可为烟叶生产决策提供科学依据。

融合坐标注意力与混联采样的烟叶主脉轻量级语义分割

针对目前烟叶主脉的分析过程自动化低,难以应对复杂烟叶主脉提取与识别的问题,提出一种基于坐标注意力(coordinate attention,CA)与混合联接空洞空间金字塔池化(mixed-connections atrous spatial pyramid pooling,MASPP)的烟叶主脉轻量级语义分割方法。该算法以DeepLabV3+网络模型为框架,采用轻量级MobileNetV2替换原始框架中的Xception网络,以“扩充-提取-压缩”方式进行主干特征提取,减少网络模型参数量;引入坐标注意力机制加强对烟叶主脉细微特征的学习能力,改善分割主脉时与主脉真实分布相比较所存在的区域错分情况;采用“混联密接采样”的MASPP结构替代原始网络模型中的空洞空间卷积池化金字塔,改善烟叶主脉分割存在的断续分割情况。实验结果表明,与原始的DeepLabV3+语义分割算法相比较,训练时间从635 min缩减为311 min,平均交互比(mIOU)达到80.66%,平均像素精度(mPA)达到91.96%,网络模型参数量压缩85.32%,储存空间降为30.63 MB。在保证分割精度的同时减少模型训练时间,为烟叶主脉分割提供了新的思路和方法。

不同成熟度烤烟鲜叶素质及其判别函数研究

本文以重庆市酉阳土家族苗族自治县板溪基地单元烤烟品种K326为试验原料,研究不同部位、不同成熟度烟叶的单叶重、SPAD值和叶片厚度的差异性。结果表明,中部叶3项指标差异性明显,上部叶中单叶重差异不具有统计学意义,中部叶和上部叶中SPAD值差异显著。以单叶重、SPAD值和叶片厚度为自变量,成熟度为因变量,建立Fisher线性判别函数,并对其判别效果进行检验:中部叶中,对CM3烟叶的判别准确率最高,为70.7%;其次为CM1烟叶,为65.6%;最低是CM2烟叶,准确率为59.2%;整体准确率为65.1%。上部叶中,对BM3烟叶判别的准确率为98.8%,BM2烟叶准确率为40.0%,BM1烟叶准确率为56.1%,整体准确率为65.0%。

比叶重及其与光合能力的关系

白桦、水曲柳、蒙古栎和红松四个树种各自的叶面积与叶干重具有显著的相关关系 ,比叶重存在着明显的季节变化 ,这种变化与其生长节律密切相关 ,同时反映出不同树种之间养分利用及贮藏方式存在着差异。三个阔叶树种及红松当年生叶的比叶重 ,生长季末高于生长初期 ;红松 1年生叶和 2年生叶 ,在生长初期的比叶重高于生长末期。四个树种在生长初期比叶重变化速度的不同 ,反映出树种间叶片发育过程存在差异。生长季树种比叶重平均值的排序为 :红松 >白桦 >水曲柳 >蒙古栎。水曲柳、蒙古栎以及红松 2年生叶的比叶重与光合能力表现出统计上的显著相关关系 ,相关曲线均为二次抛物线型 ,即比叶重过大或过小 ,光合能力都会降低。白桦和红松1年生叶的比叶重与光合能力的相关性很弱。

基于生物量的水稻叶片主要几何属性模型研究

【目的】构建基于生物量的水稻叶片主要几何属性模型,为水稻株型设计与调控提供理论依据。【方法】以两优108、86优8、南粳43及扬稻6号为材料,设置品种、氮肥与密度田间试验,观测水稻主茎不同叶位叶片长度和宽度,分析了水稻主茎叶片长和宽的关系、比叶重(SLW)随叶位的变化规律,以及水稻叶片干重与叶长和叶宽的关系,构建基于生物量的水稻叶片主要几何属性模型。【结果】叶长与叶宽的关系可用幂指数方程表达,比叶重随叶位呈二次曲线变化。采用独立的试验资料检验模型,主茎叶片叶长、叶宽模拟值与实测值的根均方差(RMSE)分别为2.55和0.06cm。【结论】几何属性模型可较好地模拟不同生长条件下水稻主茎不同叶位叶片的主要几何属性,为生长模型与形态结构模型的结合奠定了基础。

高粱叶片比叶重的变化与产量关系的研究

高粱籽粒灌浆期功能叶片比叶重呈下降变化。低产品种下降最快，中产品种次之，高产品种下降最慢（旗叶低、中、高产品种比叶重下降速率分别为２９５，２０２和１２７ｍｇ／（ｄｍ２·ｄ）；上数第二叶片比叶重下降速率分别为２８３，１８２和１８２ｍｇ／（ｄｍ２·ｄ）。高粱籽粒灌浆期功能叶片比叶重与单株产量呈正相关关系，并随着灌浆的时间进程，其相关程度越密切。